Opinion
Docket Nos. 22044, 22045.
Decided March 23, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Arenac, Carl L. Horn, J. Submitted February 4, 1976, at Grand Rapids. (Docket Nos. 22044, 22045.) Decided March 23, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
William H. Lutzke, Jr., was convicted of second-degree murder and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Norman Ehrnst, Prosecuting Attorney (Prosecuting Attorneys Appellate Service, Keith D. Roberts, Assistant Attorney General), for the people.
Sharon M. Sloan and Lawrence Baron, Assistant State Appellate Defenders, for defendant.
Before: QUINN, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and ALLEN, JJ.
Charged with first-degree murder, MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, and assault with intent to commit murder, MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278, the jury convicted defendant of second-degree murder, MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549, and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder, MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279. He was sentenced and he appeals.
Shortly after 8 p.m. on February 26, 1974, defendant entered the Alger Bar in Arenac County. Due to the erratic walking of defendant, the bartender informed defendant that he would not be served. Defendant said nothing and left. An hour later defendant returned at which time the bartender and one customer were the only persons in the bar. After defendant had walked several feet toward the bar, the bartender again informed defendant he would not be served. Defendant walked back to the door, opened it, turned, pointed a gun at the bartender's direction and fired two shots. One shot fatally wounded the customer. The bartender ran after defendant and tried to pull him out of his vehicle. When he observed defendant reach for an object, he ran to the rear of the vehicle and then heard two shots. The bartender returned to the bar and called the police. At trial, the defendant testified that he was present at the bar and had fired shots. The defense was intoxication.
Defendant's first issue alleges lack of proof of premeditation and asserts as error (a) his bindover on an open charge of murder, and (b) denial of his motion for directed verdict on the first-degree murder charge. As to (a), it was not raised prior to or at trial and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal, People v Miller, 62 Mich. App. 495; 233 N.W.2d 629 (1975). As to (b), defendant's actions, his return a second time after an hour lapse with a weapon could support an inference of premeditation, People v Juniel, 62 Mich. App. 529; 233 N.W.2d 635 (1975).
Second, defendant claims error in the instruction on intoxication because the trial judge failed to instruct that intoxication was a defense to first-degree murder and to assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. When the instructions are read as a whole, the instruction on intoxication as a defense applied to all charges on which the jury was instructed, and no objection was made to the instruction given. We find no error.
We consider defendant's third issue to be frivolous. There was evidence to support both charges. Under People v White, 390 Mich. 245; 212 N.W.2d 222 (1973), those charges had to be joined in one trial.
Defendant contends that the instruction on intoxication violates People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367, 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973). The instruction complained about is very similar to the instruction reviewed in People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739; 223 N.W.2d 330 (1974), namely: a mixture of the capacity standard and the standard required by Crittle, supra. The Scott, supra, analysis of this question is sound and we adopt it as dispositive of this issue. No error occurred. We note again that no objection was made below to this instruction.
The remaining issues raised on appeal either have not been properly preserved for review, merit no discussion, or their resolution is unnecessary to the proper disposition of this case.
Affirmed.
J.H. GILLIS, J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent from the decision reached by my learned colleagues, since it is apparent that errors took place at defendant's trial which require reversal.
The following offenses were submitted to the jury: first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, assault with intent to commit murder, assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder, felonious assault and simple assault. The majority correctly points out that the defense was intoxication. The trial court charge on intoxication reads:
"In determining whether the assault was committed with intent to murder, it is material for the jury to inquire into the defendant's mental faculties, and whether they were so far overcome by the effects of intoxication as to render him incapable of entertaining that intent. If his mental faculties were so far overcome by the intoxication that he was not conscious of what he was doing, or, if he did know what he was doing but did not know why he was doing it, or that his actions and the means he was using were naturally adapted or calculated to endanger life or produce death, then he had not sufficient capacity to entertain the intent, and in that event you jurors cannot infer that intent from his acts. But if he knew what he was doing, why he was doing it, and that his actions with the means he was using were naturally adapted or likely to kill, then the intent to kill should be inferred from his acts in the same manner and to the same extent as if he was sober. But, he is not to be held responsible for the intent if he was too drunk for a conscious exercise of the will to the particular end, or, in other words, too drunk to entertain the intent and did not entertain it in fact. However, voluntary intoxication would not be a defense to the crime of manslaughter." (Emphasis supplied.)
In Michigan, the rule is that an accused may interpose the defense of voluntary intoxication where the crime charged requires proof of a specific intent. People v Guillett, 342 Mich. 1; 69 N.W.2d 140 (1955), People v Miller, 65 Mich. App. 65; 236 N.W.2d 587 (1975), People v Kelley, 21 Mich. App. 612; 176 N.W.2d 435 (1970). Assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder is a specific-intent crime. People v Ingram, 36 Mich. App. 160; 193 N.W.2d 342 (1971). Although there is a split of authority within this Court on the question, it is apparent to me that first-degree murder is a specific-intent crime. As to this conclusion there is no difference of opinion between myself and my panel colleagues.
Compare People v Lynch, 47 Mich. App. 8; 208 N.W.2d 656 (1973), People v Sharp, 9 Mich. App. 34; 155 N.W.2d 719 (1967), with People v Garcia, 51 Mich. App. 109; 214 N.W.2d 544 (1974), Iv granted 392 Mich. 803 (1974). Also see People v Rufus Williams, 23 Mich. App. 459, 463; 179 N.W.2d 48 (1970), Koenig, Jury Instructions for Jurors: Proposals for the Simplification of Michigan Instructions on Murder, 21 Wayne L Rev 1, 15-17 (1974), Wise, Criminal Law and Procedure, 21 Wayne L Rev 401, 404 (1975), Dissenting comment by B. Leitman, Proposed Michigan Criminal Jury Instructions, Final Draft, Vol I II, Ch 5, p 279.
However, in the case at bar, the trial judge properly instructed the jury that intoxication was a defense to assault with intent to murder, but in my opinion failed to charge that voluntary intoxication may negate the intent required for first-degree murder and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder. I disagree with the majority opinion because I cannot in good conscience read the "instruction on intoxication as a defense applied to all charges". The underscored words "the intent to kill" appearing in the trial court's instruction on intoxication quoted above refer back to the offense of "assault * * * with intent to murder" recited in the first two lines of the instruction. Under these circumstances the jury would be unaware that the defense also applied to the other offenses charged of first-degree murder and assault with intent to do great bodily harm. Failure to object does not preclude defendant from raising the issue on appeal. See People v Kelley, supra, at 631; cf People v Liggett, 378 Mich. 706; 148 N.W.2d 784 (1967).
Secondly, I cannot agree that no error took place when the trial court gave both the capacity and COOLEY type intoxication instruction. In People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367, 374; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973), our Supreme Court ruled that the correct intoxication standard was the one established early by Justice COOLEY and that the capacity standard was not to be followed.
"These various rules all have one thing in common. They refer to a capacity standard. Their test is not Justice COOLEY'S — `[T]he crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist.' Their test is rather `the crime cannot have been committed when the intent could not exist.' It is obviously a different standard and not to be followed."
I am not unaware that in People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739; 223 N.W.2d 330 (1974), and subsequent cases it has been held that reversal is not always required where, as here, the trial court judge gives an intoxication instruction which incorporates both the capacity and COOLEY standards. Recently, Scott, supra, has been modified by an opinion of this Court holding that such instruction must "clearly and predominantly emphasize the proper COOLEY standard". People v Grim, 65 Mich. App. 143 ; 237 N.W.2d 221 (1975). In the instant case, the subject instruction predominantly stresses the improper capacity standard. Absence of objection at trial to the instruction on intoxication does not preclude defendant from raising this issue on appeal. See People v Grim, supra, at 146. Basically, my difference with the majority opinion on this issue is that the majority relies on Scott whereas I would be guided by Grim.
People v Ringler, 66 Mich. App. 202; 238 N.W.2d 803 (1975), People v Parsons, 59 Mich. App. 79; 228 N.W.2d 852 (1975), People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739; 223 N.W.2d 330 (1974). It is also significant that the organ of the Court in Scott, VAN VALKENBURG, J., appears to have modified the position currently relied upon by the majority. See People v Watson, 59 Mich. App. 299; 229 N.W.2d 424 (1975). Note that Scott, Parsons, and Ringler were also grounded upon the theory that Crittle, supra, was purely prospective. But see People v Chambers, 64 Mich. App. 386 ; 236 N.W.2d 703 (1975).
In the instruction quoted above the disapproved capacity standard is clearly referred to in the first three sentences. The approved COOLEY standard (the intent did not exist) is not mentioned until the next to the last sentence of the instruction.
I would therefore reverse and remand for a new trial with the following caveats respecting other assignments of error raised that may reappear upon retrial. It is proper to instruct the jury that it may infer defendant intended the natural consequences of his acts if the jury believes the evidence supports the inference. People v Rivera, 61 Mich. App. 427; 232 N.W.2d 727 (1975). However, a judge should avoid instructing that "the law presumes that every person * * * intends the natural and usual consequences of his own voluntary acts". People v Jordan, 51 Mich. App. 710; 216 N.W.2d 71 (1974). See also People v Smith, 67 Mich. App. 145; 240 N.W.2d 475 (1976). Moreover, the following instruction that "[w]hen the death is shown to have resulted from the use of a deadly weapon in the absence of any proof to the contrary, the inference is that the death has been done with malice" should be modified to state, for example, that under the circumstances the jury may infer malice from the use of a deadly weapon. In this way, the chances of erroneously shifting the burden of proof is avoided. See People v Martin, 392 Mich. 553; 221 N.W.2d 336 (1974). Unless otherwise admissible, a defendant's prior arrest or other acts of misconduct (bad check) should not be mentioned. People v Buffa, 51 Mich. App. 680; 216 N.W.2d 494 (1974), People v Deblauwe, 60 Mich. App. 103; 230 N.W.2d 328 (1975). Testimony of a police officer as to the contents of an anonymous phone call he received, viz.: identifying defendant as a suspect, should not be repeated. People v Harris, 41 Mich. App. 389; 200 N.W.2d 349 (1972).
It is true that the trial court followed this sentence with "[M]alice aforethought is [a] permissible inference and not a presumption arising from the fact after homicide. The element of malice, like all other elements of a crime, must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt." Thus, read as a whole, the instruction is not reversible error in itself.
No one of the errors mentioned in the paragraph above is in itself reversible error. But the totality of error, when cumulatively considered together with the reversible type errors which I find in the charge on intoxication, compels me to conclude that defendant received less than a fair trial. Therefore, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.