PIERCE, Circuit Judge:

Petitioner sought to have this Court review a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (the "BIA" or the "Board"), which upheld a decision of an immigration judge ("IJ"), which, in turn, found petitioner deportable because of two drug convictions and also denied his applications for suspension of deportation and registry. In an opinion, reported at 994 F.2d 71 (2d Cir. 1993), we granted the petition for review, reversed the decision of the BIA and remanded the matter to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (the "INS") for further proceedings. Post-filing submissions have caused us to reexamine the decision in this case. For the reasons set forth below, the earlier opinion is withdrawn and it is the decision of the panel that the action of the Board is upheld.

BACKGROUND

In April 1970, Waldron, a native of Trinidad and a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, entered the United States at Charlotte Amalie, in the United States Virgin Islands. It is unclear whether he entered with inspection. In April 1985, while Waldron was serving a prison sentence at the Fishkill Correctional Facility, the INS served him with an Order to Show Cause and Notice of Hearing, alleging that he had entered the United States without inspection, and charging him as deportable from the United States under § 241(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the "Act"), 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2) (1988). The INS subsequently lodged a Notice of Additional Charges of Deportability under § 241(a)(11) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(11) (1988), alleging that Waldron had been convicted twice of possession of marijuana.

Waldron's first deportation hearing was held on July 19, 1988, before an IJ. Waldron appeared pro se, although he was reminded at the start of the proceedings by the IJ of his right to be represented by counsel. Waldron testified that he was currently incarcerated for a weapons possession conviction. He offered various reasons why he should not be deported and asked the IJ to allow him to remain in the United States because he had family in this country. Counsel for the INS then read into the record Waldron's criminal record. In an oral decision, the IJ determined that Waldron was deportable. The IJ also determined that, due to Waldron's criminal convictions, he was ineligible for any relief under the Act, specifically, suspension of deportation and registry, because he was unable to demonstrate "good moral character," as required by § 244 and § 249, respectively.

Waldron, proceeding pro se, appealed from the IJ's decision to the BIA, arguing that he had not been afforded a fair hearing. On October 16, 1990, the BIA issued its decision stating that, since it was unable to determine from the record when the additional written factual allegations had been served on Waldron and whether he was advised, at that time, of his right to counsel, it could not ascertain if Waldron had made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to counsel and whether he should have been afforded additional time to meet the newly lodged factual allegations and charges. The BIA also noted that Waldron had not been given a proper opportunity to designate a country of deportation. Accordingly, further proceedings were ordered. In addition, the BIA directed that, in the event the decision on remand was adverse to Waldron, an appropriate order should be entered and the record certified to the BIA for review.

A second deportation hearing was held on January 31, 1991 at the Downstate Correctional Facility in Fishkill, New York, where Waldron was incarcerated. Once again, Waldron appeared pro se. He was served anew with the INS's Order to Show Cause and Notice of Additional Charges of Deportability, which lodged additional grounds of deportability against Waldron based upon his two marijuana convictions. Since Waldron indicated his desire to be represented by counsel, the hearing was adjourned to allow him the opportunity to obtain an attorney. The hearing resumed on March 14, 1991, but was again adjourned because Waldron had been unable to secure counsel.

Eventually, Waldron obtained legal representation and, on July 11, 1991, the hearing resumed. The INS did not pursue the charge that Waldron entered the country without inspection. Instead, the INS relied on Waldron's two marijuana convictions as the basis for deporting him. Waldron contested those convictions, at one point claiming that he could not recall whether he had been convicted, and at another point stating that he refused to "concede" the charges. The IJ, relying upon two court convictions in conjunction with Waldron's "rap sheet," determined that Waldron's deportability had been established under § 241(a)(11) of the Act. Waldron designated the United Kingdom as the country of deportation. Waldron then applied for a suspension of deportation, pursuant to § 244, registry, pursuant to § 249, and an adjustment of status, pursuant to § 245. However, because Waldron had been incarcerated continuously since April 1987 for criminal possession of a weapon, the IJ determined that Waldron was ineligible for registry and suspension of deportation relief because he was unable to demonstrate ten years of "good moral character." Moreover, according to the IJ, Waldron was ineligible to receive an adjustment in status because of his two marijuana convictions. Accordingly, Waldron was ordered deported from the United States.

Waldron, proceeding pro se, again appealed the IJ's decision to the BIA, this time alleging, inter alia, that the INS and the IJ abused their discretion by not notifying him of his right to contact diplomatic officials of his native Trinidad and by failing to certify his case to the BIA as directed by the BIA in its October 16, 1990 decision. On January 14, 1992, the BIA issued its decision dismissing the appeal. The BIA rejected all the grounds asserted by Waldron. With respect to the alleged failure of the INS and the IJ to notify Waldron of his right to contact consular authorities, the BIA concluded that since Waldron had failed to demonstrate that the preparation of his defense to the deportation charges had been prejudiced, he was not entitled to any relief. The Board further noted, in a footnote, that the failure to certify the case to it, as ordered by its October 16, 1990 decision, was harmless error. Finally, the BIA agreed with the IJ's conclusion that Waldron was not entitled to any relief under the Act because his continuous incarceration rendered him unable to demonstrate the requisite "good moral character."

Waldron now petitions this Court to review the BIA's decision.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Waldron contends that a reversal of the BIA's decision is mandated under this Court's decision in Montilla v. INS, 926 F.2d 162 (2d Cir. 1991), because the INS failed to follow its own regulations. The INS contends that a new hearing is not warranted because neither of the INS regulations in question, namely, 8 C.F.R. § 242.2(g), entitled "Privilege of communication," and 8 C.F.R. § 3.7, entitled "Notice of certification," apply to Waldron. In the alternative, the INS argues that Montilla is easily distinguishable from the facts herein, and that, based upon its interpretation of its holding, Montilla should be limited in its reach.

I. Application of Regulations to Waldron

Section 242.2(g) provides in pertinent part:

Every detained alien shall be notified that he may communicate with the consular or diplomatic officers of the country of his nationality in the United States. Existing treaties require immediate communication with appropriate consular or diplomatic officers whenever nationals of the following countries are detained in exclusion or expulsion proceedings, whether or not requested by the alien, and, in fact, even if the alien requests that no communication be undertaken in his behalf[.]

The INS contends that § 242.2(g) cannot be interpreted as affording aliens, detained by authorities other than the INS, the right to notification of the privilege to contact diplomatic consular officials. Since Waldron was serving a criminal sentence in the custody of New York State at the time of his deportation proceedings, he was not, according to the INS, in the INS's apprehension, custody or detention and therefore the INS was not obligated to notify Waldron of his right to contact consular or diplomatic authorities of his native Trinidad and Tobago. In support of this position, the INS relies on two cases, Severino v. Thornburgh, 778 F. Supp. 5 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) and Fernandez-Collado v. INS, 644 F. Supp. 741 (D.Conn. 1986), aff'd without opinion, 857 F.2d 1461 (2d Cir. 1987).

However, the INS's reliance on these cases is misplaced. In both Severino and Fernandez-Collado, the petitioners were incarcerated prisoners against whom detainers had been lodged by the INS, indicating that their convictions might subject them to deportation. Both petitioners sought writs of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to have the INS detainers removed. See Severino, 778 F. Supp. at 6; Fernandez-Collado, 644 F. Supp. at 742. Both courts found that the mere lodging of a detainer did not vest the INS with the requisite physical custody necessary to grant the habeas corpus relief. Severino, 778 F. Supp. at 6; Fernandez-Collado, 644 F. Supp. at 743-44. As the district court in Fernandez-Collado noted, a detainer is "merely a method of advising the prison officials to notify the I.N.S. of the petitioner's [impending] release or transfer. . . . The detainer expresses only the intention of the [I.N.S.] to make a determination of deportability[,] if and when[,] the subject of the notice becomes available at a later time." 644 F. Supp. at 743 n. 1.

Similarly, in Campillo v. Sullivan, 853 F.2d 593 (8th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1082, 109 S.Ct. 2105, 104 L.Ed.2d 666 (1989), a prisoner against whom the INS had lodged a detainer sought habeas corpus relief to compel an immediate hearing and disposition of the deportation proceeding. The Eighth Circuit held that the "detainer . . . does not purport to effect [sic] Campillo's status as a sentenced federal offender, but merely notifies prison officials that a decision regarding his deportation will be made by the INS at some future date." Id. at 595. Accordingly, the lodging of a detainer with prison officials did not amount to a taking into custody, technical or otherwise, of the petitioner. Id. at 596; see also Roldan v. Racette, 984 F.2d 85, 87-88 (2d Cir. 1993) (collecting cases).

However, both Campillo and Fernandez-Collado explicitly drew a distinction from Chung Young Chew v. Boyd, 309 F.2d 857, 865 (9th Cir. 1962) and Slavik v. Miller, 89 F. Supp. 575, 576 (W.D.Pa.), aff'd, 184 F.2d 575 (3d Cir. 1950), cert. denied, 340 U.S. 955, 71 S.Ct. 566, 95 L.Ed. 688 (1951), two cases in which the INS was deemed to have "technical custody" over petitioners. See Campillo, 853 F.2d at 596; Fernandez-Collado, 644 F. Supp. at 743. What sets Campillo, Severino and Fernandez-Collado apart from Chung Young Chew and Slavik is that, in the former cases, although the INS lodged detainers against the respective prisoners, it had not commenced deportation proceedings. In sharp contrast, in Chung Young Chew and Slavik, the INS issued warrants for the arrest of the prisoners (which was a jurisdictional prerequisite to deportation proceedings at the times involved in these cases, see Johns v. Department of Justice, 653 F.2d 884, 889 n. 7 (5th Cir. 1981)), held deportation proceedings and made determinations of deportability, and filed detainers that, in contrast to detainers under current practice, required the deportees to be turned over to INS custody for deportation — all while the petitioners were incarcerated by an authority other than the INS. See Chung Young Chew, 309 F.2d at 859; Slavik, 89 F. Supp. at 576.

Herein, by relying on Severino and Fernandez-Collado, the INS implicitly argues that Waldron was no more in the INS's custody than were the Severino and Fernandez-Collado petitioners. We find this position untenable. Clearly, the extent of the INS's custody over Waldron was greater than in cases where the INS merely files a detainer requesting that it be notified when the prisoner is about to be released. Had the INS taken physical custody of Waldron upon his release and held deportation proceedings, he undeniably would have been a detained alien and his right to be informed of the privilege to consult with the consular authorities of his country would have been triggered. We see no reason why the INS should be able to circumvent Waldron's rights simply by holding deportation proceedings in the state prison where he is incarcerated and claiming that he is not in INS custody. Waldron's need to know of his right to seek assistance from the consular authorities of his country before being deported does not vary according to the authority that detains him at the time deportation proceedings are held. We therefore hold that whenever a deportation proceeding is held with respect to an incarcerated individual, he will be deemed to be a detained alien for purposes of § 242.2(g). Waldron therefore clearly falls within § 242.2(g).

Also at issue in this case is 8 C.F.R. § 3.7, which provides in pertinent part:

Whenever in accordance with the provisions of § 3.1(c), a case is required to be certified to the Board, the alien or other party affected shall be given notice of certification. A case shall be certified only after an initial decision has been made and before an appeal has been taken. If it is known at the time the initial decision is made that the case will be certified, the notice of certification shall be included in such decision and no further notice of certification shall be required. . . . [T]he notice shall inform the party affected that the case is required to be certified to the Board and that he or she has the right to make representation before the Board, including the making of a request for oral argument and the submission of a brief. . . . The case shall be certified and forwarded to the Board by the Service office or Office of the Immigration Judge having administrative jurisdiction over the case upon receipt of the brief, or upon the expiration of the time within which the brief may be submitted, or upon receipt of a written waiver of the right to submit a brief.

Section 3.1(c) provides that "[t]he Commissioner, or any other duly authorized officer of the Service, any Immigration Judge, or the Board may . . . require certification . . . to the Board [of cases arising under the Board's appellate jurisdiction]."

The INS argues that Waldron's claim under § 3.7 is without merit because that provision only applies to cases in which no appeal has been taken and the time specified for filing a notice of appeal has expired. Since Waldron timely appealed from the IJ's second decision to the BIA, the INS argues that § 3.7 does not apply to him.

We think the INS views § 3.7 too narrowly. Section 3.7, in conjunction with § 3.1(c), permits the BIA to reach a meritorious question presented by an untimely or otherwise questionable appeal by taking the case by certification. See Garcia v. Boldin, 691 F.2d 1172, 1181 n. 17 (5th Cir. 1982). By its very terms, though, § 3.7 also applies to cases in which it is known, at the time an initial decision is made by an IJ, that the case is to be certified. Such was the case herein. In its October 16, 1990 decision, the BIA directed that "[s]hould a decision on remand be adverse to [Waldron], an appropriate order shall be entered and the record shall be certified to us for review." There can be no doubt that the decision on remand was adverse to Waldron as he was ordered deported and was denied any relief from the deportation order. Therefore, as quoted above, § 3.7's provision that "[i]f it is known at the time the initial decision is made that the case will be certified [to the BIA for review], the notice of certification shall be included in such decision . . ." became applicable to Waldron. The mere fact that, after the decision was delivered without the notice of certification, Waldron salvaged the situation and filed a timely appeal did not lessen the applicability of § 3.7 to Waldron.

Accordingly, we now turn to the underlying merits of Waldron's claims.

II. The Montilla Precedent

The INS argues that even if § 242.2(g) and § 3.7 apply to Waldron, and even if the IJ failed to comply with these regulations, in order to obtain relief, Waldron should be required to demonstrate prejudice from the agency's lack of compliance. In Montilla v. INS, we rejected the "prejudice" standard where the INS failed to adhere to its own regulations regarding an alien's right to counsel in a deportation hearing and held that the alien was not required to show prejudice in that circumstance to obtain relief. Montilla, 926 F.2d at 169. Montilla focused its analysis on the issue of the degree of compliance required by an IJ "with INS regulations designed to safeguard an alien's right to counsel, even when those regulations may be more stringent than required by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment." Montilla, 926 F.2d at 163-64. Specifically, the INS argues that Montilla "sets forth a broad rule requiring remand whenever any regulation 'for the benefit' of the alien is violated," citing Montilla, 926 F.2d at 169. Having interpreted Montilla thusly, the INS proceeds to urge us to limit Montilla because the panel "erroneously adopted an absolute 'no prejudice' standard."

The INS misconstrues the holding of Montilla. Montilla addresses itself to the INS's failure to adhere to its own regulations concerning an alien's right to counsel, which, as even the INS recognizes, is a "fundamental right derived from the Sixth Amendment right to counsel in criminal cases and the Fifth Amendment right to due process in civil cases, and enshrined in section 292 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1362." As the Supreme Court has stated, "[a] court's duty to enforce an agency regulation is most evident when compliance with the regulation is mandated by the Constitution or federal law." United States v. Caceres, 440 U.S. 741, 749, 99 S.Ct. 1465, 1470, 59 L.Ed.2d 733 (1979). Montilla's holding is limited to its express terms and it may not be interpreted as suggesting an "absolute 'no prejudice' standard" whenever a challenged regulation is for the benefit of an alien. Any such interpretation is unwarranted given the limited holding in Montilla.

We agree with the INS that the instant case is distinguishable from Montilla in that the privilege of communication with consular officials, and the certification of one's case to the BIA for review are not fundamental rights derived from the Constitution or federal statutes, such as the right to counsel, but are merely provisions created by agency regulations. The INS urges this Court to adopt the standard set forth by the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Calderon-Medina, 591 F.2d 529 (9th Cir. 1979). Under Calderon-Medina, a "[v]iolation of a regulation renders a deportation unlawful only if the violation prejudiced interests of the alien which were protected by the regulation." 591 F.2d at 531. Calderon-Medina addressed the deprivation of rights created by agency regulations rather than fundamental rights derived from the Constitution or a federal statute. Id. at 530. The Calderon-Medina court, in fact, addressed a predecessor of one of the regulations at issue herein, and determined that the INS's failure to follow its own regulations did not invalidate a deportation proceeding without a showing that the violation potentially affected the outcome of the proceeding. Id. at 532. We, however, decline to adopt the Calderon-Medina approach, which requires a demonstration of prejudice irrespective of whether the subject regulation was designed to protect a fundamental right derived from the Constitution or a federal statute.

We believe that the reasons articulated by the Montilla Court for adopting a "no prejudice" standard are particularly important where fundamental rights derived from the Constitution or federal statutes are implicated, such as the right to counsel. See Montilla, 926 F.2d at 169. However, we believe that, when there is a regulation which relates to less fundamental, agency-created rights and privileges, the wholesale remand of cases, where no prejudice has been shown to result from the INS's failure to strictly adhere to its regulations, would place an unwarranted and potentially unworkable burden on the agency's adjudication of immigration cases. As we noted in Economic Opportunity Comm'n, Inc. v. Weinberger, "an administrative agency is not a slave of its rules." 524 F.2d 393, 400 (2d Cir. 1975) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude, therefore, that when a regulation is promulgated to protect a fundamental right derived from the Constitution or a federal statute, and the INS fails to adhere to it, the challenged deportation proceeding is invalid and a remand to the agency is required. This may well be so even when the regulation requires more than would the specific provision of the Constitution or statute that is the source of the right. See Montilla, 926 F.2d at 167 (citing Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 235, 94 S.Ct. 1055, 1074, 39 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974)). On the other hand, where an INS regulation does not affect fundamental rights derived from the Constitution or a federal statute, we believe it is best to invalidate a challenged proceeding only upon a showing of prejudice to the rights sought to be protected by the subject regulation.

Applying the standard we have just articulated to this case, we conclude that neither § 242.2(g) nor § 3.7 are regulations which implicate fundamental rights with constitutional or federal statutory origins, as was the case in Montilla. Section 242.2(g) was adopted to ensure compliance with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (the "Convention"). See Calderon-Medina, 591 F.2d at 531 n. 6. Article 36 of the Convention provides, inter alia, that aliens shall have the freedom to communicate with consular authorities of their native country. See 115 Cong.Rec. 30,945, 30,948 (1969). Although compliance with our treaty obligations clearly is required, we decline to equate such a provision with fundamental rights, such as the right to counsel, which traces its origins to concepts of due process. Similarly, § 3.7 primarily addresses the procedure for notifying an alien that the case is being certified to the BIA. See 8 C.F.R. § 3.7. This regulation is likewise not grounded in any underlying fundamental constitutional or statutory right.

With respect to the issue of prejudice, Waldron has neither claimed nor demonstrated that the INS's failure to notify him of the privilege to communicate with consular authorities prejudiced him in his preparation of a defense to the deportation charges. Similarly, the IJ's failure to include a notice of certification in the July 11, 1991 decision, as required by § 3.7, was hardly prejudicial since Waldron actually did take an appeal from that decision. Moreover, the INS has convincingly demonstrated that Waldron is ineligible for relief from deportation and that a remand of this case to the BIA to correct technical errors that did not affect either the outcome or the overall fairness of the proceeding is not indicated, and would be an inappropriate use of limited agency resources.

CONCLUSION

The petition for review is granted and the decision of the BIA is affirmed.