Opinion
No. 344142
04-10-2020
TRUGREEN LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY, Defendant-Appellee.
Bursch Law PLLC, Caledonia (by John J. Bursch ) and Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn LLP (by June Summers Haas ) for TruGreen Limited Partnership. Dana Nessel, Attorney General, Fadwa A. Hammoud, Solicitor General, and Emily C. Zillgitt and Justin R. Call, Assistant Attorneys General, for the Department of Treasury.
Bursch Law PLLC, Caledonia (by John J. Bursch ) and Honigman Miller Schwartz & Cohn LLP (by June Summers Haas ) for TruGreen Limited Partnership.
Dana Nessel, Attorney General, Fadwa A. Hammoud, Solicitor General, and Emily C. Zillgitt and Justin R. Call, Assistant Attorneys General, for the Department of Treasury.
Before: Shapiro, P.J., and Gleicher and Swartzle, JJ.
ON REMAND
Gleicher, J. Michigan's use tax exempts property consumed in the tilling, planting, caring for, or harvesting things of the soil, or in the breeding, raising or caring of livestock, poultry, or horticultural products for further growth. These words conjure images of our state's bean fields, dairy farms, and cherry orchards. The question presented is whether the Legislature intended that a lawn-care company would reap the fruits of this exemption. The statutory vocabulary describes a tax subsidy aimed at growing Michigan's agricultural economy, not ornamental grass and shrubs. The Court of Claims reached the same conclusion. We affirmed the Court of Claims’ ruling, but the Supreme Court remanded for reconsideration. We again affirm.
I
The history of the statute at issue dates back to 1935, when the Legislature first exempted from "sale at retail" under the General Sales Tax Act "any transaction ... of tangible personal property ... for consumption or use in industrial processing or agricultural producing[.]" 1933 CL 3663(b.1), as amended by 1935 PA 77. Two years later, the Legislature exempted the same transactions from the use tax. MCL 205.94(g), as amended by 1937 PA 94. Between 1937 and 2012, the Legislature revised the use-tax language several times. For more information regarding the amendments, see this link to the Legislature's website: Legislative Service Bureau, MCL 205.94 < http://bit.ly/2Rc7zG5> [https://perma.cc/VPE8-WMRR]. The version of the statute in effect during the tax years relevant here exempts the following from the use tax:
Property sold to a person engaged in a business enterprise and using and consuming the property in the tilling, planting, caring for, or harvesting of the things of the soil or in the breeding, raising, or caring for livestock, poultry, or horticultural products, including transfers of livestock, poultry, or horticultural products for further growth. This exemption includes machinery that is capable of simultaneously harvesting grain or other crops and biomass and machinery used for the purpose of harvesting biomass. This exemption includes agricultural land tile, which means fired clay or perforated plastic tubing used as part of a subsurface drainage system for land used in the production of agricultural products as a business enterprise and includes a portable grain bin, which means a structure that is used or is to be used to shelter grain and that is designed to be disassembled without significant damage to its component parts. This exemption does not include transfers of food, fuel, clothing, or similar tangible personal property for personal living or human consumption. This exemption does not include tangible personal property permanently affixed to and becoming a structural part of real estate. As used in this subdivision, "biomass" means crop residue used to produce energy or agricultural crops grown specifically for the production of energy. [ MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474 (emphasis added).]
Our task is to determine whether the emphasized language applies to TruGreen.
TruGreen offers its customers lawn and ornamental-plant-care services. An affidavit submitted by TruGreen's director of technical operations describes TruGreen's business as built around seasonal, or annual service subscriptions entered into by residential homeowners and commercial, institutional, and private landowners. For a set fee, the company cares for grass, trees, and shrubbery at a variety of locations in addition to homes, including schools, parks, athletic fields, business parks, malls, airports, roadways, and pastures not used for agricultural production. TruGreen utilizes fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides to care for its customers’ turfs and ornamental plants, providing nutrients, controlling weeds, and preventing insects. Sometimes TruGreen "amends" the soil after testing it by adding additional ingredients (such as lime, sulfur, gypsum, or iron) to enhance the health of grass, trees, or shrubs. It also aerates lawns and adds additional seed to remedy bare spots. TruGreen does not offer services to nurseries, tree or nut farms, or individuals or entities engaged in fruit or vegetable production. The affidavit elucidates: "Our branch location business licenses are specific to turf and ornamental plant care only."
In November 2015, TruGreen requested a use-tax refund in the amount of $4,745.39 for the fertilizer, grass seed, and other products it used in its commercial lawn-care business during a 31-day period in 2012. The Department of Treasury denied the refund claim, and TruGreen requested an informal conference. Before the conference could be held, TruGreen submitted another use-tax refund claim for a longer period (four-and-a-half years) in the amount of $1,168,333.49.
A referee concluded that TruGreen had established its eligibility for the exemption and was entitled to a refund. The referee reasoned that "there are only two requirements for this exemption, (1) that a person be engaged in a business enterprise, and (2) the tangible personal property be used and consumed in the ... planting [or] caring for ... things of the soil...." (Quotation marks omitted; alteration in original.) In 2004, the referee noted, the Legislature removed language from the statute requiring that an entity be engaged in "agricultural or horticultural production." The referee concluded: "Petitioner is engaged in a business enterprise (servicing lawns) and used and consumed the tangible personal property purchased (grass seed and fertilizer) in the planting and caring for of [sic] things of the soil. As such, the grass seed and fertilizer it purchased meets the two requirements set forth in [ MCL 205.94(1)(f) ] for exemption from use tax in Michigan."
The 2004 amendment eliminated two sentences from the statute: "At the time of the transfer of that tangible personal property, the transferee shall sign a statement, in a form approved by the department, stating that the property is to be used or consumed in connection with the production of horticultural or agricultural products as a business enterprise. The statement shall be accepted by the courts as prima facie evidence of the exemption." Compare MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2002 PA 669 with MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2004 PA 172. We discuss the 2004 amendment later in the opinion.
The department issued a "Decision and Order of Determination" denying the refund claim, reasoning that "the statute and administrative rules requiring tangible personal property to be used within agricultural production remained valid notwithstanding [the 2004] amendment." According to the department, caselaw following the amendment continued to construe the exemption as implicating "agricultural or horticultural production." "In giving proper meaning to the undefined phrase ‘things of the soil,’ " the department advocated, "it is important to consider that Michigan follows the doctrine ‘that a word or phrase is given meaning by its context of setting.’ " (Citation omitted.) The department concluded that other words in the statutory "setting" support that the Legislature envisioned that "things of the soil" meant growing, cultivating, or extracting crops or comparable things.
TruGreen appealed in the Court of Claims, where the parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition. TruGreen raised two arguments in support of its eligibility for the exemption. First, TruGreen contended, its activities satisfy the plain language of the statute, as the company is engaged in " ‘tilling, planting ... [and] caring for ... things of the soil....’ " (Alteration in original.) Second, TruGreen argues that this Court's opinion in William Mueller & Sons, Inc v Dep't of Treasury , 189 Mich. App. 570, 571, 473 N.W.2d 783 (1991), compels the same conclusion, asserting that it stands for the proposition "that agricultural production is not required by the statute."
The Court of Claims rejected both arguments, ruling that the statute required the claimant to create or contribute to an agricultural or horticultural product. Citing several of this Court's cases interpreting MCL 205.94(1)(f), the Court of Claims observed that all "support the conclusion that production of horticultural or agricultural products is necessary." The Court of Claims denied TruGreen's motion for reconsideration, TruGreen appealed as of right, and we affirmed.
The Supreme Court vacated our judgment and remanded the matter to us for reconsideration in light of TOMRA of North America, Inc v Dep't of Treasury , 505 Mich. 333, 952 N.W.2d 384 (2020). We again affirm.
TruGreen Ltd Partnership v Dep't of Treasury , 507 Mich. 950, 959 N.W.2d 177 (2021).
II
This case presents a purely legal question, and so our review is de novo. Gen. Motors Corp. v Dep't. of Treasury , 290 Mich. App. 355, 369, 803 N.W.2d 698 (2010). Because the language of the tax exemption at issue is unambiguous, our task is to discern the ordinary meaning of the statutory text considered as a whole. TOMRA , 505 Mich. at 339, 952 N.W.2d 384. Historically, tax exemptions were considered "the antithesis of tax equality" and therefore were "strictly construed," generally "in favor of the taxing authority." Canterbury Health Care, Inc. v Dep't. of Treasury , 220 Mich. App. 23, 31, 558 N.W.2d 444 (1996). In TOMRA , 505 Mich. at 342-343, 952 N.W.2d 384, the Supreme Court clarified that the strict-construction canon is a tool "of last resort," and "cannot overcome the plain text[.]" As did the Supreme Court in TOMRA , we "read[ ] the text in its immediate context and with the aid of appropriate canons of interpretation" and without the need of strict construction. Id. at 344, 952 N.W.2d 384.
Against this legal backdrop, we turn to the words. In relevant part, the exemption applies to the following:
Property sold to a person engaged in a business enterprise and using and consuming the property in the tilling, planting, caring for, or harvesting of the things of the soil or in the breeding, raising, or caring for livestock, poultry, or horticultural products, including transfers of livestock, poultry, or horticultural products for further growth. [ MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474.]
TruGreen contends that that because it "plants" grass and is engaged in "caring for things of the soil," it is excused from paying use taxes on the fertilizer, insecticides, and myriad other products it consumes to keep customers’ lawns green and healthy. Employing a purely textual approach, TruGreen urges that its activities fall within the realm of "horticulture" and "caring for" soil. The analysis is simple, TruGreen insists. Because it uses and consumes tangible personal property to "plant" and "care for" grass, trees, and shrubs—indisputably things of the soil—it is plainly and unambiguously entitled to the use-tax exemption. Often, "[w]hat is ‘plain and unambiguous’ ... depends on one's frame of reference." Shiffer v Gibraltar Sch. Dist. Bd. of Ed. , 393 Mich. 190, 194, 224 N.W.2d 255 (1974). Were we to consider the words and phrases cherry-picked by TruGreen in isolation from the rest of the text, we might agree that TruGreen should prevail. TruGreen's proposed interpretive methodology, however, reduces the statute's meaning to a couple of selectively harvested words and buries the balance of the text. This approach risks an interpretation in tension with the whole text's most logical and natural meaning. Rather than plucking words from the statute, we focus on the whole textual landscape. We endeavor to harmonize all the words, thereby cultivating a coherent reading that promotes the Legislature's goals. "[T]he meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context." King v St. Vincent's Hosp. , 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S. Ct. 570, 116 L. Ed. 2d 578 (1991). "Words are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only a communal existence; and not only does the meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting in which they are used." Id. (cleaned up). Our Supreme Court stressed in TOMRA , 505 Mich. at 349, 952 N.W.2d 384, that " ‘[c]ontext is a primary determinant of meaning....’ " (Citation omitted; alteration in original.)
This focus on the big picture echoes a primary canon of construction: the individual, discrete words of a statute must be read holistically "with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme." Davis v Mich. Dep't. of Treasury , 489 U.S. 803, 809, 109 S. Ct. 1500, 103 L. Ed. 2d 891 (1989) ; see also Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (St. Paul: Thomson/West, 2012), p. 167 ("[T]he whole-text canon ... calls on the judicial interpreter to consider the entire text, in view of its structure and of the physical and logical relation of its many parts."); South Dearborn Environmental Improvement Ass'n, Inc. v Dep't. of Environmental Quality , 502 Mich. 349, 367-368, 917 N.W.2d 603 (2018) ("However, we do not read statutory language in isolation and must construe its meaning in light of the context of its use."); TOMRA , 505 Mich. at 351, 952 N.W.2d 384 ("This interpretation reflects a holistic reading of the statutory text and gives each provision its appropriate meaning and function.").
The exemption's first relevant sentence is a string of participles: tilling, planting, caring for, harvesting, breeding, and raising. The words describe actions respecting "things of the soil" or "livestock, poultry or horticultural products." Although grass and trees are "things of the soil," that phrase is surrounded by words describing activities that take place on farms. A "fundamental principle of statutory construction (and, indeed, of language itself) [is] that the meaning of a word cannot be determined in isolation, but must be drawn from the context in which it is used." Deal v United States , 508 U.S. 129, 132, 113 S. Ct. 1993, 124 L. Ed. 2d 44 (1993). TruGreen plants grass and cares for it. But the grass it plants and tends is decorative, and the work it does is unrelated to crop cultivation or agriculture in general. Considered within its contextual milieu, the term "things of the soil" pertains to the products of farms and horticultural businesses, not to blades of well-tended grass. Independent of the rest of the statute, the terms "caring for" and "planting" could apply to TruGreen's lawn-care enterprise, and the vivisectionist model of statutory interpretation supports that result. Our Supreme Court has applied such an approach, we acknowledge, in cases such as Robinson v Detroit , 462 Mich. 439, 461-462, 613 N.W.2d 307 (2000) (relying on a dictionary definition of the word "the"), and Nawrocki v Macomb Co. Rd. Comm , 463 Mich. 143, 160-162, 615 N.W.2d 702 (2000) (examining separately and independently the four sentences of a single statutory subsection to discern their meaning). Nevertheless, the "context is king" method we employ today has a long and healthy pedigree. For example, the United States Supreme Court has explained that "[i]n determining the meaning of the statute, we look not only to the particular statutory language, but to the design of the statute as a whole and to its object and policy." Crandon v United States , 494 U.S. 152, 156, 110 S. Ct. 997, 108 L. Ed. 2d 132 (1990). The Michigan Supreme Court follows the same interpretive pathway, counseling that words "must be read in context with the entire act, and the words and phrases used there must be assigned such meanings as are in harmony with the whole of the statute, construed in the light of history and common sense." Arrowhead Dev. Co. v Livingston Co. Rd. Comm. , 413 Mich. 505, 516, 322 N.W.2d 702 (1982). Presaging the principles clarified in TOMRA , in G.C. Timmis & Co. v Guardian Alarm Co. , 468 Mich. 416, 421, 662 N.W.2d 710 (2003), the Supreme Court highlighted that the statutory language at issue in that case did not "stand alone" and "should not be construed in the void, but should be read together to harmonize the meaning, giving effect to the act as a whole." (Cleaned up.) Our Supreme Court continued, "Although a phrase or a statement may mean one thing when read in isolation, it may mean something substantially different when read in context," which requires interpreting courts to refrain from "divorc[ing]" "words and clauses ... from those which precede and those which follow." Id. (cleaned up). "[W]ords grouped in a list should be given related meaning." Id. at 422 (cleaned up).
TruGreen's interpretation would extend the use-tax exemption to every lawn-care and tree-service company doing business in Michigan. And consistently with TruGreen's interpretation of "things of the soil," those businesses would be eligible for a sales -tax exemption on lawn and garden-related purchases, as Michigan's sales tax includes the same exemption. See MCL 205.54a(1)(e) (stating that "a sale of tangible personal property to a person engaged in a business enterprise that uses or consumes the tangible personal property, directly or indirectly, for either the tilling, planting, draining, caring for, maintaining, or harvesting of things of the soil or the breeding, raising, or caring for livestock, poultry, or horticultural products" is exempt from sales tax).
The words closely adjoining "planting" and "caring for ... things of the soil" are: "tilling," "harvesting of things of the soil," "breeding," "raising," "caring for livestock, poultry, or horticultural products," and "the transfers of livestock, poultry, or horticultural products for further growth." MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474. This collection of words and phrases logically connotes that the use-tax exemption incentivizes investment in the agricultural realm. Farmers "till," "plant," "care for" and "harvest" things of the soil; they also "care for" animals. Several sentences that followed these, then located in the same statutory subsection, reinforce that the Legislature intended the exemption to apply to agricultural activities. The second sentence of MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474, stated that the "exemption includes machinery that is capable of simultaneously harvesting grain or other crops and biomass and machinery used for the purpose of harvesting biomass." The third sentence further provided that the "exemption includes agricultural land tile, which means fired clay or perforated plastic tubing used as part of a subsurface drainage system for land used in the production of agricultural products as a business enterprise and includes a portable grain bin ...." Read as a cohesive whole, MCL 205.94(1) was and is intended to benefit businesses that contribute to our state's agricultural sector.
Promoting agricultural investment benefits Michigan's economy and helps put local food on our tables. Lawns, on the other hand, demand fertilizer, water, energy, and land. The exemption from taxation at issue encourages the production of market resources, not their consumption.
The remaining sentences of MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474, have since been moved to other subsections of the statute.
The subsection defined "biomass" as "crop residue used to produce energy or agricultural crops grown specifically for the production of energy." MCL 205.94(1)(f), as amended by 2012 PA 474.
III
We are not the first judges to conclude that MCL 205.94(1) applies to businesses associated with agriculture. The caselaw has consistently referred to the statutory subsection at issue as the "agricultural-production exemption." See Detroit Edison Co v Dep't of Treasury , 498 Mich. 28, 50 n. 14, 869 N.W.2d 810 (2015) ; Sietsema Farms Feeds, L.L.C. v Dep't of Treasury , 296 Mich. App. 232, 235, 818 N.W.2d 489 (2012) ; Mich. Milk Producers Ass'n. v Dep't of Treasury , 242 Mich. App. 486, 488, 618 N.W.2d 917 (2000) ; Kappen Tree Serv., LLC v Dep't of Treasury , unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued April 26, 2016 (Docket No 325984), p. 3, 2016 WL 1683517.
William Mueller & Sons , 189 Mich. App. 570, 473 N.W.2d 783, is instructive. In that case, we held the exemption applicable to Mueller & Sons’ purchase of fertilizer equipment. Mueller & Sons was "in the business of testing farm soil, recommending fertilizer mixes, and selling seed and fertilizer to farmers." Id. at 571, 473 N.W.2d 783. The company also purchased produce from farmers and both used fertilization-application equipment and offered it for rent to farmers. Id. This Court rebuffed the department's argument that to qualify for the exemption the taxpayer had to directly produce agricultural products and, instead, explained that "Section 4(f), by its plain language, exempts property sold to a business enterprise if the property is used for agricultural or horticultural growth." Id. at 573, 473 N.W.2d 783. The taxpayer itself need not engage "in the business of producing agricultural products." Id. at 573-574, 473 N.W.2d 783. The touchstone, we highlighted, was involvement in an agricultural endeavor. Id. at 574, 473 N.W.2d 783.
TruGreen asserts that Mueller is inapposite, as the statute in effect at that time included the following two sentences:
[A]t the time of the transfer of the tangible personal property, the transferee shall sign a statement, in a form approved by the department, stating that the property is to be used or consumed in connection with the production of horticultural or agricultural products as a business enterprise. The statement shall be accepted by the courts as prima facie evidence of the exemption. [ MCL 205.94(f), as amended by 1978 PA 262.]
In 2004, the Legislature eliminated this signed-statement requirement. 2004 PA 172. The elimination of statutory language sometimes supplies an indicator of legislative intent. Sam v Balardo , 411 Mich. 405, 430, 308 N.W.2d 142 (1981). Here, however, all that was removed was a certification requirement. In its opinion, the Court of Claims noted that this amendment was part of a larger legislative plan to adopt the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Administration Act, MCL 205.801 et seq. The seller now bears the burden of identifying the ground for an exemption, not the purchaser. See MCL 205.104b(1). This administrative change did not alter the design, structure, purpose, or meaning of the rest of the statute.
MCL 205.94(1) permits a tax exemption for property used in agricultural production and supply. TruGreen is not involved in any agricultural endeavors. Applying an organic approach to all the statutory words, we affirm the Court of Claims.
Shapiro, P.J., concurred with Gleicher, J.
Shapiro, P.J. (concurring). I join Judge GLEICHER ’s opinion in full. In our previous review of this case, I authored a concurrence in response to Judge SWARTZLE ’s dissent. TruGreen Ltd. Partnership v Dep't. of Treasury , 332 Mich. App. 73, 89-96, 955 N.W.2d 529 (2020) ( SHAPIRO , P.J., concurring), vacated and remanded 507 Mich. 950, 959 N.W.2d 177 (2021). Given that Judge SWARTZLE has elected to adopt that dissent by reference, I will do the same by adopting my prior concurrence by reference rather than repeating it here.
Swartzle, J. (dissenting).
—A rule written broadly should be understood to be a broad rule—
There is no question that the Legislature chose broad language—"things of the soil"—when it enacted the use-tax exemption here. MCL 205.94(1)(f). The majority read this broad language narrowly in its original opinion, TruGreen Ltd. Partnership v Dep't of Treasury , 332 Mich. App. 73, 955 N.W.2d 529 (2020), and now after our Supreme Court vacated that opinion, TruGreen Ltd. Partnership v Dep't of Treasury , 507 Mich. 950, 959 N.W.2d 177 (2021), the majority continues to read it narrowly on remand. But in my opinion, it is a grave mistake to avoid the plain, ordinary meaning of a statute based on the notion that the Legislature simply must have meant something other than what it actually said—the majority's "holistic," "communal," "organic" approach to statutory interpretation notwithstanding.
By my count, the majority violated at least eight principles of statutory interpretation in its original opinion:
i. fair-reading approach;
ii. preference for the ordinary semantic meaning of words;
iii. proper use of a dictionary;
iv. proper analysis of context, including grammatical structure;
v. proper use of statutory history;
vi. expressio unius est exclusio alterius ;
vii. avoidance of false equivalency; and
viii. use of the strict-construction canon only as a last resort.
Having now excised its references to the strict-construction canon, the majority violates only the first seven of these principles in its opinion on remand.
Accordingly, I now respectfully dissent for 7/8 of the reasons I did in my original dissenting opinion. See TruGreen , 332 Mich. App. at 96-119, 955 N.W.2d 529 ( SWARTZLE , J., dissenting).