Opinion
12-18-2014
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Erik M. MANCHESTER, Appellant.
Thomas F. Garner, Middleburgh, for appellant. John M. Muehl, District Attorney, Cooperstown (Michael F. Getman of counsel), for respondent.
Thomas F. Garner, Middleburgh, for appellant.
John M. Muehl, District Attorney, Cooperstown (Michael F. Getman of counsel), for respondent.
Before: LAHTINEN, J.P., GARRY, EGAN JR., LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ.
Opinion
LAHTINEN, J.P. Appeals (1) from a judgment of the County Court of Otsego County (Burns, J.), rendered October 15, 2010, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of assault in the second degree, and (2) by permission, from an order of said court, entered February 19, 2013, which denied defendant's motion pursuant to CPL 440.10 to vacate the judgment of conviction, without a hearing.
Late in the evening of April 14, 2009, the victim rode a small motorized dirt bike up defendant's driveway in the Town of Worcester, Otsego County. The victim had ridden from the property of defendant's neighbors, who had an acrimonious relationship with defendant and where defendant's former (the victim's current) girlfriend resided. Defendant exited his house, knocked the victim off the bike, threatened to kill him and, as the victim fled, fired four rounds from a 12 gauge shotgun loaded with bird-shot shells. Three of the shots—a total of over 50 pellets—struck the victim in his back and head. A two-count indictment charged defendant with attempted assault in the first degree and assault in the second degree. A jury found him guilty of assault in the second degree and he was sentenced to six years in prison as well as 1 ½ years of postrelease supervision. His subsequent CPL article 440 motion alleging, among other things, ineffective assistance of trial counsel was denied without a hearing. Defendant appeals from his judgment of conviction and, by permission, from the denial of his CPL article 440 motion.
Defendant's motion to dismiss on statutory speedy trial grounds was properly denied. Where, as here, a felony is charged, the People must be ready within six months (see CPL 30.30[1][a] ). “Whether the People complied with this obligation is determined by computing the time elapsed between the filing of the first accusatory instrument and the People's declaration of readiness, subtracting any periods of delay that are excludable under the terms of the statute and then adding to the result any postreadiness periods of delay that are actually attributable to the People and are ineligible for an exclusion” (People v. Sydlar, 106 A.D.3d 1368, 1369, 966 N.Y.S.2d 255 [2013], lv. dismissed 21 N.Y.3d 1046, 972 N.Y.S.2d 543, 995 N.E.2d 859 [2013] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; accord People v. Fehr, 45 A.D.3d 920, 922, 844 N.Y.S.2d 478 [2007], lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 764, 854 N.Y.S.2d 326, 883 N.E.2d 1261 [2008] ). Delays caused by the defendant's requests for adjustments are excluded (see CPL 30.30[4] [b] ). Defendant was arrested and arraigned on felony complaints on April 15, 2009, indicted on November 4, 2009 and the People declared their readiness on November 13, 2009, which was 212 days after the filing of the first accusatory instrument. However, defendant made three successive written requests for adjournments of court appearances on May 12, 2009, June 9, 2009 and July 14, 2009. Although the length of the last adjournment is not clear from the record, even limiting the total adjournment time requested by defendant to the period from May 12, 2009 to July 14, 2009, an adequate number of days (63) results to reduce the time chargeable to the People to 149, which is within the statutory limit. Moreover, there was no showing of postreadiness delay chargeable to the People (see People v. Pope, 96 A.D.3d 1231, 1233, 947 N.Y.S.2d 634 [2012], lv. denied 20 N.Y.3d 1064, 962 N.Y.S.2d 615, 985 N.E.2d 925 [2013] ).
The evidence was legally sufficient to support the conviction and the jury's verdict was not against the weight of the evidence. When considering whether evidence was legally sufficient, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the People and determine whether “ ‘any valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences ... could lead a rational person to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence at trial’ ” (People v. Ramos, 19 N.Y.3d 133, 136, 946 N.Y.S.2d 83, 969 N.E.2d 199 [2012], quoting People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ). Defendant argues that the proof was insufficient to establish the “physical injury” and “dangerous instrument” elements of second degree assault (see Penal Law § 120.05[2] ; see also Penal Law § 10.00 [9], [13] ). The victim testified that, after being shot, he experienced extreme pain, was covered in blood, had trouble breathing and thought he was going to die. He was treated at an emergency room where medical personnel elected not to remove the pellets from his skin for fear of causing greater damage. The victim stated at trial that he still has pellets under his scalp, which caused him great discomfort and headaches, and that it was very painful when the pellets eventually worked their way to the surface of his skin. The proof was clearly sufficient to establish that the victim suffered a physical injury within the meaning of the statute (see e.g. People v. Chiddick, 8 N.Y.3d 445, 447, 834 N.Y.S.2d 710, 866 N.E.2d 1039 [2007] ), as well as that a 12 gauge shotgun loaded with bird-shot constituted a dangerous instrument (see e.g. People v. Perez, 93 A.D.3d 1032, 1035, 942 N.Y.S.2d 227 [2012], lv. denied 19 N.Y.3d 1000, 951 N.Y.S.2d 476, 975 N.E.2d 922 [2012] [operational BB gun can constitute a dangerous instrument] ). Moreover, after viewing the evidence in a neutral light and independently weighing the evidence, while giving deference to the jury's assessment of credibility, we are unpersuaded that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence (see People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ).
The case was presented upon the theory that the shotgun was a “dangerous instrument,” and the jury was not charged regarding a “deadly weapon” (Penal Law § 10.00[12] ; see Penal Law § 120.05[2] ).
County Court did not err in denying defendant's motion for a mistrial. A taped interview of defendant by police was received into evidence and started to be played for the jury until defendant mentioned in the interview that he had previously gone to court. Defense counsel immediately objected upon the ground that Sandoval material was implicated and the People had stated before trial that they did not intend to offer Sandoval material. County Court noted that the jury had heard only that defendant went to court, which could be for a civil matter or other reasons unrelated to any criminal charges against him. After listening to more of the interview outside the presence of the jury, County Court suppressed any further playing of the tape and gave the jury a detailed curative instruction. In light of the fact that the jury never heard that defendant's prior court appearance involved a criminal matter and the timely curative action taken by County Court, defendant was not deprived of a fair trial by the partial playing of his interview with police (see People v. Santiago, 52 N.Y.2d 865, 866, 437 N.Y.S.2d 75, 418 N.E.2d 668 [1981] ; People v. Peterson, 118 A.D.3d 1151, 1155–1156, 988 N.Y.S.2d 271 [2014] ).
Defendant's contention that County Court's jury instructions were defective was not preserved for our review (see People v. Green, 119 A.D.3d 23, 30, 984 N.Y.S.2d 680 [2014], lv. denied 23 N.Y.3d 1062, 994 N.Y.S.2d 321, 18 N.E.3d 1142 [2014] ). In any event, the court's “charge, as given, was sufficient to allow ‘the jury ... [to] gather from its language the correct rules which should be applied in arriving at [a] decision’ ” (People v. Dickson, 58 A.D.3d 1016, 1018, 872 N.Y.S.2d 216 [2009], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 852, 881 N.Y.S.2d 664, 909 N.E.2d 587 [2009], quoting People v. Russell, 266 N.Y. 147, 153, 194 N.E. 65 [1934] ; see People v. Allah, 126 A.D.2d 778, 781–782, 510 N.Y.S.2d 725 [1987], lv. denied 69 N.Y.2d 876, 515 N.Y.S.2d 1023, 507 N.E.2d 1093 [1987] ).
Defendant makes cursory reference to a series of purported errors that he asserts deprived him of a fair trial. We are unpersuaded. The 12–hour delay between when defendant initially spoke to police after being read Miranda warnings and then again spoke to police after being reminded of—but not reread—Miranda warnings did not require suppression of his statements to police (see People v. Gause, 38 A.D.3d 999, 1000, 830 N.Y.S.2d 859 [2007], lv. denied 9 N.Y.3d 865, 840 N.Y.S.2d 894, 872 N.E.2d 1200 [2007] ). Review of the People's opening statement reveals that, contrary to defendant's contention, the statement sufficiently set forth the charges and facts that the People expected to prove (see People v. Kurtz, 51 N.Y.2d 380, 384, 434 N.Y.S.2d 200, 414 N.E.2d 699 [1980], cert. denied 451 U.S. 911, 101 S.Ct. 1983, 68 L.Ed.2d 301 [1981] ; People v. Adams, 139 A.D.2d 794, 795, 526 N.Y.S.2d 669 [1988] ). A juror, who belatedly recalled after being sworn that nearly 20 years earlier his daughter had been threatened by her former boyfriend, was adequately questioned by County Court and determined not to be grossly unqualified to continue to serve on the jury (see CPL 270.35 [1 ]; People v. Buford, 69 N.Y.2d 290, 298–299, 514 N.Y.S.2d 191, 506 N.E.2d 901 [1987] ). Defendant's contention that a curative instruction should have been given after a brief outcry from a spectator during the trial was not preserved by an objection or request for an instruction and, in any event, it is not clear at whom the outcry was directed and neither the outcry nor County Court's handling of it deprived defendant of a fair trial (see People v. Jones, 100 A.D.3d 1362, 1365, 953 N.Y.S.2d 416 [2012], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1005, 971 N.Y.S.2d 257, 993 N.E.2d 1279 [2013], cert. denied ––– U.S. ––––, 134 S.Ct. 694, 187 L.Ed.2d 560 [2013] ). No reasonable view of the evidence supported a justification charge for the defense of a person and, thus, County Court did not err in refusing to give such a charge (see Penal Law § 35.15 ; People v. Ramirez, 118 A.D.3d 1108, 1112, 987 N.Y.S.2d 496 [2014] ; People v. Johnson, 91 A.D.3d 1121, 1122, 936 N.Y.S.2d 748 [2012], lv. denied 18 N.Y.3d 959, 944 N.Y.S.2d 487, 967 N.E.2d 712 [2012] ). Review of defendant's remaining assertions regarding trial errors reveals no reversible error.
Next, we consider defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel argument. A defendant's constitutional right in such regard is satisfied “ ‘[s]o long as the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of a particular case, viewed in totality and as of the time of representation, reveal that the attorney provided meaningful representation’ ” (People v. Henry, 95 N.Y.2d 563, 565, 721 N.Y.S.2d 577, 744 N.E.2d 112 [2000], quoting People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 [1981] ). A hearing is not required on a CPL article 440 motion when the merits of the claimed ineffectiveness can “be determined on the trial record and defendant's submissions on the motion” (People v. Satterfield, 66 N.Y.2d 796, 799, 497 N.Y.S.2d 903, 488 N.E.2d 834 [1985] ; see People v. Robetoy, 48 A.D.3d 881, 883, 851 N.Y.S.2d 297 [2008] ). Here, the record reveals that counsel made pretrial motions and successfully had some evidence suppressed, set forth a cogent opening statement, interjected timely and sustained objections as well as successful trial motions, and articulated a cogent closing argument. Defendant nevertheless contends that the victim's animosity toward him could have been better developed, and an expert might have testified that the three shots that hit the victim all bounced off the ground. These and defendant's other contentions reflect second-guessing of trial strategy with the clarity of hindsight, which does not constitute ineffectiveness (see People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 [1998] ). “ ‘[V]iewed objectively, the transcript and the submissions reveal the existence of a trial strategy that might well have been pursued by a reasonably competent attorney’ ” ( People v. Barboni, 21 N.Y.3d 393, 406, 971 N.Y.S.2d 729, 994 N.E.2d 820 [2013], quoting People v. Satterfield, 66 N.Y.2d at 799, 497 N.Y.S.2d 903, 488 N.E.2d 834 ).
The sentence, which was less than the maximum, was not an abuse of discretion and, given defendant's act of repeatedly shooting the victim, we find no extraordinary circumstances that would warrant a reduction thereof (see People v. Fields, 68 A.D.3d 1537, 1538, 891 N.Y.S.2d 706 [2009], lv. denied 14 N.Y.3d 887, 903 N.Y.S.2d 776, 929 N.E.2d 1011 [2010] ). ORDERED that the judgment and order are affirmed.
GARRY, EGAN JR., LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ., concur.