Summary
In Lynch v. State, 9 Md. App. 441, 265 A.2d 283 we held that the signing of a written waiver prior to the taking of a written or oral confession, as in the instant case, would be sufficient to show a waiver of the constitutional rights.
Summary of this case from Gill v. StateOpinion
No. 339, September Term, 1969.
Decided May 12, 1970.
CONFESSIONS — Voluntariness — Preliminary Determination By Court — Waiver Of Miranda Rights — Issue Not Properly Before Appellate Court For Review. It is incumbent for the trial court to make a preliminary finding of voluntariness before admitting a confession in evidence, and such finding must appear from the record with unmistakable clarity. p. 443
Notwithstanding the court's failure to so state in express terms, the record showed that it made a prima facie determination, at appellant's trial for murder and burning a storehouse, that his confessions were voluntary, where, in denying a motion for a new trial, the court observed that it had ruled that the confessions were "taken under circumstances complying with the Miranda decision and other court decisions dealing with voluntariness and fairness with respect to advice as to rights." [ Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 Sup. Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)]. pp. 443-444
Appellant waived his Miranda rights, where it was shown that he had signed explanation of rights forms before giving his statements to police. pp. 444-445
Where appellant, who denied having signed confessions which were introduced into evidence at his trial for murder and burning a storehouse, failed to object to the trial court's action in obtaining his signature during the trial and comparing it with those on the confessions, such issue was not properly before the Court of Special Appeals for review. Rule 1085. p. 444
HOMICIDE — Murder Committed In Burning Warehouse — Constitutes First-Degree Murder — Murder And Burning Storehouse Are Separate Offenses. Murder in the first degree is not a crime as such but a classification of the crime of murder. p. 446
All murder which shall be committed in the burning or attempting to burn any warehouse or other outhouse, not a parcel of any dwelling house, having therein any goods, wares, or merchandise, shall be murder in the first degree. Code (1957), Art. 27, § 409. p. 445
It is not necessary under the statute that a killing be proved to be wilful, deliberate and premeditated to elevate it to murder in the first degree. Code (1957), Art. 27, § 409. p. 445
Murder and the burning of a storehouse are separate and distinct offenses; that the status of a first-degree classification may be attained by proof that the murder was committed during the commission of a burning of a storehouse does not make the burning an essential element of murder, and it follows that murder does not necessarily involve the burning. p. 446
SENTENCE AND PUNISHMENT — Appeals — Case Remanded For Correction Of Docket Entries. Appellant's case was remanded for correction of docket entries, where a transcript of the proceedings showed that appellant's sentences for murder and burning a storehouse were imposed to run consecutively but the docket entries stated that the sentence on the storehouse burning conviction was to run "concurrent" with the sentence on the murder conviction. pp. 443, 446
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (ROSS, J.).
Isaac Junior Lynch was convicted in a non-jury trial of murder in the first degree and burning a storehouse, and, from the judgments entered thereon, he appeals.
Judgments affirmed; case remanded for further proceedings in accordance with opinion.
The cause was submitted to MURPHY, C.J., and ANDERSON, MORTON, ORTH, and THOMPSON, JJ.
Charles L. Williams for appellant.
Donald Needle, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, Charles E. Moylan, Jr., State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Howard L. Cardin, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.
Isaac Junior Lynch (appellant) tried by the court in the Criminal Court of Baltimore was found guilty of murder in the first degree and burning a storehouse. A life sentence was imposed on the murder conviction and, consecutively therewith, a sentence of 10 years on the storehouse burning conviction.
The transcript of the proceedings so shows. The docket entries state that the sentence on the second conviction was to run "concurrent" with the sentence on the murder conviction.
The questions presented on appeal go to the admissibility of confessions of appellant, to the sufficiency of the evidence and to the merger of offenses.
THE CONFESSIONS (1)
Appellant, invoking Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 and Sims v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 538, claims that the judgments must be reversed because, he baldly states, the trial court made no preliminary finding that the confessions introduced were voluntary. In Murphy v. State, 8 Md. App. 430, 437 we found that under Jackson it was incumbent for the trial court to make a preliminary finding of voluntariness before admitting a confession in evidence, and that under Sims the finding must appear from the record with unmistakable clarity. Contrary to appellant's bald allegation we find that the record here shows with unmistakable clarity that the trial court found preliminarily that the confessions were voluntary. Although it may be better for the trial court to so state in express terms, despite the failure of the court here to do so, the record shows with the required clarity that it made a prima facie determination that the confessions were voluntary. It overruled objections to the admission of the confessions by giving as reasons for its ruling that it believed the testimony of police officers on the issue, and did not believe appellant's testimony that he had been beaten and requested an attorney, and by finding as a fact that appellant signed the statements and the explanation of rights forms. In denying a motion for a new trial, the court observed that it had ruled that the confessions were "taken under circumstances complying with the Miranda decision and other court decisions dealing with voluntariness and fairness with respect to advice as to rights."
We consider the rule applicable to both jury and non-jury cases. Id. note 6, at 437.
We pointed out that the failure of the record to reflect the finding as required does not necessarily compel reversal of the judgment, setting out the alternatives. Id. at 437-438.
(2)
Appellant testified in his own behalf on the issue of voluntariness of the confessions. He denied that he signed the confessions. After cross-examination of him the court was asked by defense counsel if it had any questions. The court said, "I would like some samples of the defendant's signature, if someone would give him a pad." Appellant signed his name seven times on a yellow pad and the signatures were admitted as court's exhibit no. 1, without objection. On further cross-examination by the State appellant produced two selective service cards and a social security card, each bearing his signature and they were admitted without objection. The receipt for a copy of the indictment, signed by appellant, was admitted without objection. The court made clear that it was going to compare the signatures on the confessions and explanation of rights forms with the signatures of appellant obtained in court and appearing on the cards and receipt. No objection was made. The answer to appellant's contention that this was error is that neither the obtaining of appellant's signature nor the comparison of the signatures was challenged below. As the point was not tried and decided below, it is not properly before us. Maryland Rule 1085.
(3)
As best we can understand, appellant does not claim that he was not given the warnings required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 but urges that he did not waive them. There was evidence adduced by the State that appellant signed an Explanation of Rights form on 24 April 1968. This form states: "I have been advised by Lt. James J. Cadden of my rights and I understand: * * *." The Miranda rights are therein expressly set out. He then consented to give a statement and did so. It was reduced to writing and signed. The next day he was again given the full panoply of his rights, again signed an Explanation of Rights form and gave an additional statement which was reduced to writing and signed. We cannot say that the trial court's judgment on this evidence that appellant waived his rights was clearly erroneous. See Jones v. State, 8 Md. App. 405, 411; Brown v. State, 3 Md. App. 313, 320.
THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Code, Art. 27, § 409 provides inter alia: "All murder which shall be committed in the burning or attempting to burn any * * * warehouse or other outhouse, not a parcel of any dwelling house, having therein any * * * goods, wares, or merchandise, shall be murder in the first degree." Under this statute it is not necessary that a killing be proved to be wilful, deliberate and premeditated to elevate it to murder in the first degree. See Lindsay v. State, 8 Md. App. 100; Wiggins v. State, 8 Md. App. 598. As it seems that appellant's sole contention on this point is that it does, his contention is without merit. We note that the evidence was sufficient for the trial court to find that the murder charged was committed in the burning of a warehouse within the contemplation of § 409.
Appellant refers only to Code, Art. 27, § 408. That section provides: "All murder which shall be committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate any arson, shall be murder in the first degree." By Code, Art. 27, § 6 any person who wilfully and maliciously sets fire or burns any dwelling house or any kitchen, shop, barn, stable, or other outhouse that is a parcel thereof, or belonging to or adjoining thereto, shall be guilty of arson. Section 7 proscribes the burning of a building not a parcel of a dwelling but does not designate the offense as "arson." Thus it is only buildings designated in § 6 that are contemplated in § 408. Section 409 expressly designates therein the buildings which are within its ambit.
See Acts 1969, ch. 514, repealing and reenacting Art. 27, § 6-11, the effect of the amendments being, in general, to increase the maximum penalties authorized for the respective offenses proscribed.
MERGER
Appellant claims that under the doctrine of merger followed in this State, upon the conviction of murder in the first degree, the offense of burning a storehouse merged therein because the murder was in the first degree only because committed during the commission of the burning. We apply the rationale of Parker v. State, 7 Md. App. 167, 199 and hold that here there was no merger. Murder in the first degree is not a crime as such but a classification of the crime of murder. Murder and the burning of a storehouse are separate and distinct offenses. That the status of a first degree classification may be attained by proof that the murder was committed during the commission of a burning of a storehouse does not make the burning an essential element of murder and it follows that murder does not necessarily involve the burning.
THE SENTENCES
As pointed out in footnote 1 supra, the docket entries read that the sentence upon the burning conviction was to run concurrently with the sentence imposed on the murder conviction. The transcript clearly shows that the sentences were imposed to run consecutively. The case is remanded with direction to correct the docket entries.
Judgments affirmed; case remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.