Summary
holding that, for purposes of official immunity, actual malice does not include even acts taken with reckless disregard for the rights of others
Summary of this case from Davis v. LangOpinion
S95A1973, S95A1974
DECIDED MARCH 11, 1996
Official immunity; actual malice; constitutional question. Camden Superior Court. Before Judge Long from Atlanta Circuit.
Whelchel, Brown, Readdick Bumgartner, Terry L. Readdick, Richard K. Strickland, for appellant.
J. Robert Morgan, for appellees.
We granted an interlocutory appeal in this case of first impression to construe the meaning of the term "actual malice" as it is used in the context of official immunity. We hold that in that context, "actual malice" requires a deliberate intention to do wrong.
See the 1991 amendment to Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX, of the Constitution of the State of Georgia.
On June 15, 1991, Merrow, a jailer with the Camden County Sheriff's Department, gave Graham, an inmate and trusty at the Camden County Public Safety Complex, the keys to his car and asked Graham to wash it. Graham stole the car and escaped from the complex. Thereafter, Graham was involved in a collision with an automobile driven by Hawkins and occupied by Davis.
If an inmate was deemed trustworthy, he was permitted to perform such tasks for compensation.
Hawkins and Davis sued Merrow and others, seeking damages for negligent entrustment. Following discovery, Merrow moved for summary judgment, asserting he was entitled to official immunity because he had not acted with "actual malice or with actual intent to cause injury in the performance of [his] official functions." Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX, of the Constitution of the State of Georgia. The trial court observed that Merrow did not act with ill will or actual intent to cause injury. However, relying on Sparks v. Thurmond, 171 Ga. App. 138, 140 ( 319 S.E.2d 46) (1984), a slander case in which "actual malice" was equated with reckless conduct, the trial court interpreted the words "actual malice" to include a "reckless disregard for the safety of others." Based on that interpretation, the trial court denied summary judgment to Merrow. We reverse.
1. The parties agree that Merrow was exercising a discretionary power when he gave the car keys to Graham. Thus, Merrow is entitled to official immunity unless he acted with "actual malice," as that term is used in the 1991 amendment to Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX, of the Constitution of the State of Georgia.
Compare Mathis v. Nelson, 79 Ga. App. 639 ( 54 S.E.2d 710) (1949), with Price v. Owen, 67 Ga. App. 58 ( 19 S.E.2d 529) (1942). See also Nelson v. Spalding County, 249 Ga. 334, 336 ( 290 S.E.2d 915) (1982) (whether acts of public official are discretionary or ministerial depends upon facts of particular case).
2. The 1991 amendment to Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX, of the Constitution of the State of Georgia reads, in part:
(d) Except as specifically provided by the General Assembly in a State Tort Claims Act, all officers and employees of the State or its departments and agencies may be subject to suit and may be liable for injuries and damages caused by the negligent performance of, or negligent failure to perform, their ministerial functions and may be liable for injuries and damages if they act with actual malice or with actual intent to cause injury in the performance of their official functions.
(Emphasis supplied.)
While we recognize that our courts have defined "malice" as involving reckless disregard for the rights of others, see, e.g., Partain v. Maddox, 131 Ga. App. 778, 781(1) ( 206 S.E.2d 618) (1974), it is "actual malice," not mere "malice," that is addressed in the 1991 amendment to Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX. We find the term "actual malice," as set forth in the 1991 amendment, to denote "express malice or malice in fact." Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed. (1990). Express or actual malice, although not a term typically used in the context of civil litigation, see, e.g., OCGA § 51-7-2, is found in criminal law and has long been distinguished from "implied malice," a term which has been defined to mean conduct exhibiting a "reckless disregard for human life." See OCGA § 16-5-1; Bishop v. State, 257 Ga. 136, 138 ( 356 S.E.2d 503) (1987); Flynn v. State, 255 Ga. 415(2)(c) ( 339 S.E.2d 259) (1986).
Given that in interpreting the 1991 amendment this Court cannot, under well-established rules of constitutional construction, render superfluous the drafters' use of the modifier "actual," and given the long-recognized distinction between actual or express malice and implied malice, we conclude that the drafters intended the 1991 amendment to exclude any liability for injuries and damages if officers and employees act with implied malice in the performance of their official functions.
Hawkins and Davis cite Logue v. Wright, 260 Ga. 206(1) ( 392 S.E.2d 235) (1990), for the proposition that "immunity is for negligent acts, not for malicious acts, acts of corruption, wilful acts, or acts involving reckless disregard for the safety of others." That proposition, once "good law," cannot withstand scrutiny in light of the 1991 amendment to Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX of our state Constitution. Sparks v. Thurmond, 171 Ga. App. 138, 140, supra, cited by the trial court, is equally inapplicable. Sparks relied upon the first amendment definition of "actual malice" set forth in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 ( 84 S.C. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686) (1964). That definition, which is unique to constitutional libel law, is inapposite here. See Postill v. Booth Newspapers, Inc., 325 N.W.2d 511, 516 ( 118 Mich. App. 608) (1982) (in context of defamation action, "actual malice" is a term with "constitutional implications and varies from common-law malice"). See also Black's Law Dictionary, 6th ed. (1990), which recognizes that, in libel law, "actual malice" carries a different meaning.
Previously, our Constitution did not address the concept of official immunity, which had developed primarily through case law. See Gilbert v. Richardson, 264 Ga. 744, 752 ( 452 S.E.2d 476) (1994).
3. The record is devoid of any evidence demonstrating that Merrow acted with actual malice. It follows that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for summary judgment.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.