Summary
In Parsons, the Court determined that Crittle was not intended to apply retroactively to a defendant who was convicted before the decisional date in Crittle.
Summary of this case from People v. Chambers # 2Opinion
Docket No. 19223.
Decided February 24, 1975.
Appeal from Ingham, James T. Kallman, J. Submitted Division 2 January 14, 1975, at Lansing. (Docket No. 19223.) Decided February 24, 1975.
Wayne Parsons was convicted of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Raymond L. Scodeller, Prosecuting Attorney, and Lawrence J. Emery, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Sutton, Mathews McKelvey, for defendant.
Before: T.M. BURNS, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Defendant was charged with breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny, MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305. He was convicted of that offense by a jury on September 20, 1973. After being sentenced to a prison term of five to ten years, defendant appealed.
Carl's Market, a small party store in Lansing, was protected by a security system. The system was monitored by Sonitrol Security. At about 1:30 a.m., a Sonitrol employee became aware of suspicious circumstances and called the police. When the police arrived, it was discovered that the glass front door was broken. Defendant was found behind the counter of the store. He was cut and bleeding and was eventually taken to the hospital. There, his lacerations were treated by a Dr. Su.
The elements of breaking and entering were not in dispute at defendant's trial. The crucial issue, as framed by the parties, was whether defendant entertained the specific intent to commit larceny. In support of his theory, defendant testified that he was intoxicated at the time of the offense. He said that he could not remember the events preceding the breaking and entering.
The jury was instructed:
"In this particular case the defense of intoxication has been raised. And, I instruct you [as] follows: whoever [sic] while voluntary drunkness is not an excuse to the commission of a crime, when a certain criminal intent is necessary as in breaking and entering, if the defendant was so intoxicated as to be incapable of entertaining such intent to commit a larceny, and if you find he in fact had no intent to commit a larceny, he cannot be convicted. Voluntary intoxication constitutes no defense to the commission of a crime. It goes to what we generally refer to as the ability to frame an intent. In other words, regarding this, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I further instruct you that intoxication of the defendant is no excuse for the act, unless you find that he was so overcome with liquor or alcoholic beverages that he was not conscious of what he was doing or did not know why he was doing it."
It is asserted, for the first time on appeal, that the jury instruction on intoxication was reversibly misleading and erroneous in light of People v Crittle, 390 Mich. 367; 212 N.W.2d 196 (1973). There is no claim that the charge merely omitted a pertinent though not legally necessary point. Rather, it is claimed that the charge was erroneous and misleading. Therefore, the issue is properly before us. People v Guillett, 342 Mich. 1, 7; 69 N.W.2d 140, 143 (1955), People v Scott, 55 Mich. App. 739, 742, fn 1; 223 N.W.2d 330, 332 (1974).
The charge contains the "COOLEY standard", that, "the crime cannot have been committed where the intent did not exist". 390 Mich. 367, 374. It also contains the "capacity standard", that, "the crime cannot have been committed when the intent could not exist". 390 Mich. 367, 374. The instant charge also embodies the holding of Roberts v People, 19 Mich. 401, 418-419 (1870), that "* * * if * * * he was not conscious of what he was doing, [or if he] * * * did not know why he was doing it * * * then he had not sufficient capacity to entertain the intent * * *".
Were this the entirety of the jury instruction on point, we would agree that the charge was misleading. However, to determine if they are misleading, jury instructions must be read in their entirety. People v Harper, 43 Mich. App. 500, 504; 204 N.W.2d 263, 266 (1972), lv den, 389 Mich. 759 (1973), People v Hooper, 50 Mich. App. 186, 192; 212 N.W.2d 786, 789 (1973), lv den, 391 Mich. 808 (1974), People v Hodo, 51 Mich. App. 628, 636; 215 N.W.2d 733, 738 (1974).
The trial judge had previously and correctly instructed the jury that they would have to find the element of larcenous intent to convict. A proper instruction was given on the prosecution's burden of proof. When the intoxication instruction was given defense counsel alertly objected that it was error to charge that "voluntary intoxication is no defense * * * ". The trial judge then gave the following instructions on suggestion of defense counsel:
"All right ladies and gentlemen * * * while you were out, we clarified three things * * * [The second is] that voluntary drunkenness is no defense unless it negates the defendant's ability to form an intent."
We thus face the same fact situation as that confronting the court in People v Scott, supra. The Scott Court said, and we agree ( 55 Mich. App. 739, 744-745):
"The thrust of Crittle was not to formulate an absolute rule that the mentioning of the capacity standard resulted in reversible error but rather to require that the jury be clearly instructed that it is not enough to merely look to the question of whether the defendant could not entertain the intent but rather that they also must determine in light of all the testimony whether defendant did not entertain the intent.
"Against that standard, would the instruction as given herein confuse the jury as to what they must find in order to acquit? We think not. The trial court clearly indicated that, in order to convict, the jury must find that defendant had the necessary intent, and further indicated that if defendant, because of intoxication or any other reason, did not have the necessary intent he must be acquitted. The jury being clearly informed that they must find that defendant did have the necessary intent, no error resulted from the fact that the trial court also indicated that if the jury found defendant did not have by reason of intoxication the capacity to form the intent, they must acquit. Thus stated the capacity standard is supplementary to, rather than in conflict with the COOLEY standard, since it merely states the logical conclusion which must follow when the degree of intoxication renders the defendant totally incapable of forming the intent.
"Where, as here, the trial court affirmatively instructs the jury that they must address themselves to the question of whether defendant did in fact have the necessary intent, the giving of the so-called `capacity standard' not only does not create any irreconcilable conflict, inconsistency or confusion, but rather it more fully informs the jury of the overall scope of their duty. The instruction as a whole properly informed the jury of the effect of intoxication upon the finding of criminal responsibility."
It is claimed that the jury charge contained an erroneous statement of law inasmuch as its thrust was to present to the jury the capacity standard. As noted in Scott, the two standards are not entirely repugnant. Moreover, the error in the Crittle case was that the instruction there given was erroneous under either the "capacity" or "COOLEY" standard. We are asked to elevate to a holding the following Crittle dicta that a "capacity" instruction is reversibly erroneous:
"It [capacity] is obviously a different standard and not to be followed.
"As a consequence, trial judges would do well to follow Justice COOLEY'S language and posit their instructions in terms of whether in the light of defendant's intoxication he in fact had the required specific felonious intent." 390 Mich. 367, 374.
Even if we were to interpret Crittle as requiring, upon pain of reversal, that the trial judge's instructions focus on the COOLEY standard, defendant would not be entitled to a new trial. Defendant was convicted before the decisional date in Crittle, hence he would be entitled to relief only if the Crittle holding was meant to be given retroactive application. The language used by the Supreme Court suggests that the Court did not intend retroactive application. There are three factors traditionally used in deciding whether a new rule of constitutional law or criminal procedure is to be given retroactive or prospective effect; Linkletter v Walker, 381 U.S. 618; 85 S Ct 1731; 14 L Ed 2d 601 (1965), and People v Hampton, 384 Mich. 669; 187 N.W.2d 404 (1971). They are:
"(1) The purpose of the new rule; (2) the general reliance on the old rule; and (3) the effect on the administration of justice." 384 Mich. 669, 674.
The purpose of the new Crittle rule is to assure that one having no criminal intent not be convicted because the jury is erroneously instructed that to acquit it must find that defendant was too intoxicated to have any intent. In Crittle defendant contended that, because of intoxication, he formed the intent to pursue what, in retrospect, was a humorless April Fool's joke. In the present case, defendant, unlike Crittle, claimed to be too intoxicated to form any intent. It is apparent that the purpose behind the Crittle ruling would not be served by reversal in the instant case.
"The second and third factors can be dealt with together, because the amount of past reliance will often have a profound effect upon the administration of justice." 384 Mich. 669, 677.
On the issue of past reliance, the trial courts of this state have certainly relied heavily on cases adopting the capacity standard. "Capacity" cases include People v Haley, 48 Mich. 495; 12 N.W. 671 (1882), People v Hearn, 354 Mich. 468; 93 N.W.2d 302 (1958), and Roberts, supra. The reliance by trial courts on these prior decisions of our Supreme Court is reasonable and worthy of serious consideration. We believe that giving retroactive effect to Crittle would adversely affect the administration of justice in this state.
When read in its entirety the jury charge on intoxication is not misleading. The charge correctly reflected the prevailing view at the time it was given. No reversible error resulted from the instructions.
Defendant also contends that the trial judge erred in not requiring the prosecution to endorse and present Dr. Su as a res gestae witness as required by MCLA 767.40; MSA 28.980. People v Harrison, 44 Mich. App. 578; 205 N.W.2d 900 (1973), reveals the expansive definition given the term res gestae witness in this state; it does not appear that Dr. Su was such a witness. He did not observe defendant at the time the crime was committed but only some time later. He performed no tests to determine the alcohol content of defendant's blood.
Even if, arguendo, Dr. Su was a res gestae witness, there was no reversible error. Defendant knew in advance of trial that he had received medical treatment. His motion for the endorsement of the treating doctor came only after the prosecution had rested its case. The motion was untimely. People v Willie Jones, 38 Mich. App. 512, 516; 196 N.W.2d 817, 819 (1972), lv den, 388 Mich. 792 (1972). By inexcusably waiting until the completion of the prosecution's case, defendant must be deemed to have waived any right to the endorsement and production of Dr. Su.
We find no abuse of the trial court's inherent discretion to grant or deny a belated motion to endorse by either party. People v Hodges, 34 Mich. App. 90; 190 N.W.2d 703 (1971), lv den, 387 Mich. 759 (1972), People v Harrison, 44 Mich. App. 578, 587; 205 N.W.2d 900, 906 (1973). To have granted the motion would have entailed an inestimable delay in the trial while the doctor was located, subpoenaed and brought to court.
Affirmed.