Summary
In Newton v. State, 31 Md. App. 344, 356 A.2d 274 (1976), rev'd on other grounds, 280 Md. 260, 373 A.2d 262 (1977), the defendant was charged with attempted robbery and felony murder of a cab driver, and with two counts of use of a handgun in a crime of violence — one for each underlying crime.
Summary of this case from Battle v. StateOpinion
No. 549, September Term, 1975.
Decided May 5, 1976.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY — MERGER OF OFFENSES — Multiple Punishment — Felony Murder, Attempted Armed Robbery And Statutory Handgun Violations Arising Out Of Same Incident — Felony Murder Convictions Do Not Violate Double Jeopardy Clause Of Fifth Amendment To U.S. Constitution — Constitutional Guarantee Against Double Jeopardy Was Not Violated Simply Because Indictments Charged Crimes Committed Simultaneously During A Single Transaction — Where, As Here, One Indictment Charged Murder And Another Charged Attempted Armed Robbery, And Each Indictment Also Charged Unlawful Use Of A Handgun In Commission Of A Crime Of Violence, And Where Same Gun Was Used At Same Time In Crimes Committed As To A Single Victim, It Was Held Murder And Attempted Armed Robbery Are Separate And Distinct Crimes And Convictions Thereof Do Not Merge, And Handgun Convictions Do Not Violate Accused's Constitutional Guarantee Against Double Jeopardy. pp. 346-349
CRIMINAL LAW — EVIDENCE — Accomplice Testimony — Corroboration Thereof — Testimony Of Accomplice In Case At Bar Was Amply Corroborated By Witness That Accomplice And Accused Discussed A "Stick Up" Before Leaving Her Apartment And When Accused Returned, He Stated He Had Shot A Man Four Times — On Record Here, Trial Judge Was Not Clearly Erroneous In Denying Motion For Judgment Of Acquittal — Maryland Rule 1086. p. 349
J.A.R.
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (KARWACKI, J.).
Odell Newton was convicted in a non-jury trial of murder in the first degree and the unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence, charged in one indictment; and of attempted armed robbery and unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence, charged in a second indictment; and, from the judgments entered thereon, he appeals.
Note: Certiorari granted, Court of Appeals of Maryland, September 15, 1976.
The cause was argued before MORTON, MELVIN and MASON, JJ.
James M. Smith, Assigned Public Defender, with whom were Gebhardt Smith on the brief, for appellant.
Gilbert Rosenthal, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, William A. Swisher, State's Attorney for Baltimore City and Sandra A. O'Connor, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City on the brief, for appellee.
In a non-jury trial conducted in the Criminal Court of Baltimore (Karwacki, J., presiding), appellant was convicted of murder in the first degree and the unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence under one indictment and of attempted armed robbery and unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence under a second indictment. A life sentence was imposed upon the murder conviction and a five year concurrent sentence on the handgun conviction. A sentence of twenty years was imposed on the conviction of attempted armed robbery and a five year concurrent sentence upon the handgun violation. These latter sentences were concurrent with the life sentence.
It appears from the record that appellant was visiting friends at an apartment in Baltimore City on the evening of December 19, 1973. During the course of the evening one of his friends, Anthony Stevenson, discharged a blank starter's pistol four times in the face of another friend, Evelyn Gee. According to Miss Gee, appellant and Stevenson then discussed a "stickup." Appellant borrowed the revolver of another person in the apartment, Henry Allen, and he and Stevenson departed from the apartment about 10:30 p.m., purportedly intending to get something to eat from a "sub shop" in nearby Edmondson Village.
Stevenson testified that they hailed a cab and appellant sat up front with the driver while he occupied the rear seat. After they had proceeded approximately a block, Stevenson told the driver to stop the cab, that this was a "stickup" and appellant thereupon shot the driver four times with the .38 caliber revolver he had borrowed from Henry Allen. The driver was killed and both Stevenson and appellant fled in opposite directions and then returned to the apartment.
Appellant's testimony was in substantial agreement with that of Stevenson with the exception that he asserted it was Stevenson who shot the cab driver with Allen's gun which appellant had turned over to Stevenson shortly after they had left the apartment.
Evelyn Gee testified that when appellant returned to the apartment shortly after the shooting and before Stevenson arrived, "he had this gun in his hand, like he was out of breath and he had been running and he's standing beside the wall. He started taking these bullets out of the gun. He said, `These stopped a cab driver,' and that he had shot him. * * * He was taking the bullets out of the gun and he was saying, `I shot him one, two, three times.' Then he said, `No, I shot him four times,' and he pointed to his neck. `Four times,' he said, `I shot him right there.' That's when Anthony Stevenson got there and then they started arguing amongst themselves."
Appellant testified that he and Stevenson returned to the apartment at the same time; that he gave the gun back to Allen and started to explain what had recently occurred when Allen told him to keep quiet.
In this appeal it is first contended that "the conviction of the Appellant of both felony murder and the underlying felony of attempted robbery violated the prohibition against double jeopardy contained in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution." Counsel for appellant "concedes that the Maryland Courts have held previously that such convictions do not offend the doctrine of double jeopardy, nor trigger a merger of the two offenses," but urges us to review "past decisions in light of the developing Maryland law on merger and the reasoning and analysis contained in the recent Louisiana case of State Ex Rel. Wikberg v. Henderson, 292 So.2d 505 (LA. 1974)."
While we can understand the appellant's desire to have a review of prior cases, his request for such a review would be better addressed to the Court of Appeals since this Court is bound by the decisions of that Court which have held that felony murder convictions do not violate the double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution. Accordingly, we cannot subscribe to appellant's first contention.
He cites Price v. State, 261 Md. 573 (1971); Robinson v. State, 249 Md. 200 (1968); Lynch v. State, 9 Md. App. 441 (1970); McChan v. State, 9 Md. App. 311 (1970); Parker v. State, 7 Md. App. 167 (1969).
It is also contended that "The conviction and sentencing of the appellant on two different counts charging the same handgun violation for the same act of conduct arising out of the same incident impermissibly resulted in multiple punishment of the appellant for the same offense and accordingly violated the appellant's right to not be placed twice in jeopardy."
Maryland Code, Art. 27, § 36B(d) (1976) provides:
" Unlawful use of handgun in commission of crime — Any person who shall use a handgun in the commission of any felony or any crime of violence as defined in § 441 of this article, shall be guilty of a separate misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall, in addition to any other sentence imposed by virtue of commission of said felony or misdemeanor, be sentenced to the Maryland Division of Correction for a term of not less than five years nor more than fifteen years, and it is mandatory upon the court to impose no less than the minimum sentence of five years."
Maryland Code, Art. 27, § 441(e) (1976) provides:
"The term ` crime of violence' means abduction; arson; burglary, including common-law and all statutory and storehouse forms of burglary offenses; escape; housebreaking; kidnapping; manslaughter, excepting involuntary manslaughter; mayhem; murder; rape; robbery; and sodomy; or an attempt to commit any of the aforesaid offenses; or assault with intent to commit any other offense punishable by imprisonment for more than one year."
We cannot agree with appellant's contention that the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy was violated simply because the crimes he committed occurred simultaneously during a single transaction. It is argued that "Appellant was convicted on both handgun Counts, which were identically worded and which charged the same violation for the same act, and the Appellant received separate sentences to run concurrently for these two convictions. Accordingly, it is clear that the question to be resolved in the instant case is whether the Appellant could validly be convicted of two violations of Article 27, § 36B(d) where there had been only one factual episode in which the Appellant did a single act, but was convicted of the two `crime(s) of violence' of felony murder and the underlying felony (attempted robbery). It is respectfully submitted that these two separate convictions and sentences for the same handgun violation arising out of the same lone act violated the Appellant's right to not be twice punished for the same offense."
While the proposition advanced on behalf of appellant is, on the surface, somewhat persuasive, we think that a logical analysis of the factual posture in which the case reaches us compels a different conclusion. Appellant was charged in two separate indictments. In one he was charged with murder; in the other attempted armed robbery. In each indictment he was also charged with unlawful use of a handgun in the commission of a crime of violence. As we have seen, murder and attempted armed robbery are separate and distinct crimes and convictions thereof do not merge. It is at once apparent that the appellant used a handgun in the commission of the crime of murder. Likewise, he used a handgun, although it was the same gun, used at the same time, to commit the crime of attempted armed robbery. Since the crimes of murder and robbery do not merge, we see no logical or rational reason why the handgun convictions underlying these separate offenses should somehow merge. As the State points out, an accused could properly be convicted of six separate crimes if he held up six people at the same time, using the same gun. See e.g.; McCall v. Warden, 3 Md. App. 188 (1968).
In the case at bar, we, similarly, have non-merging multiple crimes committed by the appellant, although directed to a single victim. Thus, we cannot agree that the handgun convictions violated appellant's constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy. In any event, it is to be noted that from a practical aspect the appellant, here, suffers no heavy loss since the sentences for the two handgun crimes are to run concurrently with the life sentence for murder.
See Cousins v. State, 277 Md. 383 (1976).
Finally, we cannot agree that the trial judge erred in denying appellant's motion for a judgment of acquittal. Appellant urges that Stevenson was an accomplice and that there was insufficient corroboration of his testimony to sustain the convictions. While it is perfectly apparent that Stevenson was an accomplice and his testimony needed corroboration, we think ample corroboration is found in the testimony of Evelyn Gee. She testified that both Stevenson and appellant discussed a "stick up" before leaving the apartment and when appellant returned, he announced that he had shot a man in the neck four times. Certainly, we cannot say on the record before us that the trial judge was clearly erroneous in denying the motion for judgment of acquittal. Maryland Rule 1086.
Judgments affirmed.