Opinion
97NB0467; A99180
Filed: June 5, 2002
Appeal from District Court, Coos County. Paula M. Bechtold, Judge.
On respondent's petition for reconsideration filed March 5, 2002, and appellant's petition for reconsideration filed March 19, 2002. Opinion filed February 27, 2002. 179 Or. App. 740, 41 P.3d 454 (2002).
Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Michael D. Reynolds, Solicitor General, and Timothy A. Sylwester, Assistant Attorney General, for appellant's petition.
David E. Groom, Public Defender, Robin A. Jones, Deputy Public Defender, for respondent's petition.
Before EDMONDS, Presiding Judge, and DEITS, Chief Judge, and ARMSTRONG, Judge.
EDMONDS, P.J.
Petitions for reconsideration allowed; disposition withdrawn; affirmed.
This case is before us on remand from the Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of State v. Fugate , 332 Or. 195, 26 P.3d 802 (2001). State v. Jaehnig , 333 Or. 97, 37 P.3d 980 (2001). In our original decision in the case, we reversed and remanded the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress evidence. State v. Jaehnig , 158 Or. App. 348, 978 P.2d 1011 (1999). After the Supreme Court's remand, we issued a per curiam decision that read, in full, "Reversed and remanded. State v. Moylett, 313 Or. 540, 836 P.2d 1329 (1992); State v. Fugate , 332 Or. 195, 26 P.3d 802 (2001)." State v. Jaehnig , 179 Or. App. 740, 41 P.3d 454 (2002). Both the state and defendant petition for reconsideration of that decision. We allow the petitions for reconsideration, withdraw our former disposition, and affirm the trial court's order of suppression.
On March 18, 1997, defendant was arrested for driving under the influence of intoxicants (DUII). Because he refused to perform field sobriety tests or to submit to a breath test, the arresting officer obtained a telephonic search warrant to take a sample of defendant's blood. Defendant did not consent to the test, nor was he unconscious or otherwise incapable of consenting. The officer's actions therefore violated ORS 813.140. The trial court, relying on the Supreme Court's decision in Moylett, granted defendant's motion to suppress evidence of the blood sample because of the statutory violation. When the case was first before us, we reversed the trial court's order on the ground that ORS 136.432, which became effective on June 12, 1997, but is expressly retroactive, changed the relevant law. Because the officer obtained a search warrant, there was no constitutional violation, and defendant did not assert that any of the other statutory exceptions applied. We rejected challenges to the retroactive application of ORS 136.432. Jaehnig, 158 Or. App. at 350-54.
In Moylett, the Supreme Court interpreted ORS 813.140 to mean that a blood test may be used in a DUII prosecution only if the arresting officer asks for and obtains consent to a blood draw or, alternatively, if the arresting officer has probable cause to believe that the defendant is guilty of DUII and the defendant is unconscious or otherwise incapable of giving consent. Moylett, 313 Or. at 546.
ORS 136.432 provides:
"A court may not exclude relevant and otherwise admissible evidence in a criminal action on the grounds that it was obtained in violation of any statutory provision unless exclusion of the evidence is required by:
"(1) The United States Constitution or the Oregon Constitution;
"(2) The rules of evidence governing privileges and the admission of hearsay; or
"(3) The rights of the press."
After our original decision in this case, the Supreme Court decided Fugate, in which it held that the application of ORS 136.432 to "any case in which the crime was committed before June 12, 1997," would violate the ex post facto clause of Article I, section 21 of the Oregon Constitution. 332 Or. at 215. Generally, ex post facto laws punish acts that were legal at the time they were committed, change the punishment for those acts, or deprive a defendant of a defense to the charge arising out of the act. State v. Gallant, 307 Or. 152, 155, 764 P.2d 920 (1988).
In Fugate, the Supreme Court held that laws that change the rules of evidence in a one-sided way that makes conviction more likely also violate the state ex post facto clause. 332 Or. at 213. It thereafter remanded this case to us for reconsideration in light of Fugate. On remand, we concluded that ORS 136.432 was inapplicable and that the trial court's order of suppression was correct under Moylett, which stated the law that existed at the time of the offense. As defendant points out, we should therefore have affirmed the trial court's suppression order. Our actual disposition, to reverse rather than to affirm, was inconsistent with the cases that we cited and incorrect under the law as we understood it. We therefore allow defendant's petition for reconsideration.
In its petition for reconsideration, the state argues that our analysis is incorrect. It points out that the alleged offense occurred after the adoption of Measure 40 (1996 general election) but before ORS 136.432 was enacted. Measure 40, which was effective on December 5, 1996, amended Article I of the Oregon Constitution and included a provision that made all relevant evidence admissible against a criminal defendant, subject to certain exceptions not applicable here. Because it provided for the admission of incriminating evidence that would have been inadmissible under ORS 136.432, Measure 40 is arguably less favorable to a criminal defendant than is ORS 136.432. After the effective date of ORS 136.432, the Supreme Court held that Measure 40 was not adopted in compliance with constitutional provisions and was therefore invalid. Armatta v. Kitzhaber , 327 Or. 250, 959 P.2d 49 (1998).
In Fugate, the Supreme Court held that the application of ORS 136.432 to any crime committed before the effective date of the statute would constitute an ex post facto violation. The state argues that Fugate is distinguishable from this case because defendant is alleged to have committed his offense in March 1997, before the effective date of ORS 136.432 but also before Measure 40 was declared unconstitutional. It relies on State v. Grimes , 163 Or. App. 340, 986 P.2d 1290 (1999), rev den 332 Or. 656 (2001), in which we held that the trial court properly relied on ORS 137.750, another section of the same session law that resulted in ORS 136.432.
In Grimes, we held that it was not an ex post facto violation to base a sentence on a statute that was enacted after the commission of the offense if it is ameliorative, providing defendant with more protection, not less, than was previously available under Measure 40. 163 Or. App. at 347. In doing so, we followed our holding in State v. Perez, 119 Or. App. 436, 851 P.2d 617, rev den 317 Or. 272 (1993), and the United States Supreme Court's holding in Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 97 S.Ct. 2290, 53 L.Ed.2d 344 (1977). Relying on Grimes, the state concludes that ORS 136.432 is ameliorative in scope because section (1)(b) of Measure 40 purported to eliminate all exclusionary rules under the Oregon Constitution, while ORS 136.432 provides that relevant evidence shall be excluded if it is obtained in violation of the Oregon and United States Constitutions. It follows, according to the state, that the application of ORS 136.432 to defendant does not offend the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws in Article I, section 21, because it restricts the admission of incriminating evidence that otherwise would be admissible under Measure 40.
The state suggests that the Supreme Court's action of holding the petition for review in Grimes until after it decided Fugate and then denying the petition rather than remanding to us for reconsideration may mean that court agrees with our reasoning in Grimes. However, the denial of a petition for review means only that there were not three members of the court who voted to allow the petition. See 1000 Friends of Oregon v. Bd. of Co. Comm., 284 Or. 41, 584 P.2d 1371 (1978). We therefore give no weight to the Supreme Court's action on the petition in Grimes.
This case is controlled by what the Supreme Court said in Fugate. There, the court first stated that "we conclude that application of ORS 136.432 (section 1 of SB 936) to defendant for crimes committed before the date that SB 936 became effective violates Article I, section 21, of the Oregon Constitution." 332 Or. at 210. It concluded its discussion by saying that
"[w]e cannot conceive of a circumstance in which a defendant would be benefitted by the admission of evidence that otherwise would be suppressed. [ORS 136.432] thus operates only in favor of the prosecution. Application of [ORS 136.432] to any case in which the crime was committed before June 12, 1997, therefore would violate the ex post facto clause in Article I, section 21 of the Oregon Constitution." Id. at 214-15. (Emphasis added.)
The court's holding could not be more precise. According to the court, the application of ORS 136.432 to any offense committed before June 12, 1997, constitutes an ex post facto violation. As a result, ORS 136.432 cannot constitutionally be applied to this case under Fugate.
Fugate's language requires us to deny the state's petition for reconsideration. However, we note that our reasoning in Grimes is predicated on our holding that Measure 40 is the appropriate law for purposes of comparison for ex post facto analysis, even though it was void ab initio. Grimes, 163 Or. at 648. It could be that the Supreme Court will eventually disagree with the reasoning in Grimes, if it allows review in another case with this kind of issue, or it may determine that the considerations behind the facet of the ex post facto prohibition involved in Grimes lead to a different conclusion from the consideration behind the facet involved in Fugate and in this case, or it could agree with the state that a different case could be factually distinguishable from Fugate. Regardless, the Supreme Court has already spoken on the issue raised by the state, and we are bound to follow its ruling.
Petitions for reconsideration allowed; disposition withdrawn; affirmed.