Opinion
Docket No. 14586.
Decided January 14, 1974. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Lenawee, Rex B. Martin, J. Submitted Division 2 December 5, 1973, at Lansing. (Docket No. 14586.) Decided January 14, 1974. Leave to appeal applied for.
Henry Garcia was convicted of first-degree murder. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Harvey A. Koselka, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Richard L. Ruby and Norris J. Thomas, Jr., Assistants State Appellate Defender, for defendant.
This is an appeal by leave from defendant's nonjury conviction of first-degree murder. MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548.
Defendant appealed previously and his conviction was affirmed. See People v Garcia, 33 Mich. App. 598; 190 N.W.2d 347 (1971).
He initially argues that the trial judge committed reversible error in finding him guilty of first-degree murder because he was too intoxicated to form the requisite specific intent. He contends that since the trial judge stated that he was convinced that defendant would not have committed the act if he had been sober his verdict of first-degree murder was contrary to his finding of fact.
Upon a careful reading of the able and experienced trial judge's opinion dictated from the bench we note the meticulous care with which he examined testimony as to the circumstances surrounding the double homicide. After stating why he found particular testimony credible and worthy of belief and the statements of certain witnesses, including defendant, highly suspect for various reasons, he concluded that the people had met their burden of proving defendant had the requisite intent by more than adequate record support.
We note also that there have been contradictory holdings with respect to the necessity of trial judges making findings of fact in nonjury criminal cases. Cf. People v Thomas, 387 Mich. 368; 197 N.W.2d 51 (1972) and People v Jackson, 390 Mich. 621; 212 N.W.2d 918 (1973). The definitive controlling holding at present is that the trial judge is obliged to state such findings so that it is possible to ascertain the law applied by the fact finder. Jackson, supra.
Further it is impermissible to simply take excerpts from his findings. They should be considered in their complete context:
"I am convinced he wouldn't have killed them, either one of them, if he'd been sober. I don't think there's any question in my mind about that. I am convinced he was not so drunk as to have lost the ability to have malice, that malice arose in his heart and his mind. In fact, I think the drinking released the controls on the suppressed malice. That the court is convinced that he was not so drunk as to be unable to plan ahead to do what he did. I am satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that all the elements of first-degree murder have been proved. The court would find him guilty of that offense."
Additionally in unswerving holdings since People v Garbutt, 17 Mich. 9 (1868), the Supreme Court, followed in the main by this Court, has made clear that murder is not a specific intent crime in the sense that the formulation and entertainment of that specific intent is an essential ingredient of the corpus delicti of the charged crime.
People v Guillett, 342 Mich. 1; 69 N.W.2d 140 (1955).
People v Acosta, 16 Mich. App. 249; 167 N.W.2d 897 (1969). Cf. People v Sharp, 9 Mich. App. 34; 155 N.W.2d 719 (1967) which holds to the contrary without cited authority. See also People v Ora Jones, 45 Mich. App. 373; 206 N.W.2d 453 (1973).
This Court has long expressed its reluctance to interfere with the determination of the trier of fact in nonjury cases unless the evidence clearly preponderates to the contrary. People v Ritzema, 3 Mich. App. 637; 143 N.W.2d 129 (1966); People v Jeter, 21 Mich. App. 158; 175 N.W.2d 39 (1970). Nor will we substitute our judgment of the credibility of witnesses for that of the trial judge or weigh conflicting evidence. People v Szymanski, 321 Mich. 248; 32 N.W.2d 451 (1948); People v Bennett, 3 Mich. App. 326; 142 N.W.2d 465 (1966); People v Williams, 3 Mich. App. 272; 142 N.W.2d 43 (1966). His rejection or the according of little weight to defendant's testimony was properly within his province as trier of fact. Our examination of the entire record demonstrates that there was sufficient evidence, if believed, to support the judgment of conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.
Defendant argues that it is clearly reversible error under People v Ramsey, 385 Mich. 221; 187 N.W.2d 887 (1971), and People v King, 385 Mich. 274; 188 N.W.2d 538 (1971), for the trial judge, sitting as trier of fact to read the preliminary examination transcript. He argues that this error is not mitigated by stipulation of the parties and that such stipulation by counsel effectively deprived defendant of his right to a fair trial. Plaintiff argues that the rule pronounced in Ramsey and King does not apply here because the parties agreed to allow the trial judge to look at the preliminary examination transcript for the sole purpose of aiding his evaluation of the psychiatrist's testimony.
The Supreme Court held in Ramsey, supra, that as an absolute rule it is reversible error for the trial court sitting without a jury to refer to the transcript of testimony taken at the preliminary examination except under the exceptions provided by MCLA 768.26; MSA 28.1049 which states:
"Testimony taken at an examination, preliminary hearing, or at a former trial of the case, or taken by deposition at the instance of the defendant, may be used by the prosecution whenever the witness giving such testimony can not, for any reason, be produced at the trial, or whenever the witness has, since giving such testimony become insane or otherwise mentally incapacitated to testify."
It should be noted, however, that an additional fact appears in this case which was not raised nor considered by the Court deciding Ramsey and King, and that is the matter of stipulation by the parties that the transcript be read for a limited purpose. The trial judge below stated that he was reading the transcript for the sole purpose of assisting him in evaluating the psychiatrist's testimony. This testimony was read to shed some light on defendant's mental condition with reference to his intoxication defense. On no less than two occasions did defense counsel expressly state he had no objections to the trial judge perusing the involved transcript. In People v Walter, 41 Mich. App. 109; 199 N.W.2d 651 (1972), this Court reaffirmed the Supreme Court's holding that the "indiscriminate perusal" of the transcript by the trial judge denied defendant his right of confrontation. Under the facts in Walter, though, this Court found no such violation since the trial judge examined only that portion of the transcript introduced in evidence by the defendant himself for impeachment purposes. Examination of the preliminary examination transcript by the judge sitting as trier of fact has been upheld where the examination was limited to impeachment purposes and the parties had stipulated that such examination be made. People v Dorsey, 45 Mich. App. 230; 206 N.W.2d 459 (1973). Similarly, since the statute limiting the use of testimony taken at a former hearing is designed to protect defendant's right to confrontation, and this right may be waived, People v Murray, 52 Mich. 288; 17 N.W. 843 (1883), it inexorably follows that the stipulation by defendant's counsel to allow the trial judge to read the transcript could constitute a conscious choice of trial strategy on the part of defendant's attorney in accordance with appellant's theory that he did not entertain the requisite intent at the time of the homicides. On this record, we hold it was. Whether we on review would agree or disagree with the trial actions or tactics in a given case is normally an academic point because there are few choices as to which most attorneys would universally approve.
This Court has held it neither was reversible error nor a violation of Ramsey for the trial judge in a bench trial to examine the transcript of an evidence suppression hearing when conducting a mid-trial Walker hearing since the testimony was introduced for entirely different purposes and the attorneys both stated they had no objections to the trial judge examining the transcript. See People v Boyd, 49 Mich. App. 388; 212 N.W.2d 333 (1973).
The defendant next argues on appeal that the failure of defense counsel to object to the reading of the transcript constituted such prejudicial error that this Court should automatically reverse. People v Degraffenreid, 19 Mich. App. 702; 173 N.W.2d 317 (1969).
In People v Lawrence, 32 Mich. App. 591, 593-594; 189 N.W.2d 48, 50 (1971), we construed the Degraffenreid rule as follows:
"From the time this Court enunciated the so-called `Degraffenreid rule', it has become one of the most frequently cited and most misunderstood of our decisions. Degraffenreid should not be read by the bar to mean that because an objection could have been made or that some right was waived that this necessarily indicates incompetence of counsel or prejudice to the defendant. As the ones to whom the conduct of the trial and the choice of strategy have been entrusted, trial counsel may reasonably believe it advantageous, at times, to forego exercising certain rights for tactical reasons. On appeal it behooves us not to play the part of the Sunday morning quarterback and to second-guess him.
"Usually omitted from appellants' quotations of Degraffenreid is the limiting and cautionary language that is often repeated in the opinion.
"`Most post-conviction claims of disgruntled clients are indeed insubstantial.' Degraffenreid, supra [p 711; 173 N.W.2d at 321].
"We would not be understood by what we have said here to dilute the Degraffenreid doctrine. We mean rather that it should be carefully read before reversible error is claimed on the grounds of the incompetence of counsel. Such incompetence must be grave indeed to be raised to the constitutional level of no assistance of counsel."
Based upon our review of the record we conclude defendant was afforded the effective assistance of counsel.
For the reasons herein stated, we affirm.
All concurred.