Opinion
Docket No. 110110.
Decided May 7, 1990. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training and Appeals, and John P. Puleo, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Wanda R. Cal, for defendant on appeal.
Before: GRIFFIN, P.J., and GILLIS and SAWYER, JJ.
Defendant pled guilty to prison escape. MCL 750.193; MSA 28.390. She was sentenced to serve a term of six months to five years in prison, to run consecutively to the sentence she was serving at the time of her escape. She now appeals and we reverse and vacate the conviction.
Defendant argues that the court lost jurisdiction over this matter because the prosecutor failed to exercise a good-faith effort to bring her to trial within 180 days after the issuance of the arrest warrant and her incarceration in the Genesee County jail on an unrelated charge, in violation of the so-called 180-day rule. MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1). We agree. Defendant was in the custody of the Department of Corrections at a half-way facility located in the City of Detroit when she "escaped" by failing to return to the facility when required on February 9, 1987. On February 20, 1987, the 36th District Court issued a warrant for defendant's arrest on the prison escape charge. On April 18, 1987, defendant was arrested in Genesee County on an unrelated charge and was lodged in the Genesee County jail to await trial on that charge.
This Court, in People v England, 177 Mich. App. 279, 284; 441 N.W.2d 95 (1989), held that an escaped prisoner who is being held in a county jail awaiting trial on an unrelated charge is considered to be within the custody of the Department of Corrections for purposes of the 180-day rule. Thus, defendant was in the Department of Corrections' custody from the time of her arrest. Furthermore, inasmuch as the Department of Corrections was the complainant on the prison escape charge, the department knew or should have known that a warrant was outstanding against defendant from the date of its issuance on February 20, thus triggering the running of the 180-day period from the date of defendant's subsequent arrest. Accordingly, we conclude that the 180-day period under the statute began running upon defendant's arrest in Genesee County. Thus, defendant was not brought to trial within 180 days of that arrest. Furthermore, since the people have not shown any just cause for the delay, we conclude that the requirements of the statute were violated in this case and, therefore, defendant is entitled to have her conviction reversed and vacated.
The people also argue that, if we do accept defendant's incarceration in the Genesee County jail as being within the custody of the Department of Corrections, which we do, we should commence the running of the 180-day period only from the date on which the Department of Corrections placed a hold on defendant, which the people represent as being December 29, 1987. First, we are not convinced that the period for calculating the 180-day rule should only run from the date a hold was formally placed on defendant by the Department of Corrections. As the Court pointed out in England, supra at 284, the defendant "was an escaped prison inmate detained in jail awaiting certain return to prison." We conclude that defendant was detained in the Genesee County jail awaiting an eventual return to prison from the moment she was arrested and lodged in the Genesee County jail by local officials and, thus, was in the department's custody for purposes of the 180-day rule.
Furthermore, nothing in the record before us establishes that the Department of Corrections did not place a hold on defendant until December 29, 1987. The only "hold" reflected in the lower court record on December 29, 1987, or any other date for that matter, was a hold placed upon defendant in the instant action in the Recorder's Court. Moreover, defendant was not even in Genesee County's custody on December 29, 1987, inasmuch as that was the day she was arraigned in 36th District Court on the instant offense. In fact, defendant had been sentenced on the Genesee County matter on December 8 and, although the record is not entirely clear, was at that time either returned to the custody of the Department of Corrections or to the custody of Wayne County.
Moreover, although the record does not reflect when a hold was placed upon defendant while in Genesee County's custody, at the hearing on the motion to quash a somewhat cryptic exchange between the trial court and defendant indicates that a hold was placed upon defendant at some point during her incarceration in the Genesee County jail. Specifically, while discussing her custody in Genesee County, the trial court inquired of defendant whether there was a hold or lien from the Department of Corrections, to which the defendant replied in the affirmative and indicated that "the Corrections Department came and gave me 30 days loss of privilege for escape." In any event, even if the "hold" date were relevant, there is no reason to believe from the record that a hold was not placed on defendant soon after her incarceration in Genesee County and, more to the point, the people's representation that a hold was not placed on defendant until December 29 is not supported by what few facts there are in the record surrounding this issue.
The people's argument that the prosecutor should not be charged with knowledge of defendants incarceration until December 29, 1987, is both irrelevant and without merit. First, since the Department of Corrections is charged with knowledge of the outstanding warrant, that is sufficient to begin the running of the 180-day rule. England, supra at 283. Furthermore, inasmuch as the escape warrant was entered on the LEIN, the Genesee officials would have been aware as soon as they arrested and identified defendant of the outstanding escape warrant and we believe that it would be appropriate to charge that knowledge to the Wayne County prosecutor for purposes of the 180-day rule, thus satisfying the alternate requirement that the prosecutor knows or should have known of the defendant's incarceration. Id.
Finally, we wish to briefly address the people's argument that defendant's guilty plea waived appellate review of this issue. The prosecutor is correct that an unconditional guilty plea waives appellate review of a constitutional speedy trial claim. People v Rivera, 164 Mich. App. 670; 417 N.W.2d 569 (1987). Thus, to the extent that defendant does also argue a violation of her constitutional right to speedy trial, appellate review of that argument has been waived by her unconditional guilty plea. However, defendant argued, and we decided, this matter on the basis of a violation of the 180-day rule statute and this statute is jurisdictional. Accordingly, the issue of a violation of the 180-day rule is not waived by a guilty plea since a guilty plea does not waive jurisdictional issues. Rivera, supra.
As for the view of the dissent that the issue of the violation of the 180-day rule is waived since it affects personal, rather than subject-matter, jurisdiction, we must disagree. Even assuming that our colleague in dissent is correct that this issue involves a question of personal jurisdiction, a conclusion upon which we offer no opinion, we do not believe it affects the analysis. The Supreme Court explained in People v New, 427 Mich. 482, 495-496; 398 N.W.2d 358 (1986), what issues are waived by a guilty plea:
In summary, in addition to the Reid [ People v Reid, 420 Mich. 326; 362 N.W.2d 655 (1984)] conditional plea situation, a criminal defendant may appeal from an unconditional guilty plea or a plea of nolo contendere only where the claim on appeal implicates the very authority of the state to bring the defendant to trial, that is, where the right of the government to prosecute the defendant is challenged. Such rights are never waived by a plea of guilty or nolo contendere. Where the claim sought to be appealed involves only the capacity of the state to prove defendant's factual guilt, it is waived by a plea of guilty or nolo contendere.
Thus, the question is not, as our dissenting colleague would hold, whether defendant could waive the issue. See post, pp 543-544, 548. Rather, the question is whether the issue goes to the state's authority to prosecute or to the state's ability to prove guilt. The 180-day rule involves the former issue, not the latter. Accordingly, it is not waived by a guilty plea. Simply put, the issue is not whether defendant could have waived the issue, but whether she did waive it. In the case at bar, defendant did not.
For the above reasons, we conclude that defendant's conviction should be reversed, and since the court lacks jurisdiction to try defendant, the decision is with prejudice to reinstating charges against defendant and, thus, the conviction must be vacated as well.
Defendant's conviction is reversed and vacated.
GILLIS, J., concurred.
At the present time, there is a substantial split of authority within the Court of Appeals on the issue whether a defendant who enters an unconditional plea of guilty relinquishes his or her constitutional and statutory rights to a speedy trial. Panels of this Court in People v Parshay, 104 Mich. App. 411; 304 N.W.2d 593 (1981), lv den 411 Mich. 1081 (1981), People v Williams, 145 Mich. App. 614, 617; 378 N.W.2d 769 (1985), and People v Rivera, 164 Mich. App. 670; 417 N.W.2d 569 (1987), have held that a guilty plea constitutes such a waiver of constitutional rights. Waiver of the statutory right to a speedy trial is less clear in these decisions.
Panels in People v Davis, 123 Mich. App. 553, 558-559; 332 N.W.2d 606 (1983), People v Farmer, 127 Mich. App. 472; 339 N.W.2d 218 (1983), People v Wolak, 153 Mich. App. 60; 395 N.W.2d 240 (1986), People v Leroy, 157 Mich. App. 334; 403 N.W.2d 555 (1987), and People v Sickles, 162 Mich. App. 344, 350-351; 412 N.W.2d 734 (1987), have concluded that constitutional or statutory speedy trial rights are not waived or relinquished by a guilty plea.
The panels of this Court which have held that the "180-day rule" is a viable defense despite an unconditional guilty plea base their decisions on "jurisdictional" grounds. They note that the statute, MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1), provides that a violation of the speedy trial rule divests the court of "jurisdiction" and untried warrants, indictments, and informations or complaints shall "be without any further force or effect." Although never specified, it is assumed that these panels construe the term "jurisdiction" to mean subject-matter jurisdiction rather than personal jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction involves the two different concepts of subject-matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. Subject-matter jurisdiction encompasses those matters upon which the court has power to act. Personal jurisdiction deals with the authority of the court to bind the parties to the action. Subject-matter jurisdiction is never waivable nor may it be stipulated to by the parties. Personal jurisdiction, however, is always waivable and defects may be corrected by stipulation.
The Supreme Court in People v Phillips, 383 Mich. 464, 469-470; 175 N.W.2d 740 (1970), examined the distinction between subject-matter and personal jurisdiction and held that a criminal defendant may waive personal jurisdiction defenses:
The jurisdiction of the court over the subject matter is not here questioned. We are concerned only with the validity of the procedure whereby that court sought to exercise its jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
Jurisdiction over the subject matter, of course, could not be conferred by consent or waiver, but no reason appears why an accused could not subject himself to the court's personal jurisdiction. The procedural safeguards spelling out the method whereby a court obtains jurisdiction over the person of an accused are all designed for his protection. If he elects not to avail himself of the established procedural rights there appears to be none who should be heard to complain.
Later, in People v New, 427 Mich. 482, 487-488; 398 N.W.2d 358 (1986), the Michigan Supreme Court looked to federal precedent to determine the scope of constitutional rights relinquished by a plea of guilty. After analyzing the guilty plea trilogy of Brady v United States, 397 U.S. 742; 90 S Ct 1463; 25 L Ed 2d 747 (1970), McMann v Richardson, 397 U.S. 759; 90 S Ct 1441; 25 L Ed 2d 763 (1970), and Parker v North Carolina, 397 U.S. 790; 90 S Ct 1458; 25 L Ed 2d 785 (1970), and the later cases of Tollett v Henderson, 411 U.S. 258; 93 S Ct 1602; 36 L Ed 2d 235 (1973), and Menna v New York, 423 U.S. 61; 96 S Ct 241; 46 L Ed 2d 195 (1975), the Michigan Supreme Court cited with approval the following passage from Menna, pp 62-63, n 2:
Neither Tollett v Henderson, 411 U.S. 258 (1973), nor our earlier cases on which it relied, e.g., Brady v United States, 397 U.S. 742 (1970), and McMann v Richardson, 397 U.S. 759 (1970), stand for the proposition that counseled guilty pleas inevitably "waive" all antecedent constitutional violations. If they did so hold, the New York Court of Appeals might be correct. However, in Tollett we emphasized that waiver was not the basic ingredient of this line of cases, 411 U.S. 266. The point of these cases is that a counseled plea of guilty is an admission of factual guilt so reliable that, where voluntary and intelligent, it quite validly removes the issue of factual guilt from the case. In most cases, factual guilt is a sufficient basis for the State's imposition of punishment. A guilty plea, therefore, simply renders irrelevant those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction, if factual guilt is validly established. Here, however, the claim is that the State may not convict petitioner no matter how validly his factual guilt is established. The guilty plea, therefore, does not bar the claim. [Emphasis added.]
The Federal Courts of Appeal have employed the Menna analysis to hold that speedy trial rights do not survive a guilty plea since the purpose of speedy trial rights is to guarantee that factual guilt is validly established. As the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals stated in United States v Gaertner, 583 F.2d 308, 311 (CA 7, 1978), cert den 440 U.S. 918; 99 S Ct 1238; 59 L Ed 2d 469 (1979):
We believe Gaertner's speedy trial claim, whether based upon the Sixth Amendment or the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, is not open for our review after pleas of guilty. The purpose of a prompt trial is to guarantee that the accused's right to a fair trial is not substantially prejudiced by pre-trial delay, or, put another way, to lend assurance that factual guilt is validly established. Speedy trial violations preclude the establishment of guilt by trial, but a finding of guilt by a proper plea remains a viable option. Simply, the establishment of guilt is not logically inconsistent with speedy trial violations, and does not prevent the government from invoking the criminal process, so long as there is no trial. [Emphasis added.]
The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v O'Donnell, 539 F.2d 1233, 1236-1237 (CA 9, 1976), has also ruled in accord:
"A guilty plea, therefore, simply renders irrelevant those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction, if factual guilt is validly established." [ Menna, supra.]
The appellant in the instant case argues that the rights guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and by the right to a speedy trial of the Sixth Amendment are analogous to the rights protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. He therefore contends that his guilty plea did not waive these violations. We disagree.
* * *
The protections afforded by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments are different. Their purpose is to insure that factual guilt is validly established. That is, their purpose is to guarantee that the accused's right to a fair trial is not substantially prejudiced by either pro [sic]- or post-accusation delays. The existence of such violations is consistent with guilt as a matter of fact. If guilt can be validly established such violations are not logically inconsistent therewith. While such violations preclude the establishment of guilt by trial, that is the extent of their reach. The establishment of guilt by a proper plea is not condemned by these protections. The Constitution protects the accused from conviction by trial but not a conviction by way of a plea of guilty. Tollett and the Brady trilogy control here. Menna is inapplicable. [Emphasis added.]
In State v Anderson, 417 N.W.2d 403 (SD, 1988), the South Dakota Supreme Court addressed the defendant's argument that his statutory right to a speedy trial was not relinquished by his plea of guilty. In rejecting the defendant's challenge, the South Dakota Supreme Court agreed with the weight of authority from other jurisdictions which holds that statutory rights to a speedy trial are waived or relinquished by a plea of guilty:
Anderson has asserted no violation of his constitutional rights to a speedy trial. He argues solely a technical noncompliance with the 180-day rule, a now codified speedy trial requirement created by Supreme Court rule. He claims no prejudice.
It is settled law that a voluntary and intelligent plea of guilty waives a defendant's right to appeal all nonjurisdictional defects in the prior proceedings. State v Schulz, 409 N.W.2d 655 (SD, 1987); State v Cowley, 408 N.W.2d 758 (SD, 1987); State v Grosh, 387 N.W.2d 503 (SD, 1986); State v Janssen, 371 N.W.2d 353 (SD, 1985).
We hold that noncompliance with the 180-day rule is a nonjurisdictional defect. We agree with the numerous jurisdictions holding that a defendant's plea of guilty waives his claimed statutory right to dismissal under the speedy trial rule. German v State, 492 So.2d 622 (Ala Crim App, 1985); People v Ervin, 125 A.D.2d 406; 509 N.Y.S.2d 124 (1986); People v Kay, 119 A.D.2d 834; 501 N.Y.S.2d 460 (1986); People v Madsen, 707 P.2d 344 (Colo, 1985); Gosnell v State, 439 N.E.2d 1153 (Ind, 1982); People v Iversen, 82 A.D.2d 895; 440 N.Y.S.2d 286 (1981); People v King, 83 A.D.2d 674; 442 N.Y.S.2d 227 (1981); People v Juhans, 126 Misc.2d 868; 484 N.Y.S.2d 432 (1984); People v C'Allah, 100 A.D.2d 754; 474 N.Y.S.2d 305 (1984); People v Harris, 103 A.D.2d 891; 478 N.Y.S.2d 188 (1984); Wright v State, 496 N.E.2d 60 (Ind, 1986); People v Hickman, 129 A.D.2d 836; 513 N.Y.S.2d 849 (1987).
Therefore Anderson, by pleading guilty, waived any objection he might otherwise have claimed under the 180-day rule. [ Anderson, p 405.]
Although the Michigan statute, unlike the South Dakota rule, refers to "jurisdiction," I believe that the "jurisdiction" to which the statute refers is personal jurisdiction, not subject-matter jurisdiction. The time limitations in the statute are analogous to the time limits for a civil summons and complaint. The untimely issuance or service of a civil complaint does not divest the court of subject-matter jurisdiction, but only of jurisdiction over the person. Such defects are waivable and do not divest the court of its authority to act. Cf. People v Phillips, supra. Also see People v Johnson, (opinion of BOYLE, J.) 427 Mich. 98, 106-107; 398 N.W.2d 219 (1986).
The following language from the holding of People v New, supra, implies that speedy trial rights are relinquished by a plea of guilty:
On the other hand, where the defense or right asserted by defendant relates solely to the capacity of the state to prove defendant's factual guilt, it is subsumed by defendant's guilty plea. [ People v New, supra at 491.]
As previously stated in United States v Gaertner and United States v O'Donnell, the purpose of speedy trial rights (both constitutional and statutory) is to assure that factual guilt is validly established.
In my view, the policy considerations advanced by the Supreme Court in People v New are better served by holding that an unconditional plea of guilty relinquishes all personal jurisdiction defects including the constitutional and statutory guarantees to a speedy trial. In addition, the anomaly of relinquishment of constitutional but not statutory rights is avoided.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and would affirm.
In arguing that her conviction should be reversed, defendant relies upon People v Hill, 402 Mich. 272; 262 N.W.2d 641 (1978), and People v England, 177 Mich. App. 279; 441 N.W.2d 95 (1989). The Supreme Court, however, has superseded these decisions by enacting MCR 6.004(D) (effective October 1, 1989). In view of my resolution of the preceding issue, I have chosen not to address the issue whether the policy of the newly enacted court rule should be retroactively applied.