Opinion
2014-02-13
Debra WATSON, Plaintiff–Respondent, v. JADE LUXURY TRANSPORTATION CORP., et al., Defendants–Appellants, Derek Gonzalez, et al., Defendants.
Marjorie E. Bornes, Brooklyn, for appellants. Goidel & Siegel, LLP, New York (Steven E. Cohen of counsel), for respondent.
Marjorie E. Bornes, Brooklyn, for appellants. Goidel & Siegel, LLP, New York (Steven E. Cohen of counsel), for respondent.
MAZZARELLI, J.P., SWEENY, DeGRASSE, MANZANET–DANIELS, FEINMAN, JJ.
Order, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Mark Friedlander, J.), entered on or about July 8, 2013, which granted plaintiff's motion to set aside a jury verdict finding no liability on the part of defendants, and directed a new trial on the issue of liability, affirmed, without costs.
This case arises from a two-car accident in the Bronx at the intersection of Inwood Avenue and Goble Place between a livery car driven by defendant FranciscoCarrero, in which plaintiff was a rear-seat passenger, and a white Honda driven by defendant Derek Gonzalez. Gonzalez defaulted and has never testified, and plaintiff did not witness the accident. Carrero's testimony constituted the sole evidence relating to the circumstances of the collision.
At his pretrial deposition, Carrero testified that he was driving north on Inwood Avenue, a one-way street. Gonzalez entered the intersection on Goble Place from the west, and faced a stop sign, giving Carrero the right of way into the intersection. Carrero stated that his view of the intersection and of Gonzalez's car were unobstructed as he approached the intersection, and that he first saw the white Honda before he (Carrero) entered the intersection. At trial, however, Carrero repeatedly testified that his view of traffic entering the intersection from Goble Place on the west was obstructed by a truck parked on the south side of Goble Place and that he did not see the white Honda until after he had passed the truck. At that point, he testified that, although he tried, he was unable to avoid a collision. The jury was made aware of the inconsistencies between Carrero's deposition and trial testimony through extensive impeachment with readings from his deposition.
The jury found no negligence on the part of Gonzalez. They also found that Carrero was negligent, but his negligence was not a substantial factor in causing the accident.
We agree with the dissent that, in the usual case, “ ‘[t]he issue of whether a defendant's negligence was a proximate cause of an accident [injuries] is separate and distinct from the negligence determination. A defendant may act negligently without that negligence constituting a proximate cause of the accident [injuries]’ ” ( Fisk v. City of New York, 74 A.D.3d 658, 659, 905 N.Y.S.2d 156 [1st Dept.2010], quoting Ohdan v. City of New York, 268 A.D.2d 86, 89, 706 N.Y.S.2d 419 [1st Dept.2000],lv. denied95 N.Y.2d 769, 722 N.Y.S.2d 473, 745 N.E.2d 393 [2000],appeal dismissed95 N.Y.2d 885, 715 N.Y.S.2d 375, 738 N.E.2d 779 [2000] ). Moreover, “[w]here the verdict can be reconciled with a reasonable view of the evidence, the successful party is entitled to the presumption that the jury adopted that view” ( Rodriguez v. New York City Tr. Auth., 67 A.D.3d 511, 511, 888 N.Y.S.2d 56 [1st Dept.2009] ). However, in those cases where “ ‘the issues of negligence and proximate cause are so inextricably interwoven as to make it logically impossible to find negligence without also finding proximate cause,’ ” the verdict must be set aside ( Dessasore v. New York City Hous. Auth., 70 A.D.3d 440, 441, 895 N.Y.S.2d 44 [1st Dept. 2010], quoting McCollin v. New York City Hous. Auth., 307 A.D.2d 875, 876, 764 N.Y.S.2d 40 [1st Dept.2003];see Fisk v. City of New York, 74 A.D.3d at 660, 905 N.Y.S.2d 156;Lora v. City of New York, 305 A.D.2d 171, 172, 759 N.Y.S.2d 69 [1st Dept.2003] ).
Based on these principles, we cannot agree with the dissent's contention that there is a rational basis for the jury's finding that the negligence attributed to Carrero was not a proximate cause of the accident.
Review of the evidence adduced at trial does not reveal a single plausible scenario by which Gonzalez could have been free from negligence and Carrero negligent, without such negligence being a substantial factor in causing the accident.
The fact that Gonzalez was not negligent practically eliminates the scenario to which Carrero testified at his deposition, namely, that Carrero had a clear view of the intersection and of the white Honda at all times, since it is difficult, if not impossible, to see how in such a scenario Carrero could have been negligent but not have caused the accident.
This leaves the scenario to which Carrero testified at trial, namely, that a truck blocked his view of the white Honda until Carrero was passing the truck, at which point it was impossible for him to avoid the collision. Since the jury found that Gonzalez was not negligent, Carrero's negligence could have taken one or more of several forms, any or all of which would lead a rational jury to the inescapable conclusion that his negligence was the proximate cause of the accident ( see Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, 45 N.Y.2d 493, 499, 410 N.Y.S.2d 282, 382 N.E.2d 1145 [1978] ). Thus, the jury's findings are irreconcilable, and Supreme Court providently set the verdict aside as inconsistent ( Fisk, 74 A.D.3d at 660, 905 N.Y.S.2d 156). All concur except DeGRASSE, J. who dissents in a memorandum as follows:
DeGRASSE, J. (dissenting).
I dissent because it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to have set aside the jury's verdict on the ground that it was “inconsistent.” This case involves a collision in an intersection between a livery car that was operated by defendant Francisco Carrero and another car that was operated by defendant Derek Gonzalez. Carrero, the only witness at trial, testified that Gonzalez's approach into the intersection was regulated by a stop sign and Carrero's approach was not regulated by any traffic control device. Carrero also testified that Gonzalez did not stop at the stop sign. Nonetheless, the jury found that Gonzalez was not negligent. The jury also found that Carrero was negligent but that his negligence was not a proximate cause of the accident. In setting aside the verdict, the court opined that a rational jury could not have consistently determined that negligence on Carrero's part was not a proximate cause of the accident.
“As a general proposition, a finding of negligence is not inconsistent with a finding of no proximate cause” ( Pimpinella v. McSwegan, 213 A.D.2d 232, 233, 623 N.Y.S.2d 863 [1st Dept.1995], citing, Palsgraf v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 [1928] ). This seems to be particularly true in cases involving motor vehicle collisions ( see e.g. McCulley v. Sandwick, 43 A.D.3d 624, 841 N.Y.S.2d 392 [3d Dept.2007],appeal dismissed9 N.Y.3d 976, 848 N.Y.S.2d 14, 878 N.E.2d 596 [2007];Skowronski v. Mordino, 4 A.D.3d 782, 771 N.Y.S.2d 625 [4th Dept.2004];Inserro v. Rochester Drug Coop., 258 A.D.2d 923, 685 N.Y.S.2d 554 [4th Dept.1999] ),see also Martinez v. New York City Tr. Auth., 41 A.D.3d 174, 838 N.Y.S.2d 53 [1st Dept.2007].
A contention that a jury verdict is inconsistent must be reviewed in the context of the trial court's charge, a matter the majority does not address ( Lundgren v. McColgin, 96 A.D.2d 706, 464 N.Y.S.2d 317 [4th Dept.1983];see also Mars Assoc., Inc. v. New York City Educ. Constr. Fund, 126 A.D.2d 178, 188, 513 N.Y.S.2d 125 [1st Dept.1987],lv. dismissed70 N.Y.2d 747, 519 N.Y.S.2d 1033, 514 N.E.2d 391 [1987] ). Here, there is a rational basis for the jury's finding that the negligence attributed to Carrero was not a proximate cause of the accident. The jury was charged that under the Vehicle and Traffic Law, Gonzalez, the driver of the vehicle that approached the stop sign, was obligated to stop and yield the right of way to vehicles on the dominant roadway, i.e. Carrero's. The court also charged the jury that Carrero had the right to assume that Gonzalez would comply with the applicable provisions of the Vehicle and Traffic Law. Regardless of its finding that Gonzalez was not negligent, the jury could have rationally concluded that the accident would not have occurred had he yielded the right of way as he was required and expected to do. That would be a reasonable view of the evidence sufficient to support the jury's verdict particularly because Gonzalez did not testify in person or by deposition. Where “an apparently inconsistent or illogical verdict can be reconciled with a reasonable view of the evidence, the successful party is entitled to the presumption that the jury adopted that view” ( Skowronski v. Mordino, 4 A.D.3d at 783, 771 N.Y.S.2d 625 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Here, the presumption has not been rebutted. As a result, although required to, the majority does not give due deference to the jury's role as fact-finder ( see DaBiere v. Craig, 284 A.D.2d 885, 727 N.Y.S.2d 535 [3d Dept.2001] ). Since a valid line of reasoning supports the jury's verdict and it is supported by a fair interpretation of the evidence, I would reverse the order entered below and reinstate the jury's verdict ( see Rivera v. 4064 Realty Co., 17 A.D.3d 201, 203, 794 N.Y.S.2d 18 [1st Dept.2005],lv. denied5 N.Y.3d 713, 806 N.Y.S.2d 164, 840 N.E.2d 133 [2005] ).