Opinion
Docket No. 100105.
Decided June 5, 1989.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of the Criminal Division, Research, Training and Appeals, and Carolyn Schmidt, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by F. Michael Schuck), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant appeals as of right his convictions in a bench trial of assault with intent to do great bodily harm, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced to six to ten years in prison on the assault conviction and to a two-year consecutive term on the felony-firearm conviction. We reverse.
Defendant raises several issues on appeal but we find dispositive defendant's claim that his conviction should be reversed because the prosecution failed to bring him to trial within 180 days as required by MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1).
Defendant allegedly committed the instant offense on December 18, 1984. At that time, defendant was an escaped prisoner from the Michigan Department of Corrections, having failed to return from a release program on November 5, 1984. On February 7, 1985, a warrant and complaint were issued, charging defendant with assault with intent to murder and felony-firearm. Defendant was arraigned on the charges on February 27, 1986, and lodged in the county jail pending disposition of the instant charges. A "hold," for return to prison as an escapee, was placed on defendant by the Department of Corrections on February 27, 1986.
The preliminary examination was held on March 7, 1986, with the final conference being held on April 25, 1986. Docket entries indicate that the case was set for trial on June 3, 1986, but was adjourned without a reason being given. On June 17, 1986, it was again adjourned until June 20, 1986, because "defense counsel [was] busy." On June 20, 1986, it was again adjourned without reason until August 13, 1986, and the case was transferred to a different judge. Collaterally, defendant pled guilty on July 9, 1986, to prison escape, was sentenced on July 18, 1986, to five years for that offense, and was transported on that date to Jackson Prison. On August 13, 1986, trial in the instant matter was adjourned until October 27, 1986, because the judge had another trial in progress. On October 27, 1986, it was again adjourned until January 14, 1987, because the defendant was in Jackson Prison and the prosecutor had not sought a writ of habeas corpus to obtain defendant's presence for trial. MCR 3.304.
On January 14, 1987, the day of trial, defense counsel moved to dismiss for violation of the 180-day rule. The trial court computed the starting date of the 180-day period as July 9, 1986, the date defendant pled guilty to prison escape, and found that more than 180 days had passed since that time. However, the court held that the prosecution had taken good-faith action in readying the case for trial and was not chargeable for the delays in adjournment on August 13, 1986, and October 27, 1986. The court then denied defendant's motion to dismiss.
On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court clearly erred in determining that the 180-day period commenced on July 9, 1986, and that the prosecution was not chargeable for the delays and adjournments on August 13, 1986, and October 27, 1986. Defendant asserts that the 180-day period began running on February 26, 1986, the date that defendant was arraigned, and that the above delays should have been charged to the prosecution. We agree, except we find that the record reflects defendant's date of arraignment was February 27, 1986.
In People v Hill, 402 Mich. 272, 280-281; 262 N.W.2d 641 (1978), our Supreme Court established the framework for determining when the 180-day rule is violated:
We hold that the statutory period begins with the coincidence of either conditions 1 or 2 and condition 3:
1) The issuance of a warrant, indictment or complaint against a person incarcerated in a state prison or under detention in any local facility awaiting incarceration in any state prison;
2) The incarceration of a defendant in a state prison or the detention of such defendant in a local facility to await such incarceration when there is an untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint pending against such defendant; and
3) The prosecutor knows or should know that the defendant is so incarcerated when the warrant, indictment, information or complaint is issued or the Department of Corrections knows or should know that a warrant, indictment, or complaint is pending against one sentenced to their custody.
The object of the 180-day rule is to dispose of untried charges against prison inmates. People v Woodruff, 414 Mich. 130, 137; 323 N.W.2d 923 (1982); MCL 780.131 et seq.; MSA 28.969(1) et seq. The first question that must be answered is whether the 180-day rule applies to the period from February 27 to July 18, 1986, when defendant was held in the county jail. We hold that the 180-day rule does apply in this case.
Whether the 180-day rule applies to inmates confined at a county jail depends on the circumstances of their assignment to that facility. People v Merkerson, 147 Mich. App. 207, 209; 382 N.W.2d 750 (1985). Where an inmate is sentenced to a term of imprisonment for one year or less and thus confined in a county jail under MCL 769.28; MSA 28.1097(1), he or she will be considered an inmate of a county jail or local facility and the 180-day rule will not apply. Id. In the instant case, defendant, even when in jail, was an escaped prison inmate detained in jail awaiting certain return to prison. The fact that he was also awaiting disposition of the other charges does not change the fact that defendant was still under the jurisdiction and control of the Department of Corrections and would be returned to the prison to serve the remainder of his underlying sentence for drug possession. The successful apprehension of an escaped prisoner and his return to custody would not necessarily result in his being brought to court for prison escape, or other outstanding charges. People v Roscoe, 162 Mich. App. 710; 413 N.W.2d 483 (1987). Under these circumstances, we conclude that defendant was an "inmate" detained in a local facility awaiting incarceration in a state prison and that the 180-day rule applies. Hill, supra, p 281.
On February 27, 1986, defendant was arraigned on the complaint pending against him for assault with intent to murder and felony-firearm. On that same date, the Department of Corrections placed a hold on defendant for his return to the institution. The hold was clearly designated in the lower court file in this case. We thus find that on February 27, 1986, the prosecutor knew, or should have known, that the defendant was awaiting incarceration in a state prison.
Since conditions 2 and 3 as set forth in Hill, supra, were met on February 27, 1986, we hold that the 180-day period commenced running on that date for the purposes of the 180-day rule, MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1).
There was a 10 1/2-month delay between defendant's February 27, 1986, arrest and arraignment and January 14, 1987, trial. As previously noted, the instant case was originally set for trial on June 3, 1986, but was adjourned without reason until June 17, 1986. At that point, the case was adjourned for three days because defense counsel was busy. However, on June 20, 1986, it was again adjourned without reason until August 13, 1986. The burden imposed by the 180-day rule rests as much upon the court as upon the prosecutor. People v Wolak, 153 Mich. App. 60; 395 N.W.2d 240 (1986). All adjournments without reason and unexplained delays are chargeable to the prosecution. People v Patterson, 170 Mich. App. 162, 167; 427 N.W.2d 601 (1988); People v Ross, 145 Mich. App. 483, 491; 378 N.W.2d 517 (1985). Thus, the adjournments from June 3, 1986, to June 17, 1986, and June 20, 1986, to August 13, 1986, are chargeable to the prosecution.
On August 13, 1986, the case was adjourned because the judge was too busy to hear it. This Court has repeatedly held that delay attributable to docket congestion is inexcusable and must be attributed to the prosecution. Wolak, supra, pp 66-67; People v Harris, 132 Mich. App. 427; 346 N.W.2d 571 (1984); People v Love, 132 Mich. App. 423; 346 N.W.2d 534 (1983). Thus, the adjournment from August 13, 1986, to October 27, 1986, is chargeable to the prosecution.
On October 27, 1986, the case was adjourned again because a writ of habeas corpus to obtain defendant's presence at trial was not issued. The burden rests with the prosecution to bring a defendant to trial. Defendant had no affirmative duty or responsibility to bring himself to trial. Barker v Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 527; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972); People v Farmer, 127 Mich. App. 472, 479; 339 N.W.2d 218 (1983). The period from October 27, 1986, to January 14, 1987, is therefore also chargeable to the prosecution.
The only delay that defendant was clearly responsible for was June 17, 1986, to June 20, 1986. We find that the remainder of the 10 1/2-month delay is chargeable to the prosecution and that the prosecution did not use good faith efforts in readying the case for trial. The trial court's ruling that the prosecution was not chargeable for the delays and adjournments is clearly erroneous.
In sum, we hold that the trial court improperly applied MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1). The 180-day period began to run on February 27, 1986, and was only tolled for three days — from June 17, 1986, to June 20, 1986. The prosecution must be held responsible for the remainder of the 10 1/2-month delay — from February 27, 1986, to January 14, 1987, which amounted to 318 days (321 days less three days attributable to the defense). Charges are to be tried within a specific time or dismissed. Woodruff, supra, p 136. Consequently, since the 180-day rule was violated, the trial court was divested of its jurisdiction in this matter and was required to dismiss the charges against defendant with prejudice. MCL 780.133; MSA 28.969(3); Wolak, supra, p 70; People Freeman, 122 Mich. App. 260, 263; 332 N.W.2d 460 (1982), lv den 417 Mich. 1052 (1983).
Defendant's convictions for the instant offenses are to be reversed and the charges vacated on remand. We do not retain jurisdiction.