Opinion
Docket No. 18586.
Decided September 22, 1975.
Appeal from Wayne, James N. Canham, J. Submitted June 6, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket No. 18586.) Decided September 22, 1975.
Robert Chambers was convicted of armed robbery. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Patricia J. Boyle, Principal Attorney, Research, Training and Appeals, and Thomas M. Khalil, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Roger L. Wotila, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
Before: DANHOF, P.J., and R.B. BURNS and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Defendant Robert Allen Chambers was convicted by a jury on May 9, 1973 of armed robbery. MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797. On August 24, 1973, he was sentenced to serve 20 to 40 years in prison. The defendant appeals of right. We reverse and remand for trial.
The record indicates that the defendant entered Maury's Bar in Allen Park, Michigan shortly after 2 a.m. on December 8, 1972. He ordered and drank some beer. The defendant left, but came back with a single shot shotgun. He took money from cash drawers located in the office and placed it in his pockets. The defendant then discharged the shotgun. Thereafter, an employee of the bar jumped the defendant and struggled with him until the police arrived.
At trial, the defendant relied upon intoxication as his defense.
As to the intoxication defense, the trial court initially instructed the jury as follows:
"On the question of specific intent, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, since I have already charged that robbery is a specific intent crime, I charge you that if you find that the defendant's mental faculties were so far overcome by intoxication that he was not conscious of what he was doing or he did not know what he was doing and he could not entertain the requisite specific intent, he therefore could not be guilty of robbery. It is for you the jury to determine exactly how far if any the mental faculties of the accused were impaired. If he was conscious of what he was doing is for you, the jury, to determine."
However, during deliberation, the jury requested the trial court to again define the charges. The additional instructions read as to intoxication:
"The defendant's defense is that he was so intoxicated that he could not form the specific intent to rob."
No objection to these instructions was made to the lower court by the defendant.
The first issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court committed reversible error by improperly instructing the jury on intoxication under the capacity standard rather than the COOLEY standard. As this issue is dispositive of the case on appeal, this Court will not address itself to the other issues raised.
The Supreme Court in People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367, 373; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973), stated the applicable test to determine whether the accused has the specific requisite intent by quoting from Justice COOLEY'S opinion in People v Walker, 38 Mich. 156, 158 (1878):
"`While it is true that drunkenness cannot excuse a crime, it is equally true that when a certain intent is a necessary element in a crime, the crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist * * * if the defendant, for any reason whatever, indulged no such intent, the crime cannot have been committed.'"
The Court went on to distinguish between the COOLEY test and the capacity test (373-374):
"We come now to the consideration of some of the confusing rules re jury instruction on the effect of drunkenness in specific intent crimes. These rules are expressed in such language as:
"`[T]oo drunk to be capable of forming the statutory intent' (People v Haley, 48 Mich. 495, 497; 12 N.W. 671);
"So intoxicated that they `did not know what they were doing' (People v Hearn, 354 Mich. 568, 470 [sic]; 93 N.W.2d 302);
"`So intoxicated * * * that he would be incapable of forming an intent * * * and did not know what he was doing' (People v Stram, 40 Mich. App. 249, 252; 198 N.W.2d 753); or
"`[S]o far overcome by the intoxication, that he was not conscious of what he was doing, or if he did know what he was doing, but did not know why he was doing it' (Roberts v People, 19 Mich. 401).
"These various rules all have one thing in common. They refer to a capacity standard. Their test is not Justice COOLEY'S — `[T]he crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist.' Their test is rather `the crime cannot have been committed when the intent could not exist'. It is obviously a different standard and not to be followed.
"As a consequence, trial judges would do well to follow Justice COOLEY'S language and posit their instructions in terms of whether in the light of defendant's intoxication he in fact had the required specific felonious intent."
The trial court in the instant case instructed the jury on intoxication under the capacity test. However, whether this is reversible error under Crittle depends upon whether Crittle is to be given prospective or retroactive effect.
We are not unaware of the recent decision of People v Parsons, 59 Mich. App. 79; 228 N.W.2d 852 (1975). In Parsons, the Court determined that Crittle was not intended to apply retroactively to a defendant who was convicted before the decisional date in Crittle. With this determination, we respectfully disagree.
Three traditional factors to determine whether a law should be applied retroactively or prospectively are: (1) the purpose of the new rule; (2) the general reliance on the old rule; and (3) the effect on the administration of justice. People v Hampton, 384 Mich. 669, 674; 187 N.W.2d 404 (1971), and Linkletter v Walker, 381 U.S. 618; 85 S Ct 1731; 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965). Additionally, Linkletter v Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 621-622, discusses recognized cutoff points for the application of a new ruling:
"Initially we must consider the term `retrospective' for the purposes of our opinion. A ruling which is purely prospective does not apply even to the parties before the court. * * * However, we are not here concerned with pure prospectivity since we applied the rule announced in Mapp to reverse Miss Mapp's conviction. That decision has also been applied to cases still pending on direct review at the time it was rendered. Therefore, in this case, we are concerned only with whether the exclusionary principle enunciated in Mapp applies to state court convictions which had become final before rendition of our opinion." The Linkletter court defines final in footnote 5, supra at 622:
"By final we mean where the judgment of conviction was rendered, the availability of appeal exhausted, and the time for petition for certiorari had elapsed before our decision in Mapp v Ohio [ 367 U.S. 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961)]."
Even though it was a nonjury case, People v Taskila, 391 Mich. 815 (1974), remanded the case to the circuit court for reconsideration in light of Crittle. Taskila was on appeal at the time Crittle was decided. See People v Taskila, 50 Mich. App. 746; 213 N.W.2d 760 (1973). Further, the recent case of People v Watson, 59 Mich. App. 299; 229 N.W.2d 424 (1975), applied the Crittle ruling to that case, even though the defendant had been convicted prior to the decisional date in Crittle. However, the conviction in Watson had not become final.
The first of the three factors enunciated in People v Hampton, supra, is particularly strong in the instant case. The purpose of the ruling in Crittle is to point out the correct instruction on intoxication in relation to a requisite element of the crime, specific intent, without which there is no crime. This instruction has a direct impact on the guilt or innocence of the defendant. However, as was pointed out in Crittle, there has been general reliance by the trial courts of this state on the capacity standard for over 100 years. Finally, the effect on the administration of justice must be considered. To make Crittle retroactive to cases already finalized "would tax the administration of justice to the utmost". Linkletter v Walker, supra, at 637. Therefore, in consideration of these factors, the application of Crittle should not be purely retroactive nor purely prospective, but rather retroactive to those cases not yet finalized.
The defendant in the instant case was convicted on May 9, 1973. He now appeals of right to this Court. The decisional date of Crittle was November 21, 1973. The conviction of the defendant had not yet become final. Therefore, the defendant is entitled to the benefit of the Crittle ruling.
In line with People v Crittle, supra, and People v Watson, supra, we hold that the trial court committed reversible error in not properly instructing the jury under the COOLEY standard, even though the defendant failed to object in the prior proceedings.
Reversed and remanded for trial.
R.B. BURNS, J., concurred.
Whether the Supreme Court's holding in People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973), is to be given retroactive application is still an open question. See People v Rich, 394 Mich. 804 (1975), People v Elmer D. Robinson, 394 Mich. 804 (1975). The language in People v Crittle, supra, 374, suggests prospective application as do the traditional factors used in deciding the question of retroactivity. See People v Parsons, 59 Mich. App. 79; 228 N.W.2d 852 (1975). See also, People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739, 746, fn 6; 223 N.W.2d 330 (1974). I would apply Crittle prospectively.