Opinion
106100
04-02-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. George W. FISHEL III, Appellant.
Martin J. McGuinness, Saratoga Springs, for appellant. Glenn MacNeill, Acting District Attorney, Malone, for respondent.
Martin J. McGuinness, Saratoga Springs, for appellant.
Glenn MacNeill, Acting District Attorney, Malone, for respondent.
Before: LAHTINEN, J.P., GARRY, LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ.
Opinion
DEVINE, J.
Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Franklin County (Main Jr., J.), rendered May 13, 2013, convicting defendant upon his plea of guilty of the crime of criminal sexual act in the second degree.In satisfaction of an indictment charging him with one count each of criminal sexual act in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child, defendant entered an Alford plea to criminal sexual act in the second degree and waived his right to appeal. He was sentenced, as agreed, to 10 years of probation and required to register as a sex offender. As relevant here, conditions 17 and 32 of the court-ordered probation provided that a copy of the presentence investigation report (hereinafter PSI) would be made available upon request to any agency or individual involved in the evaluation, treatment or rehabilitation of defendant, if the request were deemed appropriate by the Probation Department, and required defendant to consent to release of the PSI to any sex offender treatment provider. Defendant now appeals.
Initially, we reject defendant's argument that his appeal waiver was invalid. County Court adequately described the nature of the waiver without “lumping [it] into the panoply of trial rights automatically forfeited” by a guilty plea (People v. Lopez, 6 N.Y.3d 248, 257, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 [2006] ), and confirmed defendant's understanding of the waiver on multiple occasions (see id. at 254–255, 257, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ). Moreover, the court explained that, although defendant would ordinarily retain the right to appeal upon pleading guilty, the particular proposal being offered required him to give up that right except as to constitutional issues and any violation by the court of its sentencing commitment (see id. at 257, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ). Under these circumstances, County Court properly advised defendant that his appellate rights were separate and distinct from those automatically forfeited upon a guilty plea, and the record is sufficient to establish that defendant knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to appeal (see id. at 256–257, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ; see also
People v. Bradshaw, 18 N.Y.3d 257, 264, 938 N.Y.S.2d 254, 961 N.E.2d 645 [2011] ).
That said, even a valid waiver of the right to appeal will not bar a challenge to an illegal sentence (see People v. Lopez, 6 N.Y.3d at 255, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 ; People v. Callahan, 80 N.Y.2d 273, 280, 590 N.Y.S.2d 46, 604 N.E.2d 108 [1992] ). Similarly, although defendant concedes that his challenges were not properly preserved, there is a “narrow exception to [the] preservation rule permitting appellate review when a sentence's illegality is readily discernible from the trial record” (People v. Santiago, 22 N.Y.3d 900, 903, 977 N.Y.S.2d 144, 999 N.E.2d 507 [2013] ; see People v. Nieves, 2 N.Y.3d 310, 315–316, 778 N.Y.S.2d 751, 811 N.E.2d 13 [2004] ; People v. Samms, 95 N.Y.2d 52, 55–56, 710 N.Y.S.2d 310, 731 N.E.2d 1118 [2000] ). The Court of Appeals has recognized that this “illegal sentence” exception encompasses a defendant's claims that a probation condition is unlawful because it is not reasonably related to rehabilitation or is outside the authority of the court to impose (see People v. Letterlough, 86 N.Y.2d 259, 261, 263 n. 1, 631 N.Y.S.2d 105, 655 N.E.2d 146 [1995] ; see also People v. Samms, 95 N.Y.2d at 56, 710 N.Y.S.2d 310, 731 N.E.2d 1118 ). Thus, inasmuch as the claims advanced herein implicate the legality of defendant's sentence and any illegality is evident on the face of the record, those claims are not barred by either defendant's failure to preserve them or his valid waiver of the right to appeal (see People v. Letterlough, 86 N.Y.2d at 263 n. 1, 631 N.Y.S.2d 105, 655 N.E.2d 146 ; People v. McElhearn, 56 A.D.3d 954, 955, 868 N.Y.S.2d 786 [2008], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 747, 886 N.Y.S.2d 101, 914 N.E.2d 1019 [2009] ; Matter of Brandon W., 28 A.D.3d 783, 784–785, 814 N.Y.S.2d 675 [2006], lv. denied 7 N.Y.3d 707, 821 N.Y.S.2d 812, 854 N.E.2d 1276 [2006] ).
In People v. Nephew, 200 A.D.2d 799, 606 N.Y.S.2d 452 (1994), this Court stated that a valid appeal waiver bars a claim that a probation condition “was not reasonably justified, necessary to [the defendant] leading a law-abiding life or related to her rehabilitation” (id. at 799, 606 N.Y.S.2d 452 ). Nephew predated the Court of Appeals' decisions in People v. Letterlough (supra ) and People v. Samms (supra ), which established that such a claim amounts to a challenge to the legality of the condition (see
Turning to the merits, we agree with defendant that conditions 17 and 32 are illegal because they violate the restrictions on disclosure of PSIs contained in CPL 390.50 and, therefore, those conditions must be vacated. CPL 390.50(1) provides that a PSI “is confidential and may not be made available to any person or public or private agency except where specifically required or permitted by statute or upon specific authorization of the court ” (emphasis added). The court that is referenced in CPL 390.50(1) is the sentencing court (see Matter of Holmes v. State of New York, 140 A.D.2d 854, 855, 528 N.Y.S.2d 686 [1988] ). While the People argue that the challenged conditions constitute specific authorization of disclosure by the sentencing court, condition 17, on its face, is a blanket delegation to the Probation Department to authorize disclosure of the PSI to treatment providers if the department deems the request appropriate. In our view, such a general authorization of disclosure by the Probation Department is contrary to both the statutory mandate of specific authorization and this Court's direction that only the sentencing court can grant that authorization.
Moreover, the requirement in condition 32 that defendant consent to disclosure of the PSI is similarly contrary to law. Under CPL 390.50, criminal defendants themselves are not entitled to their PSI in collateral proceedings, absent statutory authority, except under limited conditions, i.e., upon a proper factual showing of need (see Matter of Campney v. People, 279 A.D.2d 882, 882, 718 N.Y.S.2d 898 [2001] ; Matter of Blanche v. People, 193 A.D.2d 991, 991–992, 598 N.Y.S.2d 102 [1993] ; Matter of Holmes v. State of New York, 140 A.D.2d at 855, 528 N.Y.S.2d 686 ). Even when a defendant has demonstrated a need for disclosure, he or she is never “automatically entitled to an unredacted copy of [the PSI]” (Matter of Shader v. People, 233 A.D.2d 717, 717, 650 N.Y.S.2d 350 [1996] ). Rather, in light of the requirement of specific authorization and given the sentencing court's discretion to except portions of a PSI from disclosure, the court must make a determination whether redaction is appropriate (see Matter of Rogner v. People, 81 A.D.3d 1092, 1092–1093, 916 N.Y.S.2d 531 [2011] ; Matter of Gutkaiss v. People, 49 A.D.3d 979, 980, 853 N.Y.S.2d 677 [2008] ; Matter of Shader v. People, 233 A.D.2d at 717, 650 N.Y.S.2d 350 ). That is, under the statute, a defendant cannot demand or “consent” to release of the entire, unredacted PSI—only the sentencing court can permit the release of the PSI after the party requesting it has shown that the information cannot be obtained in any other way, and only after the court has considered whether redaction is necessary.
In sum, because conditions 17 and 32 represent a general authorization by County Court to permit the Probation Department to release the PSI when that department deems it appropriate, they violate CPL 390.50(1). Accordingly, they are invalid and must be vacated (see People v. Sawinski, 246 A.D.2d 689, 692, 667 N.Y.S.2d 472 [1998], lv. denied 91 N.Y.2d 930, 670 N.Y.S.2d 412, 693 N.E.2d 759 [1998] ; People v. Bennor, 228 A.D.2d 745, 745–746, 643 N.Y.S.2d 739 [1996] ; People v. Martinez, 202 A.D.2d 735, 738, 608 N.Y.S.2d 573 [1994] ). Defendant's remaining arguments are rendered academic by our decision.
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the law, by vacating probation conditions 17 and 32, and, as so modified, affirmed.
People v. Samms, 95 N.Y.2d at 56, 710 N.Y.S.2d 310, 731 N.E.2d 1118 ; People v. Letterlough, 86 N.Y.2d at 263 n. 1, 631 N.Y.S.2d 105, 655 N.E.2d 146 ), and it should no longer be followed.