OPINION OF THE COURT BY EDDINS, J.

Shawn A. Luiz, Honolulu, for petitioner

Richard B. Rost, for respondent

McKENNA, WILSON, AND EDDINS, JJ., WITH WILSON, J., ALSO CONCURRING SEPARATELY, AND RECKTENWALD, C.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART, WITH WHOM NAKAYAMA, J., JOINS

OPINION OF THE COURT BY EDDINS, J.

Theo Pedro ("Pedro") pleaded no contest to four counts of sexual assault in the second degree. Before sentencing, Pedro moved to withdraw his pleas. He said he was innocent. He wanted a trial. The Circuit Court of the Second Circuit (the "circuit court," "trial court," or "court") denied Pedro's motion. The Intermediate Court of Appeals (the "ICA") affirmed the circuit court's decision and we granted Pedro's application for certiorari.

Consistent with our "liberal approach" to deciding motions for plea withdrawal before sentencing, see State v. Jim, 58 Haw. 574, 576, 574 P.2d 521, 522-23 (1978), we conclude that Pedro presented a "fair and just reason" for the withdrawal of his pleas. The trial court erred in denying Pedro's motion. Accordingly, we vacate the Judgment of Conviction and Sentence and remand this case to the circuit court.

I. BACKGROUND

A June 2018 indictment charged Pedro with four counts of sexual assault in the first degree, attempted sexual assault in the first degree, sexual assault in the fourth degree, and kidnapping. Count 1 alleged:

That on or about the 24th day of June, 2018, in the County of Maui, State of Hawai‘i, THEO PEDRO did knowingly subject another person to an act of sexual penetration by strong compulsion, to wit, by placing his finger into her genital opening, thereby committing the offense of Sexual

Assault in the First Degree in violation of Section 707-730(1)(a) of the Hawai‘i Revised Statutes.

The Family Court of the Second Circuit arraigned Pedro on July 2, 2018. Pedro appeared in custody with a deputy public defender and court-appointed Marshallese interpreter. He said he spoke some English and had been in the United States since 2013. Pedro's attorney waived reading of the indictment and entered not guilty pleas for Pedro. The court scheduled a September trial.

Defense counsel twice orally moved to continue the trial. The court scheduled a February 25, 2019 trial. Then the defense moved to compel discovery, seeking information purportedly "material to the preparation of the defense" from the Maui Police Department, the Children's Justice Center, and the Maui Department of the Prosecuting Attorney.

At the January 7, 2019 hearing on the motion to compel discovery, Pedro's counsel announced that the parties had reached a plea agreement: Pedro would plead no contest to amended charges of sexual assault in the second degree in counts 1-4 and the State would dismiss counts 5-7 (attempted sexual assault in the first degree, kidnapping, and sexual assault in the fourth degree). The plea agreement's sentencing disposition permitted the State to argue for, at most, concurrent ten-year terms of imprisonment. Pedro could argue for probation. The trial court was not bound to follow the plea agreement. It could ignore its terms.

Pedro's decision to accept the plea agreement was unexpected, anticipated by neither defense counsel, nor the prosecutor, nor the court before January 7, 2019. Completion and review of "Form K," the Hawai‘i Rules of Penal Procedure ("HRPP") standard change of plea document, happened shortly before Pedro entered the courtroom. Defense counsel represented that, with the interpreter's assistance, he and Pedro had reviewed the form, and a September 21, 2018 letter from the deputy prosecuting attorney detailing the proposed plea agreement. Pedro had signed the form.

In court, defense counsel recited the plea agreement's terms. The court asked Pedro whether he understood the terms. Pedro replied, "Yes, your Honor." The court advised: "Now, you have an interpreter with you here. If you don't understand what I'm saying, and you wish to respond, you may do so in English. If you need the assistance of the interpreter, she's there to help you as well." A plea colloquy ensued. Pedro addressed the court both in English and in Marshallese through the interpreter. Pedro stated he was 33 years old and attended school "up until the ninth grade." He felt clear minded.

The trial court's plea colloquy entailed reading each paragraph of Form K, the change of plea document, and asking Pedro whether the statement was true.

The Court: Two says, I have received a written copy of the original charges in this case. The charges have been explained to me. I understand the original charges against me. Is that true?

The Defendant: Yes, sir.

The Court: I told my lawyer all of the facts I know about the case. My lawyer explained the government's evidence against me, my possible defenses, and the facts which the government must prove in order to convict me. Is that all true?

The Defendant: Yes, your Honor.

The Court: Item three reads, I understand the reduced charges of sexual assault in the second degree in counts one through four with which the government has agreed to charge me, instead of the original charges of sexual assault in the first degree. Is that true?

The Defendant: Right, your Honor.

The Court: Are you saying correct, I couldn't hear what you said.

The Defendant: Yeah. Yes. Yes, your Honor.

The court continued reciting the plea form's numbered paragraphs. It asked Pedro to confirm his agreement with the form's statements. Pedro responded to each question with "Yes, your Honor" or a slight variation.

The court reviewed the plea agreement's terms with Pedro. Pedro said he understood the agreement. Paragraph 8 of the change of plea form advised: "I know that the court is not required to follow any deal or agreement between the Government and me." The court made a sentencing inclination. It told Pedro, "if the Court were to grant prison or, um, order prison, that the Court would not exceed the State's recommendation with concurrent sentencing."

Before asking for Pedro's plea, the court summarized paragraph 11 of the change of plea form: "I'm signing this no contest plea form after I have gone over all of it with my lawyer, and while I will not be permitted to withdraw my plea, I am signing this form in the presence of my lawyer. I have no complaints about my lawyer. I am satisfied with what he has done for me." The court asked Pedro whether these statements were true. Pedro replied: "Yes, your Honor."

Pedro then entered no contest pleas to sexual assault in the second degree in counts 1-4. Defense counsel stipulated "for purposes of the no contest plea and the no contest plea alone" to a factual basis supporting Pedro's pleas.

The court accepted Pedro's pleas. It concluded Pedro voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently entered his pleas. Pedro signed the plea form, acknowledging "the Judge questioned me personally in open court to make sure that I knew what I was doing in pleading guilty or no contest and understood this form before I signed it." The court found Pedro guilty of four counts of sexual assault in the second degree.

On March 3, 2019, defense counsel filed a Notice of Disclosure of Discovery Materials. The Notice informed the State that counsel intended to share discovery materials with Pedro under HRPP Rule 16(e)(3). That rule states that an:

attorney may provide the defendant with a copy of any discovery material obtained if

the attorney notifies the prosecutor in writing and files a copy of such intention with the court, and the prosecutor does not file a motion for protective order within 10 days of the receipt of the notice.

The court filed a stipulation and order regarding custody of discovery on March 14, 2019. The record does not indicate when defense counsel told Pedro of his right under HRPP Rule 16(e)(3) to possess the investigative reports in his case. The record also reveals neither when Pedro requested his discovery materials from defense counsel, nor when defense counsel provided Pedro the materials.

Also on March 14, 2019, defense counsel moved to withdraw as counsel. A two-paragraph declaration of counsel was all that supported the motion:

1. I represent Defendant, Theo Pedro, in the above entitled case. Mr. Pedro does not wish to have the Office of the Public Defender to represent him in this case and wishes to have a new attorney represent him.

2. Counsel must withdraw from representation when discharged by the client. Hawai‘i Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.16(a)(3).

The circuit court scheduled the hearing on the motion to withdraw as counsel on Pedro's sentencing date, March 29, 2019. A presentence report was filed March 21, 2019. On March 29 the court continued the hearing on the motion to withdraw as counsel.

On April 4, 2019, respective counsel and Pedro appeared, along with a court interpreter. Defense counsel revealed he had "another conversation" with Pedro "about his options and what he wishes to do." Defense counsel then disclosed the basis for his motion to withdraw as Pedro's counsel: Pedro wanted new counsel appointed to assist him with withdrawal of his pleas. Counsel stated that it was his "understanding that [Pedro] seeks to withdraw his no contest plea." Counsel continued: "given what was discussed, I would ask that the pending motion to withdraw as counsel be granted and that a substitute counsel can be appointed."

The trial court confirmed Pedro's desire to start the case "all over again" with new counsel. It asked him why he wanted new counsel. Pedro explained through the interpreter: "[M]y question is to have a new person come help me because I only worked a little bit of time with this lawyer." He told the court he needed a new lawyer to "[e]xplain to me and help me with this case" and "[e]xplain to me about everything because I did not understand."

The court granted the motion to withdraw as counsel. The written order stated Pedro "has or had a conflict with The Office of the Public Defender." The court asked an attorney in the courtroom to represent Pedro. The attorney accepted the appointment. The court continued sentencing to May 10, 2019.

On May 3, 2019, Pedro's new attorney moved to withdraw Pedro's no contest pleas. Counsel declared that Pedro "adamantly" maintained his innocence and wanted a trial. Counsel wrote that Pedro "did not fully understand his options at trial" and that prior counsel "did not fully explain his options in regard to a trial," had "only seen him in person briefly," and pressured him into changing his pleas by "insist[ing] that Defendant's only option was to accept the plea offer from the State."

The State opposed the motion. It cited State v. Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i 32, 37, 897 P.2d 959, 964 (1995), for the proposition that there are "two fundamental bases of demonstrating ‘fair and just reasons’ for granting withdrawal of a plea: (1) the defendant did not knowingly, intelligently or voluntarily waive his or her rights; or (2) changed circumstances or new information justify withdrawal of the plea."

Referencing the court's plea colloquy and the signed change of plea form, the State argued Pedro entered his pleas intelligently, voluntarily, and knowingly. The State supported this claim by pointing to the fact that an interpreter was present both when Pedro reviewed the form with his lawyer and during the court's colloquy. The State also argued that there were no changed circumstances justifying the withdrawal of Pedro's pleas.

In Gomes, we held that a court abuses its discretion by denying a defendant's pre-sentence request for plea withdrawal where:

(1) the defendant has never expressly admitted guilt; (2) the defendant advances a claim of new information or changed circumstances with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate the defendant; (3) there has been no undue delay in moving to withdraw the plea; and (4) the prosecution has not otherwise met its burden of establishing that it relied on the plea to its substantial prejudice.

Id. at 39, 897 P.2d at 966. The State used the four-part test we introduced in Gomes (the " Gomes test") to argue that Pedro was not entitled to withdraw his plea because he had not satisfied all four of these criteria. Addressing the Gomes test's second factor, the State argued: "Defendant has neither advanced a claim of new information nor changed circumstances. Furthermore, Defendant has failed to supply the requisite factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror would exculpate the defendant." Regarding the fourth Gomes test factor, the State claimed the plea withdrawal would prejudice it because it had:

learned there has been significant familial and cultural pressure put on [the complaining witness] and her family not to cooperate with this prosecution and blame her for the Defendant's actions during the time between Defendant's change of plea date and the March 29, 2019, sentencing date, when these claims began.

The motion to withdraw plea hearing happened on May 10, 2019. Defense counsel characterized Pedro's no contest pleas as a "sudden change of heart" and "kind of a surprise to everyone." He shared that Pedro had continually insisted, "I am not guilty." Counsel stated: "He wants a trial now. He wants a trial. He wants the State to prove each and every element of the charge. These are all just the most fundamental constitutional rights. This is what is at stake today for him."

The State referred the court to its memorandum discussing Gomes. Regarding the "substantial prejudice" it faced if Pedro withdrew his plea, the State mentioned without attribution:

I found out this morning, just this morning outside the courtroom, that the victim's mother is sick with cancer and she is returning to the Marshall Islands to be with her. And there is no indication that, um, when she is – is going back. That is not pressure. But it is prejudice.

The State also represented that the complaining witness faced "an extreme" amount of pressure. The deputy prosecuting attorney explained, "[y]es, there's always a cultural influence, but she had been willing to go a certain way. Now, it is completely ... different." The State asserted that Pedro knew of the shift in the complaining witness's willingness to testify and was "trying to withdraw this plea for the pure fact that he knows I do not have the victim at this time."

The trial court stated it had "meticulously" reviewed the change of plea form with Pedro. It concluded Pedro entered his pleas knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

The court then considered whether changed circumstances or new information justified withdrawal of Pedro's pleas. It reasoned:

the State [is] now asserting that someone has pressured the complaining witness to not cooperate, to not take part. That's not the change in circumstance that Gomes – State versus Gomes talked about. The change in circumstance in State versus Gomes was somebody else coming forward and taking responsibility for the crime. ... But that's not the case we have. We don't have a change in circumstance. We don't have a new thing. What we have, if the ... Court believes the State's argument is an uncooperating family pressure situation on the complaining witness. And the defendant sees that as his opportunity. ... He's thinking, I can get better than that deal, because they don't have the witness now.

The court also found that "[o]nly after the presentence investigation was received did this motion ... arise. ... The withdrawal came about at sentencing. That is undue delay." The court remarked: "He waited till sentencing after he reviewed the presentence investigation and then said, [‘]I changed my mind, I changed my mind.[’]" Finally, the court agreed with the prosecution that "there will be substantial prejudice to the State if the defendant is allowed to withdraw his plea, if their witness is no longer available."

The trial court denied Pedro's motion to withdraw his pleas. It then asked the parties whether they wanted the sentencing hearing to begin. The prosecution did. The defense did not. The court continued sentencing to May 14, 2019.

At the start of Pedro's sentencing hearing, defense counsel alerted the court to "possibly exculpatory evidence." Counsel disclosed he had received information "yesterday" about the complainant recanting. The defense called Pedro's mother, Joanne Pedro, to testify. Joanne Pedro testified she did not know the complainant, but that on May 11, 2019, her cousin Bonet told her that she had heard secondhand, from someone named Marilyn, that the complainant had said Pedro "didn't have anything to do with it, with the accusation – allegation." Joanne Pedro further testified that the complainant also told Marilyn "it was not her [the complainant's] doing" and "it wasn't her ... that made up the story."

The deputy prosecuting attorney disputed Joanne Pedro's testimony. She said the complainant had never recanted:

Not once ... has she ever changed her – changed her statement to me or any law enforcement or to anybody. If it is to family, it's because of – of pressure and not what she – I've – I've questioned her numerous times. What she said happened happened. There has never been a recantation in this case.

After the testimony, the defense counsel moved to continue the hearing. The court rejected the request; it observed that even if Joanne Pedro's testimony had been presented at the hearing on Pedro's motion for plea withdrawal, it "would not have made any difference;" the court still would not have allowed Pedro to withdraw his pleas.

Sentencing occurred. During his pre-sentence allocution, Pedro did not discuss sentencing matters. Instead, Pedro voiced dissatisfaction with his first lawyer. He explained why he wanted to withdraw his pleas. He spoke in English to explain that subsequent to the entry of his pleas — after he received his discovery for the first time — he decided to withdraw his pleas:

Um, the reason why I did ask for, um a different lawyer, because like I said before, long time ago, I didn't believe that, um, my other lawyer was helping me. And I – I had hard time to figure out whether I want to take this to trial or because I never get my – my discovery yet. It was hard for me to decide because I don't know what was my charges. And after I went sign the deal, I just – that's when I, a day – couple days or weeks after, I got my discovery.

The court asked Pedro whether he wrote the letters it received from him in connection with his sentencing. Pedro stated he had. The letters advanced a consent defense to the charged crimes. The court told Pedro: "You didn't write about a burglary. You didn't write about a shoplift. You didn't write about a stolen car. You wrote about having consensual sex with a 17 year old. So you knew what the case was about; right?" Pedro answered, "Yeah, but I never really know what the whole—" before the court interjected, "What did you think this case was about?"

Pedro said he read the police reports after he pleaded no contest. "[A]fter I went sign the deal, that's when I just went – they just gave me one discovery." He said: "for a long time I never know what was discovery was. I – I – I was – everything that I just found out was learned from other inmates." He insisted: "I – I wanted to go to trial right after I got my discovery. That's why. Because I found some false story on that."

The court asked Pedro if there was anything else he wanted to say before sentencing. There was not. The court sentenced Pedro to concurrent ten-year terms of imprisonment.

The court entered its findings of fact ("FOFs") and conclusions of law ("COLs") in June 2019. In denying Pedro's motion to withdraw his plea, the court found that Pedro entered his pleas voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently (FOF 2) and understood all the proceedings (FOFs 4, 5). It further found that "[t]here was undue delay in the fact that Defendant waited until sentencing to request that his attorney be removed from his case" (FOF 6), that "[t]here is no change of circumstance that would allow Defendant to withdraw his plea" (FOF 8), and that "the Defendant's motion to withdraw his plea, based on his counsel's understanding that the Complainant had recanted her allegations, lacks credibility and believability" (FOF 21).

Citing Jim, 58 Haw. at 576, 574 P.2d at 523, the court identified the "applicable standard" governing plea withdrawal before sentencing as "whether the ‘defendant presented fair and just reason for his request and the State has not relied to its substantial prejudice’ " (COL 3).

The trial court further concluded:

COL 4. There are two fundamental bases of demonstrating "fair and just reasons" for withdrawal of plea: (1) the defendant did not knowingly, intelligently, or voluntarily waive his or her rights; or (2) changed circumstances or new information justify withdrawal of the plea. State v. Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i 32, 37, 897 P.2d 959, 964 (1995) ; see Jim, supra.

COL 5. The defense has the burden to prove there is a "fair and just reason" for granting the withdrawal of his plea and he has not met that burden in this case.

COL 6. Defendant failed to establish that he did not waive his rights knowingly, intelligently, or voluntarily.

COL 7. Defendant did waive his rights, when he signed the no contest plea form and plead no contest, knowingly, intelligently, or voluntarily.

COL 8. A Change of Circumstance refers to a separate individual taking the blame for the crime the Defendant pled guilty or no contest to. There is no change of circumstance in this case.

COL 9. The Court does not find the Defendant's mother credible, as to the information put forth by Defense Counsel that the Complainant recanted the allegations against the Defendant.

COL 10. A recantation would entail the Complainant stating that this was not a sexual assault but, a consensual sexual encounter. The information provided was that someone, other than the Complainant, made the information about the Defendant and the Complainant up. That is not a recantation by the Complainant.

COL 11. Based on Defendant's own handwritten letters to the Court the sexual encounter occurred between him and the Complainant.

COL 12. There was no recantation, no change of circumstances, and nothing in the testimony of Defendant's mother that requires a delay in sentencing for further investigation by Defense Counsel.

COL 13. The State has relied upon the no contest plea to its substantial prejudice.

On appeal, Pedro argued the trial court abused its discretion by (1) denying his motion to withdraw his no contest pleas; and (2) sentencing him to a ten-year term of incarceration. Pedro's opening brief challenged FOFs 2, 4, 5 and 6; and COLs 12 and 13. He argued he was entitled to withdraw his pleas because "he did not understand his charges, he did not receive his copy of the discovery until post change of plea and there was an alleged complaining witness recantation that was not investigated." The State contested this argument.

In its Summary Disposition Order (SDO), the ICA evaluated Pedro's claims under each of the two " Gomes bases." See State v. Pedro, NO. CAAP-19-0000439, 2020 WL 4937997 (App. Aug. 24, 2020) ( SDO ); see also Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i at 37, 897 P.2d at 964 (identifying two "fundamental bases of demonstrating a ‘fair and just reason’ for the pre-sentence withdrawal of plea: (1) the defendant did not knowingly, intelligently or voluntarily waive his or her rights; or (2) changed circumstances or new information justify withdrawal of the plea."). After reviewing the record and highlighting the signed change of plea form and the court's colloquy with Pedro before accepting his pleas, the court ruled:

[W]e conclude that Pedro did not meet his burden of establishing a fair and just reason for withdrawal of his no contest plea under the first Gomes basis. We thus conclude that the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that Pedro failed to establish that he did not waive his rights knowingly, intelligently, or voluntarily when he entered his plea.

Pedro, SDO at 7.

Next, the ICA evaluated Pedro's contention that the discovery he received post-plea and the new information regarding the complainant's recantation were "fair and just" reasons for the withdrawal of his pleas. Like the trial court, the ICA rejected these arguments. It stated that in order for Pedro to satisfy the second prong of the Gomes test — "changed circumstances or new information" — Pedro would need to provide facts that if believed by a reasonable juror would exculpate him:

These contentions appear to raise a claim under the second Gomes basis – that there were changed circumstances or new information that justified withdrawal of Pedro's plea. To withdraw a plea on this basis, Pedro must, as an initial matter, ‘advance[ ] a claim of new information or changed circumstances with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate [him].[’] Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i at 39, 897 P.2d at 966.

Id. at 8.

The ICA explained that Pedro's arguments concerning his belated receipt of his discovery fell short since "absent any indication in the record of the nature of the later-acquired ‘discovery’ or the ‘false story’ that it allegedly contained, Pedro did not advance a claim of new information with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate him." Id. (emphasis added).

Pedro's claim that the "recantation" constituted "new information or changed circumstances" that entitled Pedro to withdraw his pleas was likewise rejected. After concluding that Pedro did not present new information or changed circumstances with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate the defendant, the ICA declined to address Pedro's alleged undue delay in moving to withdraw his pleas or the prosecution's purported reliance upon the pleas. The ICA concluded: "Pedro failed to present a plausible claim of new information or changed circumstances under Gomes, and the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Pedro's motion to withdraw his no contest plea on this basis. See [Gomes,] 79 Hawai‘i at 36, 897 P.2d at 963." Id. at 10 (footnote omitted).

Pedro's application for certiorari was accepted. He reasserts his claim that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to withdraw his no contest pleas. Pedro also argues that the ICA erred when it held that the court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing him.

II. DISCUSSION

HRPP Rule 32(d) governs plea withdrawals. It specifies that sentenced defendants who move for plea withdrawal within ten days after the imposition of sentence are entitled to withdraw guilty or no contest pleas to "correct manifest injustice." It also provides that at any later time, a defendant seeking to withdraw a plea may do so only by petition pursuant to HRPP Rule 40. But HRPP Rule 32(d) omits a standard controlling plea withdrawal before sentencing. We introduced such a standard in Jim, explaining that courts evaluating pre-sentence requests for plea withdrawals should take a "liberal approach" and grant them "if the defendant has presented a fair and just reason for [the] request and the State has not relied upon the guilty plea to its substantial prejudice." 58 Haw. at 576, 574 P.2d 521 at 522-23 (emphasis added). See also State v. Sanney, 141 Hawai‘i 14, 22, 404 P.3d 280, 288 (2017) (emphasizing that before sentencing and absent substantial prejudice to the prosecution, defendants may withdraw their plea and reclaim their constitutional rights for a "fair and just reason").

"The defendant has the burden of establishing plausible and legitimate grounds for the withdrawal." State v. Costa, 64 Haw. 564, 565, 644 P.2d 1329, 1331 (1982).

In Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i 32, 897 P.2d 959, we identified two "fundamental bases" of demonstrating a "fair and just reason" for the pre-sentence withdrawal of plea: (1) the defendant did not knowingly, intelligently or voluntarily waive his or her rights; or (2) changed circumstances or new information justify withdrawal of the plea." Id. at 37, 897 P.2d at 964.

The "fair and just reason" standard is more flexible and permissive than the "manifest injustice" standard governing post-sentencing plea withdrawals. This distinction is based on "sound policy" since "when a motion to withdraw a plea has been made prior to sentencing, as opposed to after sentencing, there is no opportunity for the defendant to test the severity of sentence before finally committing himself to a guilty plea." State v. Guity, 144 Hawai‘i 557, 562, 445 P.3d 138, 143 (2019) (cleaned up). Even more importantly, "[b]efore sentencing, the inconvenience to the court and prosecution resulting from a change of plea is ordinarily slight as compared with the public interest in protecting the right of the accused to trial by jury." Kadwell v. United States, 315 F.2d 667, 670 (9th Cir. 1963).

A criminal trial fully activates a defendant's rights to confront accusers, testify, or not testify, present a complete defense, and have the prosecution prove each element of the charged or included offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. With serious crimes, the right to a jury trial and unanimity attach. By pleading guilty or no contest, defendants renounce these core constitutional rights, forgo a public trial, and subject themselves to the government's punitive power. Given the significance of the constitutional rights waived by a guilty or no contest plea, the flexible and comparatively liberal approach we adopted in Jim favors allowing pre-sentence defendants to reclaim their constitutional rights and go to trial. See State v. Pokini, 55 Haw. 640, 656, 526 P.2d 94, 108 (1974) (noting that the right to trial by jury is "considered fundamental to our system of criminal justice.").

The trial court correctly identified Jim’s "fair and just reason" standard as the controlling law. But it misapplied that law in evaluating Pedro's motion for plea withdrawal. The trial court, and the ICA after it, considered whether Pedro's pleas were unknowing or involuntary and whether Pedro had presented new evidence or changed circumstances like those presented by the defendant in Gomes. After determining Pedro's pleas were knowing and voluntary, rejecting Joanne Pedro's testimony about the complainant's recantation as non-credible, and finding undue delay and prejudice to the prosecution, the trial court concluded its "fair and just reason" analysis and denied Pedro's request. It did not examine the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there was any fair and just reason for Pedro's plea withdrawal.

The trial court correctly concluded that Pedro's pleas were knowing and voluntary. And it did not err in finding that the "new evidence" Pedro presented did not justify allowing his pleas’ withdrawal. But these determinations should be the beginning, not the end, of the "fair and just reason" inquiry. Cf. Guity, 144 Hawai‘i at 561, 445 P.3d at 142 ("[i]t is true that the failure of a defendant to enter a guilty plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily will amount to a ‘fair and just reason’ to withdraw the plea. ... It does not follow, however, that the only permissible ‘fair and just reason’ to withdraw a plea is the defendant's failure to enter the plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily."). Here, the trial court misread Gomes and did not conduct the full "fair and just reason" inquiry required by Jim. As such, the trial court's denial of Pedro's motion was an abuse of discretion because it "disregarded rules or principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a party litigant." State v. Enos, 147 Hawai‘i 150, 159, 465 P.3d 597, 606 (2020) (quoting State v. Rapozo, 123 Hawai‘i 329, 336, 235 P.3d 325, 332 (2010) ). After reviewing the trial court and ICA's treatment of Pedro's plea withdrawal request, we clarify the scope of Gomes’ holding and introduce a five-factor test to prospectively guide courts’ consideration of whether there is a "fair and just reason" justifying plea withdrawal before sentencing.

A. The trial court correctly concluded Pedro's pleas were constitutionally valid

The circuit court and the ICA correctly concluded that Pedro entered his no contest pleas knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

A defendant's signature on Form K, the standard change of plea form, does not by itself render a plea constitutionally valid. See, e.g., State v. Krstoth, 138 Hawai‘i 268, 378 P.3d 984 (2016). But a signed Form K document does tend to show a plea was proper and its implications understood. Here, Pedro signed the change of plea form after reviewing it and the prosecution's plea agreement letter with his attorney and an interpreter. Defense counsel certified in Form K's "Certificate of Counsel" that he had explained and reviewed the entire change of plea form with Pedro.

On the record, the court confirmed Pedro's age, educational background, English language skills, and clear, sound mind. An interpreter was present. Pedro addressed the court both in English and through the interpreter. The court's plea colloquy systematically marched through each paragraph of Form K. Depending on the paragraph, the court asked Pedro whether the statement was true or whether he understood the constitutional rights he was waiving. Pedro acknowledged that the statements in the form were true. He also represented that he understood the constitutional rights he was waiving. Pedro responded, "Yes, your Honor" or some slight variation to each of the court's questions. The court also reviewed the plea agreement's terms with Pedro. Pedro said he understood the agreement and the consequences of his pleas.

After entering his pleas, Pedro signed the bottom of the plea form, acknowledging "the Judge questioned me personally in open court to make sure that I knew what I was doing in pleading guilty or no contest and understood this form before I signed it." The court accepted Pedro's pleas.

The record shows that the court engaged in a sufficient plea colloquy. Pedro's mind was clear. He directly responded to the court's questions. He understood his constitutional rights and waived them. The circuit court correctly concluded that Pedro entered his no contest pleas knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

B. Gomes and Jim allow for pre-sentence plea withdrawal for any fair and just reason

Underlying both the trial court's ruling and the ICA's SDO is a misapplication of our holding in State v. Gomes. In Gomes, we considered whether the trial court had abused its discretion by denying a defendant's motion to withdraw his plea after the emergence of exculpatory evidence. We held that a court abuses its discretion by denying a pre-sentence request for plea withdrawal where:

(1) the defendant has never expressly admitted guilt; (2) the defendant advances a claim of new information or changed circumstances with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate the defendant; (3) there has been no undue delay in moving to withdraw the plea; and (4) the prosecution has not otherwise met its burden of establishing that it relied on the plea to its substantial prejudice.

79 Hawai‘i at 39, 897 P.2d at 966.

The application of this four-part Gomes test is narrow. It establishes one set of circumstances in which a trial court must grant a pre-sentence motion for plea withdrawal based on new circumstances that if believed by a jury would exculpate the defendant. It does not provide any guidance for courts considering "new information or changed circumstances" that, though not exculpatory, may be a "fair and just reason" for plea withdrawal. The four factors outlined in Gomes impose a floor, not a curb, on trial courts’ discretion to grant a pre-sentence motion for plea withdrawal.

Some treatments of the Gomes test, however, have incorrectly framed it as circumscribing Jim’s fair and just reason standard such that each of the test's four factors is a hurdle to be cleared by defendants seeking plea withdrawal before sentencing. This approach is wrong. As Jim provided and our recent case law affirms:

When a motion to withdraw a plea is made prior to sentencing, a more liberal approach is to be taken, and the motion should be granted if [1] the defendant has presented a fair and just reason for [the] request and [2] the State has not relied upon the guilty plea to its substantial prejudice.

Guity, 144 Hawai‘i at 561, 445 P.3d at 142 (cleaned up). See also Sanney, 141 Hawai‘i at 23-24, 404 P.3d at 289-90 (noting that Hawai‘i has adopted standards consistent with the American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards Standard 14-2.1, which provides that defendants should be allowed to withdraw pleas before sentencing for "any fair and just reason").

Citing Gomes and borrowing language from the second prong of the Gomes test, the ICA held that Pedro had not established changed circumstances or new information entitling him to withdraw his pleas because he "did not advance a claim of new information with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate him." There are two problems with this reasoning. First, it distorts the significance of the second prong of the Gomes test. As discussed above, the Gomes test considers whether a trial court had abused its discretion by denying a defendant's pre-sentence motion for plea withdrawal. It is not a checklist of conditions defendants must meet before they are entitled to withdraw their plea. Second, under Jim, Pedro – like all defendants — is entitled to withdraw his plea before sentencing and reactivate the constitutional rights he waived upon a showing that the plea's withdrawal is justified by a fair and just reason. The ICA disregarded this principle when it affirmed the trial court on the grounds that Pedro was not entitled to withdraw his pleas because he did not advance a claim of new information or changed circumstances "with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate him."

The trial court's conclusion that "[a] Change of Circumstances refers to a separate individual taking the blame for the crime the Defendant pled guilty or no contest to. There is no change of circumstances in this case" (COL 8) is similarly problematic. This conclusion transforms the facts at issue in Gomes – which involved a "separate individual taking the blame for the crime the Defendant [Gomes] pled no contest to" – into a standard to be met by defendants seeking plea withdrawal before sentencing. Our holding in Gomes was intended to ensure that no defendant advancing a "claim of new information or changed circumstances with factual support that, if believed by a reasonable juror, would exculpate them" is denied the right to a trial. It did not recalibrate Jim’s fair and just reason standard in any way. The operative question for courts considering a defendant's HRPP Rule 32(d) request prior to sentencing is whether there is any fair and just reason for withdrawal, not whether the facts of a given case are similar to, or dissimilar from, those of Gomes.

The trial court did not err in concluding that the "possibly exculpatory evidence" Pedro produced — his mother's triple hearsay testimony about an alleged recantation by the complainant — did not constitute a "fair and just reason" for Pedro's plea withdrawal. But it did err by treating this conclusion as dispositive of whether there were any circumstances constituting a ‘fair and just’ reason for the pre-sentence withdrawal of Pedro's pleas. The absence of a "separate individual taking the blame for [the crimes Pedro pleaded to]" does not mean that there was no other "fair and just reason" justifying the withdrawal of Pedro's pleas. After discounting Joanne Pedro's testimony, the trial court should have examined the totality of the circumstances to determine whether there was any fair and just reason justifying Pedro's plea withdrawal.

C. A multi-factor test for evaluating "fair and just reasons"

Motions for plea withdrawal made before sentencing or within ten days after the imposition of sentence must be granted – regardless of prejudice to the prosecution – if plea withdrawal is necessary to correct manifest injustice. See HRPP Rule 32(d). But our case law addressing when changed circumstances constitute a fair and just reason for a plea withdrawal outside circumstances showing manifest injustice is thin. Almost all of our cases involving plea withdrawal have involved either constitutionally-deficient pleas or assertions of changed circumstances that are so manifestly unjust they would justify plea withdrawal before or after sentencing. See, e.g., State v. Merino, 81 Hawai‘i 198, 226, 915 P.2d 672, 700 (1996) (rejecting the defendant's claim that there was a "fair and just" reason for the withdrawal of his plea in case where plea was knowing and voluntary); State v. Kealoha, 142 Hawai‘i 46, 414 P.3d 98 (2018) (recognizing that manifest injustice occurs where a defendant makes a plea without knowledge of its direct consequences); Krstoth, 138 Hawai‘i at 276, 378 P.3d at 992 (2016) (concluding that defendant was entitled to withdraw guilty plea before sentencing where record did not establish plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary); Guity, 144 Hawai‘i at 563, 445 P.3d at 144 (2019) (holding plea agreement unenforceable because it was legally impossible for defendant to have committed one of the crimes); State v. Adams, 76 Hawai‘i 408, 414, 879 P.2d 513, 519 (1994) (explaining "where a defendant is denied due process because the prosecution violates a plea agreement, ‘there is ‘manifest injustice’ as a matter of law,’ and the defendant ‘is entitled to withdraw his guilty plea.’ ") (citation omitted); State v. Garcia, 135 Hawai‘i 361, 351 P.3d 588 (2015) (holding that prosecutor's pre-sentence breach of plea agreement constituted a fair and just reason for plea withdrawal).

These cases offer little guidance to courts considering whether, absent manifest injustice, there is a "fair and just reason" for plea withdrawal before sentencing. In order to prospectively facilitate this analysis, we introduce a five-factor test to guide trial courts in evaluating whether a fair and just reason supports a defendant's pre-sentence request for plea withdrawal. Courts evaluating an HRPP Rule 32(d) motion to withdraw a knowing and voluntary plea before sentencing should consider: (1) whether the defendant has asserted and maintained innocence; (2) the timing of the request for the plea withdrawal and the reasons for any delay; (3) the circumstances underlying the plea; (4) the defendant's nature and background; and (5) the potential prejudice to the prosecution caused by reliance on the plea.

The evidentiary record concerning Pedro's pleas and his motion for their withdrawal is fully developed. We are thus unpersuaded by the dissent's contention that the trial court is best positioned to apply our newly-introduced five-factor test to the facts of Pedro's case. Cf. Nishimura v. Gentry Homes, Ltd., 134 Hawai‘i 143, 338 P.3d 524 (2014) (adopting a "fundamental fairness" standard for resolving challenges to arbitrator selection provisions and applying it to the facts of the case before it); State v. Ontai, 84 Hawai‘i 56, 929 P.2d 69 (1996) (adopting new definition of the "enterprise" element of HRS § 842–1 and analyzing the facts of the case before it in light of the new definition).

D. Pedro presented a fair and just reason for the withdrawal of his pleas

Applying these five factors, we conclude that Pedro presented a "fair and just reason" for the withdrawal of his pleas.

1. Pedro asserts his innocence and has never admitted guilt

Our "liberal approach" to motions for plea withdrawal made before sentencing favors allowing plea withdrawal and the restoration of constitutional rights where a defendant has asserted innocence and has never admitted guilt. See State v. Smith, 61 Haw. 522, 523, 606 P.2d 86, 88 (1980) (reversing denial of HRPP Rule 32(d) motion where defendant had never "expressly admit[ted] that he committed the offenses charged in the indictment."); Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i at 38, 897 P.2d at 965 (reversing denial of HRPP Rule 32(d) motion where defendant "never explicitly admitted that he committed the crimes for which he was charged and convicted."). Though an assertion of innocence, standing alone, is not a "fair and just reason" for plea withdrawal, an assertion of innocence by a defendant who has never admitted guilt weighs strongly in favor of allowing plea withdrawal before sentencing.

Pedro pleaded no contest. He has never admitted guilt. Neither the plea agreement nor the change of plea form detailed a factual basis supporting his pleas. No "confession" appears on the record. Pedro did not, and was not required to, admit facts supporting the charges. See State v. De Guair, 108 Hawai‘i 179, 191, 118 P.3d 662, 674 (2005) (stating "there is no requirement that the court elicit a factual basis for a no contest plea.") (discussing State v. Merino, 81 Hawai‘i at 219, 915 P.2d at 693 (noting court is not required to make "such inquiry as shall satisfy it that there is a factual basis for the plea.")).

Pedro has asserted and maintained his innocence and has never admitted guilt. Though not dispositive, this factor weighs strongly in favor of allowing Pedro to withdraw his pleas.

2. There was no undue delay

The presence or absence of undue delay impacts a defendant's entitlement to pre-sentence plea withdrawal. See Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i at 39, 897 P.2d at 966 (including absence of undue delay as a factor in multi-part test for evaluating whether court must grant a pre-sentence motion for plea withdrawal); Cf. United States v. Barker, 514 F.2d 208, 222 (D.C. Cir. 1975) (noting "[a] swift change of heart is itself strong indication that the plea was entered in haste and confusion; furthermore, withdrawal shortly after the event will rarely prejudice the Government's legitimate interests."). The trial court faulted Pedro for the timing of his plea withdrawal request. It suggested Pedro's motion was a ploy, motivated by the contents of the presentence report. It stated: "Only after the presentence investigation was received did this motion ... arise. ... The withdrawal came about at sentencing. That is undue delay." The court continued: "[H]e waited till sentencing after he reviewed the presentence investigation and then said, [‘]I changed my mind, I changed my mind.[’]" The trial court concluded that there was an undue delay between Pedro's pleas and his request for their withdrawal.

Based on our review of the record, we conclude that Pedro did not unduly delay in requesting plea withdrawal. This is true for three reasons. First, the trial court advised Pedro during its plea colloquy that his plea was irreversible. Second, the court's speculation about Pedro's motivations for seeking to withdraw his pleas is unfounded. And third, Pedro's ability to explain the timing of his plea withdrawal request and the reasons for any delay was undermined by the court's failure to conduct a "penetrating and comprehensive inquiry" into the attorney-client relationship between Pedro and his lawyer after Pedro's counsel moved to withdraw. See State v. Harter, 134 Hawai‘i 308, 323, 340 P.3d 440, 455 (2014).

Paragraph 11 of Form K, the change of plea form Pedro signed, reads, in relevant part: "I know I will not be permitted to withdraw my plea." Immediately before taking Pedro's pleas, the court discussed paragraph 11 with Pedro. It told him the form said:

I'm signing this no contest plea form after I have gone over all of it with my lawyer, and while I will not be permitted to withdraw my plea, I am signing this form in the presence of my lawyer. I have no complaints about my lawyer. I am satisfied with what he has done for me.

The court asked Pedro whether these statements were true. Pedro said they were.

Given the language in the plea form, the trial court cannot be faulted for advising Pedro that he would not be "permitted to withdraw [his] plea." But Paragraph 11 of the plea form was misleading because Pedro could seek to withdraw his pleas under HRPP Rule 32(d). When Pedro tried to do just that, he was faulted for not acting faster. This is unfair given that Pedro was told during the plea colloquy that it would be impossible for him to withdraw his pleas.

Second, the trial court's speculation about the presentence report's role in motivating Pedro's request to withdraw his pleas is unfounded. The record shows neither when Pedro received the presentence report, nor when he reviewed it with counsel and an interpreter. The record also offers no indication of how Pedro felt about the report's contents. It does indicate, however, that Pedro's desire to withdraw his pleas predated the March 21, 2019 filing of the presentence report: Pedro's attorney moved to withdraw as counsel on March 14, 2019, one week before the presentence report was filed. At the April 4, 2019 hearing on that motion, Pedro's counsel represented that the reason he filed the motion to withdraw as counsel on March 14, 2019, was that Pedro wanted to withdraw his pleas. Pedro's counsel stated:

I just want to say on the record that, um, this morning with our interpreter today I had another conversation with Mr. Pedro about his options and what he wishes to do. Is my understanding that he seeks to withdraw his no contest plea. And given what was discussed, I would ask that the pending motion to withdraw as counsel be granted and that a substitute counsel can be appointed.

These statements undermine the trial court's theory about Pedro's inappropriate motives for seeking plea withdrawal. They suggest Pedro's desire to withdraw his pleas emerged at some point before the March 14, 2019 filing of the motion to withdraw as counsel.

Third and finally, the trial court's handling of the motion to withdraw as counsel likely compromised Pedro's ability to explain any "delay" in his request for plea withdrawal.

Withdrawal and substitution of counsel require "approval of the court." HRPP Rule 57 ; see also Hawai‘i Rules of Professional Conduct ("HRPC") Rule 1.16(c) ("A lawyer must comply with applicable law requiring notice to or permission of a tribunal when terminating a representation."). Defendants do not have an automatic right to discharge counsel. See State v. Torres, 54 Haw. 502, 504, 510 P.2d 494, 496 (1973) (advising that "there is no absolute right, constitutional or otherwise, for an indigent to have the court order a change in court-appointed counsel.").

Pedro's counsel's motion to withdraw was spare. It declared that Pedro "wishes to have a new attorney represent him" and that "[c]ounsel must withdraw from representation when discharged by the client. Hawai‘i Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.16(a)(3)." The motion was not supported by a declaration or any evidence or argumentation. ^, At the April 4, 2019 hearing on the motion to withdraw as counsel, Pedro's counsel stated that Pedro wanted to withdraw his pleas. He offered no other explanation for the motion to withdraw as counsel. The court did not inquire into the nature of the relationship between Pedro and his lawyer.

Instead, and despite counsel's representation that Pedro wanted to withdraw his pleas, the court asked Pedro: "Did you want your new attorney to come here and do your sentencing for you?" Pedro expressed a desire to have a new attorney represent him in a trial. Pedro explained through the interpreter: "[M]y question is to have a new person come help me because I only worked a little bit of time with this lawyer." He told the court he needed a new lawyer to "[e]xplain to me and help me with this case" and "[e]xplain to me about everything because I did not understand." When asked by the court whether he "want[ed] to start this whole case all over again[,]" Pedro replied, "Yes." Other than saying Pedro wanted to withdraw his pleas, defense counsel remained silent throughout the hearing.

The trial court granted the motion to withdraw as counsel. Its one sentence order granting the motion stated: "Defendant has or had a conflict with The Office of the Public Defender."

In Harter, we held that when an indigent defendant requests that appointed counsel be replaced, the "trial court has a duty to conduct a ‘penetrating and comprehensive examination’ of the defendant on the record, in order to ascertain the bases for the defendant's request." 134 Hawai‘i 308, 323, 340 P.3d 440, 455 (2014). This "penetrating and comprehensive" inquiry into the status and quality of the attorney-client relationship and the source and depth of the defendant's dissatisfaction is essential to safeguarding the defendant's constitutional rights. The trial court did not ask Pedro or his attorney a single "probing and specific question[ ]" about the status of their attorney-client relationship. See id. at 324, 340 P.3d at 456. It made no inquiries into the frequency, scope, and tenor of the attorney-client interactions or the role of Pedro's desire to withdraw his pleas in causing the conflict between lawyer and client.

A robust Harter inquiry would have afforded Pedro the opportunity to discuss his conflict with his attorney and explain its effect on his ability to quickly move for withdrawal of his pleas. Because the record does not contain an account of the conflict between Pedro and his attorney it is difficult to determine the extent to which that conflict was the root cause of Pedro's "delay" in requesting plea withdrawal. Given that Pedro is not responsible for this gap in the record, we recognize the reasonable possibility that the conflict between Pedro and his original counsel contributed to Pedro's "delay" in requesting withdrawal of his pleas.

Collectively, the incorrect information Pedro received about the impossibility of plea withdrawal, the lack of evidence that the timing of Pedro's request for plea withdrawal was motivated by dissatisfaction with the sentencing report, and the fact that Pedro's conflict with his counsel may have caused his "delay" in requesting withdrawal all weigh against finding that Pedro unduly delayed in requesting withdrawal of his pleas.

3. The circumstances underlying the pleas

Four features of the circumstances surrounding Pedro's pleas weigh in favor of allowing their withdrawal. First, Pedro's pleas were spur of the moment. On January 7, 2019, Pedro was in custody and transported to court for a motion to compel discovery hearing. Neither defense counsel, nor the prosecution, nor the court anticipated that Pedro would accept the plea agreement. Counsel prepared a change of plea form at court. He reviewed it with Pedro and the interpreter shortly before entering the courtroom. Later, at the hearing on Pedro's motion to withdraw his pleas, Pedro's counsel characterized the pleas as "a sudden change of heart" and "kind of a surprise to everyone." Pedro's haste in entering his pleas weighs in favor of allowing their withdrawal. Cf. United States v. Barker, 514 F.2d at 222 (affirming denial of motions to withdraw guilty pleas where the pleas "were not ill-considered or offered in haste."); State v. Dicks, 57 Haw. 46, 59, 549 P.2d 727, 736 (1976) (Kobayashi, J., dissenting) (observing " ‘[a] swift change of heart is itself a strong indication that the plea was entered in haste and confusion; furthermore, withdrawal shortly after the event will rarely prejudice the Government's legitimate interests.’ ") (quoting Barker, 514 F.2d at 222 ).

Second, Pedro's pleas were entered well in advance of trial. At the time Pedro pleaded no contest, the court had neither adjudicated any motions in limine nor empaneled jurors. No potential jurors had been summoned. Trial was not imminent. The judicial resources consumed by allowing Pedro to withdraw his pleas, reclaim his constitutional rights, and go to trial were near nil. The prosecution's argument that allowing the withdrawal of Pedro's pleas would undermine the efficient administration of justice is thus unconvincing.

Third, at the time he entered his pleas, Pedro did not possess the investigative reports detailing the evidence against him. Pedro had been imprisoned for more than eight months by the time defense counsel took steps to get Pedro the case's discovery materials. See supra Section I. The record reveals neither when Pedro first requested his discovery materials nor when he actually received the documents. But Pedro told the trial court that he did not receive his discovery materials until after he had pleaded no contest:

Um, the reason why I did ask for, um a different lawyer, because like I said before, long time ago, I didn't believe that, um, my other lawyer was helping me. And I – I had hard time to figure out whether I want to take this to trial or because I never get my – my discovery yet. It was hard for me to decide because I don't know what was my charges. And after I went sign the deal, I just – that's when I, a day – couple days or weeks after, I got my discovery.

He continued: "for a long time I never know what was discovery was. I – I – I was – everything that I just found out was learned from other inmates." He insisted: "I – I wanted to go to trial right after I got my discovery. That's why. Because I found some false story on that."

Pedro was not asked to discuss or clarify the "false story" he found in his discovery. But even so, Pedro's post-plea receipt of his discovery materials weighs in favor of allowing Pedro to withdraw his pleas since Pedro would have been better positioned to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of surrendering his constitutional rights by pleading no contest if he had possessed his discovery beforehand.

Fourth, by withdrawing his pleas, Pedro would lose the protections of his plea agreement, which capped his potential prison term at ten years and left open the possibility of probation. If convicted of his original charges at trial, Pedro faced life imprisonment with the possibility of parole. The difference between the maximum sentence Pedro was guaranteed under the plea agreement and the potential for life in prison he would face if he went to trial is significant: the fact that Pedro sought to unravel his plea agreement notwithstanding the severe potential consequences of doing so lends plausibility and legitimacy to his request for plea withdrawal and supports allowing it.

4. Pedro's background weighs in favor of allowing plea withdrawal

A youthful defendant, or a defendant with limited mental faculties, education, or English-language proficiency may be poorly equipped to thoughtfully consider a plea's implications. See Smith, 61 Haw. at 523, 606 P.2d at 88 (considering teenage defendant's youth and eighth-grade education in determining there was a fair and just reason for the withdrawal of his guilty plea); State v. Phua, 135 Hawai‘i 504, 513, 353 P.3d 1046, 1055 (2015) (explaining that a " ‘language barrier’ between the defendant and the court is a ‘salient fact’ that puts the trial court on notice that a defendant's waiver [of the right to counsel] may be ‘less than knowing and intelligent.’ ") (quoting State v. Gomez–Lobato, 130 Hawai‘i 465, 471, 312 P.3d 897, 903 (2013).

Pedro was 33 years old and attended school "up until the ninth grade." He had been in the United States since 2013. Pedro knew some English, but his first language was Marshallese.

During the plea colloquy, the court asked Pedro whether it was true that Pedro understood "the reduced charges of sexual assault in the second degree in counts one through four with which the government has agreed to charge me, instead of the original charges of sexual assault in the first degree." Pedro said "Yes." That was the extent of the discussion about the charges.

The legal terminology surrounding different sexual assault charges can be complex. Here, that complexity was exacerbated by the fact that the indictment — which charged Pedro with committing various sexual acts by "strong compulsion" and "compulsion" — did not define "strong compulsion" or "compulsion." Pedro's pleas were knowing and voluntary, but given his education and linguistic background, his ability to strategically evaluate the risks and disadvantages of waiving his constitutional rights – particularly given that the charges were complex and only cursorily discussed during the plea colloquy – was sub-optimal. This factor thus weighs in favor of allowing Pedro to withdraw his pleas.

5. The withdrawal of Pedro's pleas would cause only minor prejudice to the prosecution

In evaluating whether there is a "fair and just reason" for plea withdrawal, the court should "weigh any prejudice to the prosecution caused by reliance on the defendant's plea." Sanney, 141 Hawai‘i at 22, 404 P.3d at 288 (quoting The American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Standards Standard 14-2.1(a)). The approach we introduce here considers prejudice to the prosecution in determining whether a "fair and just reason" for withdrawal exists, rather than conducting a discrete prejudice inquiry only if the defendant has shown a fair and just reason for withdrawal. Contra Jim, 58 Haw. at 576, 574 P.2d at 522–23 . In some cases, even a showing of substantial prejudice to the prosecution may be outweighed by other factors strongly favoring withdrawal.

In the State's opposition to Pedro's motion for plea withdrawal and at the hearing on that motion, the deputy prosecuting attorney declared, based on a conversation with the complaining witness and her aunt and uncle, that there was "significant familial and cultural pressure put on [the complainant] and her family to not cooperate with this prosecution and blame her for the defendant's actions." At the hearing, the deputy prosecuting attorney also stated:

I found out this morning, just this morning outside the courtroom, that the victim's mother is sick with cancer and she is returning to the Marshall Islands to be with her. And there is no indication that, um, when she is – is going back. That is not pressure. But it is prejudice.

Four days later, at Pedro's May 14, 2019 sentencing hearing, the deputy prosecuting attorney emphasized that despite the "pressure" faced by the complaining witness, she had never recanted: "Not once ... has she ever changed her – changed her statement to me or any law enforcement or to anybody. ... What she said happened happened. There has never been a recantation in this case."

The "prejudice" shown by the prosecution is minimal and does not weigh strongly against allowing withdrawal of Pedro's pleas. This is true for three reasons.

First, uncooperative witnesses are an unexceptional feature of criminal cases; to the extent that the complaining witness was reluctant to testify, that reluctance may inconvenience the State, but it was not caused by Pedro's pleas. Cf. United States v. Greer, 956 F. Supp. 525, 529 (D. Vt. 1997) (holding that criminal defendant was not prejudiced by pre-indictment delay during which the State secured the cooperation of previously uncooperative witnesses because it was not shown "that the delay caused these individuals to cooperate.") (emphasis added).

Second, the mere possibility that the complainant may be unavailable at trial is speculative and insufficient to establish that plea withdrawal would prejudice the State. See Commonwealth v. Gordy, 73 A.3d 620, 628 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013) (reasoning that "[s]peculation about harm that might possibly arise does not establish prejudice so as to deny a pre-sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea."). Our opinion in Gomes is instructive. In Gomes, we held that, notwithstanding an affidavit from the prosecution stating that one of its witnesses had expressed a desire to move to an undetermined location, the State had not shown it would be substantially prejudiced by the withdrawal of Gomes’ plea. 79 Hawai‘i 32, 897 P.2d 959. The mere fact that "the passage of time might make it even more difficult for the prosecution to locate [a prosecution witness]" did not, we held, mean that Gomes was "required to forfeit his fundamental right to a jury trial." Id. at 40, 897 P.2d at 967.

Third and finally, the evidentiary support for the prosecution's claims concerning prejudice is relatively weak. There are no signed declarations from the complaining witness or her family members describing the "pressure" she faced, her reluctance to testify against Pedro, or her plans to move to the Marshall Islands. Cf. United States v. Yazzie, 998 F. Supp. 2d 1044, 1119-1120 (D.N.M. 2014) (finding that government would be prejudiced by plea withdrawal in case where there were affidavits from alleged victims indicating their desire to recant or change their testimony). The prosecution also declined to present in-court witness testimony.

The deputy prosecuting attorney did declare that there had been "significant familial and cultural pressure put on [the complainant] and her family to not cooperate with [the] prosecution." But that declaration was dated May 9, 2019, and five days after that, at the May 14, 2019 sentencing hearing, the deputy prosecuting attorney told the court that she had not spoken to the complaining witness in two months. Moreover, at the sentencing hearing, the deputy prosecuting attorney told the court that the complaining witness had never recanted her story or "changed her statement" to the deputy prosecutor.

For the foregoing reasons, the potential of prejudice to the prosecution weighs only slightly against allowing withdrawal of Pedro's pleas. As such, and given Pedro's assertion and maintenance of innocence, the timing and circumstances surrounding Pedro's pleas and their withdrawal, and Pedro's nature and background, we conclude that on balance there is a "fair and just reason" for the withdrawal of Pedro's pleas.

III. CONCLUSION

The constitutional right to a public trial activates other fundamental constitutional rights. Our liberal approach to pre-sentence requests for plea withdrawal favors allowing the restoration of these rights. Pre-sentence defendants are entitled to withdraw their pleas for any "fair and just reason."

The trial court disregarded this principle by denying Pedro's request to withdraw his pleas, reclaim his constitutional rights, and go to trial. This denial was an abuse of discretion. We vacate the ICA's September 28, 2020, Judgment on Appeal and the trial court's May 15, 2019 Judgment; Conviction and Sentence. The case is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

CONCURRING OPINION BY WILSON, J.

I join the Majority opinion but write to address the "fair and just" reason Pedro presented to continue the hearing on his motion to withdraw his plea based on the evidence of recantation he discovered after entering his plea, but before sentencing. The sworn testimony of his mother was that she received information that the complaining witness recanted. Specifically she received hearsay information that the complaining witness claimed, "it was not her doing" and that "it wasn't her ... who made up the story [about the accusation]." Pedro was thus seeking the opportunity to exonerate himself based on this newly discovered evidence that directly supported his defense.

To continue the hearing to withdraw his plea based on his intention to investigate the newly discovered--albeit hearsay--evidence was an eminently "fair and just" request the court was compelled to grant under the liberal standard for withdrawal mandated by HRPP Rule 32(d). As noted in our Majority opinion, "the trial court ... did not conduct the full ‘fair and just reason’ inquiry required by Jim." See State v. Jim, 58 Haw. 574, 576, 574 P.2d 521, 523 (1978). Respectfully, the trial court's denial of Pedro's request to continue the hearing on the motion to withdraw his plea was an abuse of discretion.

OPINION BY RECKTENWALD, C.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART, IN WHICH NAKAYAMA, J., JOINS I. INTRODUCTION

I agree with the majority that the test for withdrawing a plea set forth in State v. Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i 32, 37, 897 P.2d 959, 964 (1995), should be clarified, and I further concur with the majority's reformulation of the test.

However, I respectfully disagree with the majority's analysis of the prejudice caused to the State by allowing defendant Theo Pedro to withdraw his plea. The teenage complaining witness (CW) faced significant pressure from her family to recant after Pedro pleaded no contest to four counts of Sexual Assault in the Second Degree in violation of Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 707-731(1)(a). Indeed, the State attested that the CW would not cooperate with the prosecution or testify at trial if Pedro were allowed to withdraw his pleas. In my view, these circumstances constitute substantial prejudice to the State caused by the withdrawal of Pedro's plea that must be balanced against the reasons supporting withdrawal. I therefore respectfully dissent on that basis, and I would remand to the Family Court of the Second Circuit (family court) to apply the correct test to the circumstances of this case.

II. BACKGROUND

The allegations against Pedro are as follows.¹ On June 24, 2018, Pedro came home intoxicated, where the CW, a 17-year-old family member, was babysitting his children. Pedro sexually assaulted her. Pedro's partner returned home and heard the CW screaming. When the police arrived, they found the CW curled up under the passenger dashboard of a car, hysterical.

Pedro claimed that the encounter was consensual, and that he acted to get revenge on Pedro's partner, who had cheated on him.

When Pedro was arraigned on July 2, 2018 in family court, the court ordered that Pedro have "no contact, directly or indirectly through third parties" with the CW. Pedro pleaded no contest to four counts of Sexual Assault in the Second Degree on January 7, 2019. His counsel thereafter moved to withdraw, and the court granted the motion; at that hearing, on April 4, 2019, Pedro suggested to the court that he wished for new counsel to assist him in withdrawing his plea. At the end of the hearing, the State moved for the court to institute a no contact order prohibiting Pedro's family and friends from contacting the CW. The Deputy Prosecuting Attorney (DPA) stated:

I understand that the ... defendant is ... looking to withdraw his plea. And I would like to put on the record that from what I have been told ... it is very obvious that the defendant knows exactly what is going on and what he pled to by what he wrote in his motions.

What the State believes is going on is the family has gotten to the young victim in this case. They are pressuring her severely. Um, that she is responsible and causing shame to the family and she needs to not cooperate with the State. Um, that is why I believe this defendant would like to start all over.

The court again ordered Pedro not to have any contact with the CW and to advise his "family or friends who may have any contact with [the CW]" not to do so either.

On May 3, 2019, with the assistance of new counsel, Pedro moved to withdraw his plea. The motion alleged that Pedro "did not fully understand his options at trial," that his prior counsel failed to "fully explain [Pedro's] options in regard to a trial and pressured him into changing his plea," and that Pedro "is adamant that he is not guilty[.]"

The State opposed the motion, claiming, among other things, that it would be prejudiced by the withdrawal of the motion because since the plea, the CW had faced intense pressure from her and Pedro's family to recant and take the blame herself for the events of June 24, 2018. The State's memorandum in opposition to Pedro's motion to withdraw (to which the DPA attested in a declaration) stated:

The State has spoken with the victim and the victim's Aunt and Uncle and has learned there has been significant familial and cultural pressure put on her and her family to not cooperate with this prosecution and blame her for the Defendant's actions during the time between Defendant's change of plea date and the March 29, 2019, sentencing date, when these claims began. Defendant's request to withdraw his plea appears to have arisen after the change of plea date, and is the State's position, [sic] prompted by the fact that the victim would not cooperate or testify at trial should Defendant be allowed to withdraw his plea of no contest and proceed to trial.

The family court held a hearing on the motion in which the DPA argued that:

[the CW's willingness to testify] absolutely changed from the time ... I spoke with ... the victim and her aunt, who are ... the only two that I was able to speak to because the rest of the family was on his side in this ....

Family members that did not know had found out. There was an extreme ... amount of pressure. Yes, there's always a cultural influence, but she had been willing to go a certain way.

Now, it is completely ... different. ... And it is the State's position that this defendant absolutely knows that and doesn't just want to go to trial. He knows that, and is trying to withdraw this plea for the pure fact that he knows I do not have the victim at this time.

The family court denied the motion to withdraw, acknowledging that "someone has pressured the complaining witness to not cooperate[.]" As relevant here, the court "believe[d] the State's argument [that there] is an uncooperating family pressure situation on the complaining witness. And the defendant sees that as his opportunity." It concluded that "there will be substantial prejudice to the State if the defendant is allowed to withdraw his plea, if their witness is no longer available." Its findings of facts and conclusions of law (which also discussed the testimony about the alleged recantation adduced at sentencing) reflected that "[t]he State has relied upon the no contest plea to its substantial prejudice."

III. DISCUSSION

Initially, I agree with the majority that revisiting our test for withdrawal of a guilty or no contest plea is appropriate. Our precedent can reasonably be misunderstood to allow for the withdrawal of a plea only in the narrow circumstances addressed in Gomes. The majority appropriately clarifies that any "fair and just reason" can warrant the withdrawal of a plea. State v. Jim, 58 Haw. 574, 576, 574 P.2d 521, 523 (1978). The family court's order, therefore, rested on an inaccurate formulation of the law, and I would vacate it for that reason.

But in this case, the State attested that the CW faced intense pressure from her family to recant after Pedro's plea. I do not doubt that uncooperative witnesses are "unexceptional" in criminal cases, Majority at 149 Hawai‘i at 281, 488 P.3d at 1260, but there is wide consensus in other jurisdictions that when a witness becomes reluctant or uncooperative following the plea, the prosecution is prejudiced, and that prejudice weighs against granting a motion to withdraw the plea. For instance, in Griffin v. Commonwealth, 65 Va.App. 714, 780 S.E.2d 909 (2016), the three key Commonwealth witnesses "were no longer available or were uncooperative" at the time the defendant moved for withdrawal – the witnesses had been convicted, fled, or (as particularly relevant here) were "dissatisfied with the consideration the Commonwealth offered in exchange for [the] testimony." Id. at 911, 911 n.4. The Court of Appeals of Virginia concluded that, separate and apart from the defendant's stipulation that the Commonwealth would be prejudiced, "the record show[ed] that the Commonwealth would have suffered actual prejudice if forced to try the case. The three primary witnesses against [the defendant] were all unable or unwilling to testify by the time the trial court heard [the defendant's] motion to withdraw his pleas." Id. at 912. As another example, in Commonwealth v. Carr, 375 Pa.Super. 168, 543 A.2d 1232 (1988), the defendant pleaded nolo contendere to a crime involving sexual abuse of his young grandson, and the trial court denied his motion to withdraw his plea. Id. at 1233. The court concluded that the prosecution "would have been substantially prejudice[d]" because, in addition to the likelihood that the child's memory would have been "dulled,"

[w]hether intentional or not, the delays occasioned by the plea and subsequent motions for continuances by appellant resulted in a shift in family sympathies from the child victim to appellant. Though undoubtedly available in a technical sense, the reluctance of family members to testify in a way which would cause the incarceration of appellant is evident, and would have significantly impaired the prosecution of this case.

Id. at 1234 ; see also Commonwealth v. Davis, 191 A.3d 883, 891 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2018) (affirming the trial court's denial of a motion to withdraw plea where "[the now-convicted and sentenced co-defendant's] lack of motivation to cooperate with the prosecution would severely prejudice the Commonwealth if it sought to try Appellant"); United States v. Yazzie, 998 F. Supp. 2d 1044, 1119 (D.N.M. 2014) (holding that the United States would be prejudiced by the withdrawal of the defendant's guilty plea for sexual abuse of his two minor stepdaughters when, in the intervening time, the children had grown "more concerned about losing a member of their household and are rethinking their desire to testify against [the defendant]"); United States v. Bryant, 640 F.2d 170, 172 (8th Cir. 1981) (holding that the government would be prejudiced by the withdrawal of the plea when witnesses were incarcerated or were otherwise reluctant to testify because a witness had been shot during another defendant's trial for the same crime); United States v. Morrison, 967 F.2d 264, 269 (8th Cir. 1992) ("[Defendant] had waited until the eve of trial before pleading guilty, when it was obvious that [the CW] would carry through on her criminal complaint. The prosecutor's affidavit in opposition to the first motion to withdraw explained in great detail the trauma of preparing for trial for [the CW] and her family, and the difficulty of gathering witnesses for a trial of this sort. Withdrawal of the plea would obviously require the prosecution and its witnesses to endure this emotional process again.").

These cases are consistent with the broader principle that, in the context of withdrawing a plea, prejudice can stem from "the potential difficulty to the Government in securing evidence against the defendant that would have been easier to secure at an earlier moment in time." United States v. Lopez, 385 F.3d 245, 254 (2d Cir. 2004). In addition to situations in which witnesses become reluctant or uncooperative, courts have recognized that the prosecution would be substantially prejudiced when the memories of child witnesses would fade due to the delay, State v. Bollig, 232 Wis.2d 561, 605 N.W.2d 199, 208 (2000), a witness has died, State v. Rozell, 111 N.E.3d 861, 869 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018), or physical evidence has been discarded, United States v. Jerry, 487 F.2d 600, 611 (3d Cir. 1973). Indeed, "the term ‘prejudice’ means that, due to events occurring after the entry of the plea, the ... prosecution ... is in a worse position tha[n] it would have been had the trial taken place as originally scheduled." Commonwealth v. Gordy, 73 A.3d 620, 624 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013) (citation omitted). A key State witness becoming reluctant or uncooperative due to intensifying familial pressure to recant after the defendant pleads no doubt places the State "in a worse position" to prosecute the case.

The majority concludes that the prejudice to the State in this case was "minimal" because it was speculative, lacked evidentiary support, and not caused by Pedro's plea. Majority at 149 Hawai'i at 281, 488 P.3d 1260. I respectfully disagree.

First, the prejudice here was not speculative. The Majority points to Gomes, but that case presented markedly different circumstances. For one, the circuit court in Gomes ruled on the motion before the State submitted the affidavit referenced by the majority; the circuit court

had denied [the defendant's] ... motion [to withdraw the plea] notwithstanding an acknowledgement

that "the prosecution never argued or demonstrated any prejudice rising to a substantial level" as a result of its reliance on Gomes's plea. In fact, the prosecutor stated during the hearing on Gomes's Motion that "I'm not even asserting that it's substantial prejudice; I'm simply stating that it's an inconvenience. The prosecution is basically hanging its hat on the other two grounds specified in State v. Jim."

Gomes, 79 Hawai‘i at 39-40, 897 P.2d at 966-67 (brackets and ellipses omitted).

To the extent the prosecution's affidavit "express[ing] [the principal witness's] desire to move to an undetermined location" bore on our analysis, we noted that the affidavit "d[id] not affirmatively attest to his unavailability." Id. at 40, 897 P.2d at 967. Not only was the State's explanation of the CW's reluctance more specific in this case than an amorphous desire to move to an "undetermined location," the State did "affirmatively attest to [the CW's] unavailability." Id.; cf. Gordy, 73 A.3d at 627 ("There [were] no facts of record supporting the court's suggestion that the complainants will not cooperate with the Commonwealth upon withdrawal of Appellant's guilty pleas. In fact, the record contain[ed] at least some evidence to the contrary."). The State attested, "[T]he victim would not cooperate or testify at trial should Defendant be allowed to withdraw his plea of no contest and proceed to trial."

Second, evidence supported the State's argument for prejudice, and likewise, third, the record belies the majority's argument that the CW's reluctance to testify was not caused by the plea. Here, the State attested that the CW faced external pressure to change her story after Pedro pleaded guilty, and that she would likely become uncooperative if the defendant were permitted to withdraw his plea:

The State has spoken with the victim and the victim's Aunt and Uncle and has learned there has been significant familial and cultural pressure put on her and her family to not cooperate with this prosecution and blame her for the Defendant's actions during the time between Defendant's change of plea date and the March 29, 2019, sentencing date, when these claims began. Defendant's request to withdraw his plea appears to have arisen after the change of plea date, and is ... prompted by the fact that the victim would not cooperate or testify at trial should Defendant be allowed to withdraw his plea of no contest and proceed to trial.²

And at the hearing on the motion, the State explained that:

it absolutely changed from the time ... I spoke with ... the victim and her aunt,

who are ... the only two that I was able to speak to because the rest of the family was on his side in this ....

Family members that did not know had found out. There was an extreme ... amount of pressure. Yes, there's always a cultural influence, but she had been willing to go a certain way.

Now, it is completely ... different. ... And it is the State's position that this defendant absolutely knows that and doesn't just want to go to trial. He knows that, and is trying to withdraw this plea for the pure fact that he knows I do not have the victim at this time.

It is not at all clear what, exactly, the majority would have the State show beyond what it did in this case – that the witness became uncooperative following the plea, due to circumstances precipitated by the plea. I would conclude that the State showed it would be substantially prejudiced by the withdrawal of Pedro's plea in this case. As in Carr, the plea "resulted in a shift in family sympathies" that rendered the witness reluctant to testify against Pedro and would have "significantly impaired the prosecution of this case." 543 A.2d at 1234. Unlike in Gomes, this prejudice was not merely speculative; the record before the court supported the conclusion that since Pedro's plea, the CW's cooperation had waned in light of growing pressure – pressure that intensified because of Pedro's plea – for her to recant. In my view, the family court did not err by concluding that the State would be substantially prejudiced by the withdrawal of Pedro's plea, and I therefore respectfully dissent on those grounds.

Of course, substantial prejudice must be weighed against the reasons Pedro presents to support withdrawing his plea. Based on Gomes, the family court only addressed whether Pedro's plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, and whether there had been a recantation. In so doing, the family court considered some, but not all, of the factors the majority sets forth – it did not consider, for instance, whether Pedro maintained his innocence, the circumstances underlying the plea, Pedro's education and familiarity with the legal system, or whether the undue delay was in fact caused by a conflict with his first attorney. See Majority at 149 Hawai‘i at 275 n.20, 275, 278, 280, 488 P.3d at 1254 n.20, 1254, 1257, 1259. I would not consider those matters in the first instance. In light of the fact that we are crafting a new test, application of which will generally fall within the trial court's discretion, I would vacate the order denying the motion to withdraw Pedro's plea and remand this case to the family court to weigh the factors set forth in the majority opinion. See State v. Choy Foo, 142 Hawai‘i 65, 77, 414 P.3d 117, 129 (2018) (remanding for application of a multi-factor test when the family court did not apply the factors in the first instance); State v. Sasai, 143 Hawai‘i 285, 299-300, 429 P.3d 1214, 1228-29 (2018) (adopting a new multi-factor test and remanding "for application of the appropriate factors"); State v. Visintin, 143 Hawai‘i 143, 159, 426 P.3d 367, 383 (2018) (setting forth "principles applicable to the circuit court's determination should the [challenged] motion be further considered on remand"); Peer News LLC v. City & Cty. of Honolulu, 138 Hawai‘i 53, 75, 376 P.3d 1, 23 (2016) (remanding for the trial court to apply the test set forth in the opinion when the factual record was insufficient); Gordon v. Gordon, 135 Hawai‘i 340, 356, 350 P.3d 1008, 1024 (2015) (instructing the court on remand to consider the circumstances discussed in the opinion). The majority's treatment of the "defendant's nature and background" factor illustrates why the trial court is best suited to apply this new test in the first instance. I agree that "[a] youthful defendant, or a defendant with limited mental faculties, education, or English-language proficiency may be poorly equipped to thoughtfully consider a plea's implications." Majority at 149 Hawai‘i at 280, 488 P.3d at 1259. But we know very little about whether Pedro's background in fact affected his ability to thoughtfully consider the implications of his plea – and we certainly do not know enough to conclude this factor weighs towards granting the motion to withdraw. Pedro is not "a youthful defendant," for Pedro was 33 years old at the time of the plea. Pedro's first language is not English, as he pointed out in his motion to withdraw, but he utilized an interpreter, including when his attorney went over the plea with him and at the hearings. And with respect to Pedro's education, as I have said before, we should avoid "incorrectly equat[ing] the lack of a college education with an inability to grasp significant concepts. While going to college or receiving a high school diploma may be a sign of intellectual achievement that demonstrates a [defendant's choice] was made knowingly and intelligently, the opposite is by no means true." State v. Ernes, 147 Hawai‘i 316, 330, 465 P.3d 763, 777 (2020) (Recktenwald, C.J., dissenting) (citation omitted). Indeed, Pedro has never alleged that his English proficiency or educational attainment caused him to misunderstand the nature of the charges, nor has he claimed that he did not comprehend the meaning of "compulsion" and "strong compulsion." Rather, in his motion and subsequent statements to the court, he claimed his first attorney did not adequately explain the nature of the case and his options. Perhaps Pedro's background did affect his plea such that this factor weighs towards granting the motion to withdraw, but the trial court is in the best position to determine whether Pedro's "ability to strategically evaluate the risks and disadvantages of waiving his constitutional rights" is in fact "sub-optimal," as the majority concludes, and how that factor weighs in the balancing test. Majority at 149 Hawai‘i at 280–81, 488 P.3d at 1259–60. In the meantime, we are merely speculating.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent in part and concur in part. I concur with the majority in that the family court's order should be vacated, and with its formulation of the appropriate test for evaluating the defendant's motion. But I respectfully dissent as to the majority's narrow treatment of the prejudice factor and its de novo application of the balancing test it sets forth. I disagree that the State failed to show prejudice as a matter of law, and I would remand this case to the family court to evaluate the factors it did not consider prior to this opinion and to balance those factors in the first instance.