RENÉE MARIE BUMB, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

ZIMOLONG LLC, By: Walter S. Zimolong, Esq., P.O. Box 552, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, MITCHELL LAW PLLC, By: Jonathan F. Mitchell, Esq., 106 East Sixth Street, Suite 900, Austin, Texas 78701, TALCOTT FRANKLIN P.C., By: Talcott J. Franklin, Esq. ; Shannon W. Conway, Esq., 1920 McKinney Avenue, 7th Floor, Dallas, Texas 75201, Counsel for Ann Smith, Leonardo Santiago, Michael C. Sandberg, Karl Hedenberg, Melissa H. Poulson, and Rachel Curcio

MESSINA LAW FIRM, P.C., By: Michael P. Laffey, Esq., 961 Holmdel Road, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733, NATIONAL RIGHT TO WORK LEGAL DEFENSE FOUNDATION, By: William L. Messenger, Esq. ; Aaron B. Solem, Esq., 8001 Braddock Road, Suite 600, Springfield, Virginia 22160, Counsel for Susan Fischer and Jeanette Speck

STATE OF NEW JERSEY, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, By: Melissa Dutton Shaffer, Assistant Attorney General; Jeremy M. Feigenbaum, Assistant Attorney General; Lauren A. Jensen, Deputy Attorney General; Jana R. DiCosmo, Deputy Attorney General R.J. Hughes Justice Complex, 25 Market Street, P.O. Box 112, Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0112, Counsel for Phil Murphy, in his official capacity as Governor of New Jersey

STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS COMMISSION, By: Don Horowitz, Senior Deputy General Counsel, 495 West State Street, P.O. Box 429, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, Counsel for Joel M. Weisblatt, Paul Boudreau, Paula B. Voos, John Bonani, and David Jones, in their official capacities as Chariman and members of the New Jersey Public Employment Relations Commission

ZAZZALI, FAGELLA & NOWAK, KLEINBAUM & FRIEDMAN, By: Raymond M. Baldino, Esq.; Robert A. Fagella, Esq., 570 Broad Street, Suite 1402, Newark, New Jersey 07102, BREDHOFF & KAISER, PLLC, By: Leon Dayan, Esq. ; Ramya Ravindran, Esq., 805 15th Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005, NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, By: Eric Harrington, Esq., 1201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Counsel for National Education Association, New Jersey Education Association, Clearview Education Association, Harrison Township Education Association, Kingsway Education Association, and Township of Ocean Education Association

PARKER McCAY, By: Frank P. Cavallo, Jr., Esq. ; Andrew W. Li, Esq., 900 Midlantic Drive, Suite 300, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054, Counsel for Clearview Regional High School District Board of Education

[18-10381: Dkt. Nos. 160, 166, 169, 171, 173]

[18-15628: Dkt. Nos. 38, 39, 40, 41]

RENÉE MARIE BUMB, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE: These actions are brought in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Janus v. AFSCME, Council 31, et al., ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 2448, 201 L.Ed.2d 924 (2018), which held that public sector unions could no longer deduct compulsory "fair share" agency fees from non-consenting employees. In both matters presently before this Court, Plaintiffs filed putative class action complaints against the Union Defendants and Governor Phil Murphy, in his official capacity (the "State Defendant"), seeking monetary and injunctive relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for alleged First Amendment violations.

Plaintiffs in these cases, Susan Fischer, Jeanette Speck, Leonardo Santiago, Michael C. Sandberg, Melissa H. Poulson, and Rachel Curcio (the "Member Plaintiffs") are current or former New Jersey public school teachers who, following Janus, expressed objections to continued payment of membership dues to various local affiliates of the New Jersey Education Association ("NJEA") and the National Education Association ("NEA")(collectively, with the local affiliates, the "Union Defendants"). The Member Plaintiffs argue that their union dues authorization forms, which were signed before the Janus decision, are invalid, and were not "freely given," because employees were not afforded the option to abstain from paying any fees to the unions. Plaintiffs contend that, previously, employees were given an illusory choice between paying full union dues (with all privileges of union membership) or paying an 85-percent "fair share" representation fee (without the privileges of union membership).

The Member Plaintiffs also argue that the First Amendment gives member employees a right to withdraw from the union, and revoke union dues authorization at any given time, without restriction. On that point, the Member Plaintiffs argue that the revocation requirements set forth in N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e, as recently amended by the Workplace Democracy Enhancement Act, P.L.2018, C.15, § 6, eff. May 18, 2018 (the "WDEA"), unconstitutionally restrict employees' First Amendment rights.

Meanwhile, Plaintiffs Ann Smith and Karl Hedenberg (the "Non-Member Plaintiffs") are teachers who never joined the union for ideological reasons and now seek a refund of agency fees paid prior to the Janus decision. The Smith Plaintiffs also asserted claims against the members of the New Jersey Public Employee Relations Commission (the "PERC Defendants") and the Clearview Regional High School District Board of Education (the "Clearview BOE").

These matters, which involve substantially similar issues, now come before the Court upon various motions and cross-motions. Ultimately, this Court finds that the union dues authorizations, signed by Plaintiffs, were valid and enforceable contracts. Additionally, because the Union Defendants' deduction of representation fees from non-member employees was conducted in good-faith reliance on the Supreme Court decision overruled by Janus, Abood v. Detroit Bd. Of Ed., 431 U.S. 209, 97 S.Ct. 1782, 52 L.Ed.2d 261 (1977), the Court declines to order retrospective monetary relief.

For the reasons outlined herein, the Motions for Summary Judgment, filed by the Smith Plaintiffs [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 160] and the Fischer Plaintiffs [Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 38], will be DENIED , and the Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment, filed by the Union Defendants [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 171; Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 40], the State Defendant [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 173; Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 41], will be GRANTED . The Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings by the Clearview BOE [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 166] and the Motion to Dismiss by the PERC Defendants [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 169] will also be GRANTED . Additionally, the Fischer Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification [Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 39] will be DENIED , as moot.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Upon commencement of their employment in the New Jersey public school system, Plaintiffs in this case were offered two options: (1) elect to join the NJEA-NEA and pay full union dues, which afforded full rights and privileges of union membership (such as voting rights, life insurance, and other discounts), or (2) abstain from union membership, but pay a compulsory "agency fee" of approximately 85% of full union dues, without most of the rights and privileges of union membership. Given these choices, not surprisingly, the Member Plaintiffs each opted for union membership and signed a "NJEA-NEA Active Membership Application," which authorized the payment of full union dues through automatic payroll deductions (the "Union Dues Authorization Form"). In these Union Dues Authorization Forms, the Member Plaintiffs agreed as follows:

This authorization may be terminated only by prior written notice from me effective January 1 or July 1 of any year.

See Smith Pls.' Union Dues Authorizations [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 140-5]; Fischer Pls.' Union Dues Authorizations [Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 38-3 at 5 and Dkt. No. 38-3 at 6]. On the other hand, the Non-Member Plaintiffs, Ms. Smith and Mr. Hedenberg, chose to forgo the benefits of union membership, instead paying the compulsory agency fee.

A. The Workplace Democracy Enhancement Act

Prior to May 2018, the revocation language used in the Union Dues Authorization Forms paralleled the language in N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e, which provided that:

Any such written authorization may be withdrawn by such person holding employment at any time by the filing of notice of such withdrawal with the above-mentioned disbursing office. The filing of notice of withdrawal shall be effective to halt deductions as of the January 1 or July 1 next succeeding the date on which notice of withdrawal is filed.

Id. However, on May 18, 2018, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed into law the Workplace Democracy Enhancement Act, P.L.2018, C.15, § 6, eff. May 18, 2018, which amended N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e by striking the prior revocation language and replacing it with the following:

Employees who have authorized the payroll deduction of fees to employee organizations may revoke such authorizations by providing written notice to the public employer during the 10 days following each anniversary date of their employment. Within five days of receipt of notice from an employee of revocation of authorization for the payroll deduction of fees, the public employer shall provide notice to the employee organization of an employee's revocation of such authorization. An employee's notice of revocation of authorization for the payroll deduction of employee organization fees shall be effective on the 30th day after the anniversary date of employment.

N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e (as amended by the WDEA). The WDEA itself does not clarify what impact this new language has on employees who signed Union Dues Authorization Forms that contained the language with two opt-out dates.

B. The Janus Decision

One June 27, 2018, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Janus, holding that "States and public-sector unions may no longer extract agency fees from nonconsenting employees." Janus, 138 S.Ct. at 2486. In doing so, the Court overturned forty-year-old precedent from Abood, which permitted public sector unions to compel agency fees from non-member employees for costs "germane" to collective bargaining, so long as non-members were not forced to contribute to political or ideological causes. See Abood, 431 U.S. at 235-36, 97 S.Ct. 1782. The Court explained that the framework set forth in Abood failed to appreciate the inherently political nature of public sector collective bargaining and "violate[d] the free speech rights of nonmembers by compelling them to subsidize private speech on matters of substantial public concern." Janus, 138 S.Ct. at 2460. Moving forward, the Court stated as follows:

Neither an agency fee nor any other payment to the union may be deducted from a nonmember's wages, nor may any other attempt be made to collect such a payment, unless the employee affirmatively consents to pay. By agreeing to pay, nonmembers are waiving their First Amendment rights, and such a waiver cannot be presumed. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938) ; see also Knox [v. Service Employees Intern. Union, Local 1000], 567 U.S. [298], at 312–313, 132 S.Ct. 2277[, 183 L.Ed.2d 281 (2012) ]. Rather, to be effective, the waiver must be freely given and shown by "clear and compelling" evidence. Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 145, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1967) (plurality opinion); see also College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Ed. Expense Bd., 527 U.S. 666, 680–682, 119 S.Ct. 2219, 144 L.Ed.2d 605 (1999). Unless employees clearly and affirmatively consent before any money is taken from them, this standard cannot be met.

Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2486.

C. Post-Janus Resignation and Refund Requests

Following Janus, a number of the Member Plaintiffs informed the Union Defendants that they wished to resign their union membership and cease dues deductions, effective immediately.

On June 28, 2018, Plaintiff Michael C. Sandberg emailed his union representative and requested the immediate cessation of dues deductions. Although his Union Dues Authorization Form entitled him to opt-out effective July 1st, the union instead attempted to dissuade Mr. Sandberg from resigning his membership before inquiring about the anniversary of his date of hire. Mr. Sandberg's union dues continued to be deducted until the end of September 2018. The Union Defendants contend that the continued deduction of Mr. Sandberg's dues after his written notice was an oversight and that all dues deducted from July 1st through October 2018 have been refunded, with interest.

Plaintiff Melissa H. Poulson also expressed her desire to resign from the union on June 28, 2018, but did so through a telephone call to her union representative, rather than in writing. The Union states that it rejected this telephone resignation because it was not in writing, as required by the terms of the Union Dues Authorization Form. Ms. Poulson's union dues were deducted through the end of September 2018, which was approximately thirty days after the anniversary of her date of hire (September 1, 2003). The Union Defendants state that they accepted Ms. Poulson's inclusion in the Second Amended Smith Complaint [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 43], which was filed on July 24, 2018, as written notice of her intent to resign, even though it was not submitted during the 10-day window following the anniversary of her date of hire.

In mid-July 2018, Plaintiffs Susan Fischer and Jeanette Speck notified the Union Defendants, in writing, of their desire to resign from the union and halt dues. However, because these notices were provided after the July 1st opt-out date, Ms. Fischer and Ms. Speck were informed that their next opportunity to resign would be thirty days after the anniversary of their dates of hire by submitting a new notice, in writing, during the 10 day period following the anniversary of their date of hire. Ms. Fischer and Ms. Speck followed the outlined procedures and dues deductions were halted in October 2018.

Plaintiff Leonardo Santiago notified his union representative, in writing, of his decision to resign from the union on August 8, 2018. Finding that Mr. Santiago's notice was too late for the July 1st revocation date, the union ceased dues deductions at the end of September 2018. By ceasing deductions thirty days after the anniversary of Mr. Santiago's date of hire, even though Mr. Santiago had not filed a new notice during the WDEA's 10-day revocation period, the Union Defendants state that Mr. Santiago benefited from an earlier opt-out date than he otherwise would have been entitled to under the terms of his Union Dues Authorization Form.

As stated in the Fifth Amended Smith Complaint [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 140], Plaintiff Rachel Curcio has never submitted written notice of her intent to resign from the union, despite her desire "to legally and legitimately quit paying dues to NJEA and NEA." To this Court's knowledge, Ms. Curcio continues to pay full union dues. Somewhat inconsistently, it does not seem that the Union Defendants have interpreted Ms. Curcio's inclusion in this case as written notice of her intent to resign from the union, as was done for Ms. Poulson. It appears that Ms. Curcio's position is that no opt-out is necessary, since the union should have sought her affirmative consent to continue collecting dues post- Janus.

Unlike the other Plaintiffs, who were full-fledged union members, Plaintiffs Ann Smith and Karl Hedenberg never joined the union. Instead, throughout their employment, Ms. Smith and Mr. Hedenberg paid the approximately 85% agency fee. Following the Janus decision, the union halted any further deduction of agency fees from non-member employees, such as Ms. Smith and Mr. Hedenberg. Because the agency fees were deducted from the Non-Member Plaintiffs' salaries without their affirmative consent, they now seek a refund of all pre- Janus agency fees.

D. Application and Enforcement of Dues Deductions

In addition to Plaintiffs' overarching constitutional challenges to the WDEA and the validity of pre- Janus consent, the Smith Plaintiffs assert a claim against the Clearview BOE for continuing to deduct union dues from employees who had signed pre- Janus Union Dues Authorization Forms, but had not provided new "affirmative consent" authorizations, post- Janus. The Smith Plaintiffs also bring claims against the PERC Defendants for instructing employers to comply with the WDEA and for issuing orders preventing employers from soliciting post- Janus union dues authorizations from employees.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment shall be granted if "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is "material" only if it might impact the "outcome of the suit under the governing law." Gonzalez v. Sec'y of Dept of Homeland Sec., 678 F.3d 254, 261 (3d Cir. 2012). A dispute is "genuine" if the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party. Id.

In determining the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact, a court's role is not to weigh the evidence; all reasonable inferences and doubts should be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. Melrose, Inc. v. City of Pittsburgh, 613 F.3d 380, 387 (3d Cir. 2010). However, a mere "scintilla of evidence," without more, will not give rise to a genuine dispute for trial. Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir. 2001). Moreover, a court need not adopt the version of facts asserted by the nonmoving party if those facts are "utterly discredited by the record [so] that no reasonable jury" could believe them. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007). In the face of such evidence, summary judgment is still appropriate "where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party." Walsh v. Krantz, 386 F.App'x 334, 338 (3d Cir. 2010).

The movant has the initial burden of showing through the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions on file, and any affidavits "that the non-movant has failed to establish one or more essential elements of its case." Connection Training Servs. v. City of Phila., 358 F. App'x 315, 318 (3d Cir. 2009). "If the moving party meets its burden, the burden then shifts to the non-movant to establish that summary judgment is inappropriate." Id. In the face of a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmovant's burden is rigorous: he "must point to concrete evidence in the record"; mere allegations, conclusions, conjecture, and speculation will not defeat summary judgment. Orsatti v. New Jersey State Police, 71 F.3d 480, 484 (3d Cir. 1995) ; accord. Jackson v. Danberg, 594 F.3d 210, 227 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Acumed LLC. v. Advanced Surgical Servs., Inc., 561 F.3d 199, 228 (3d Cir. 2009) ("[S]peculation and conjecture may not defeat summary judgment."). Moreover, "the court need only determine if the nonmoving party can produce admissible evidence regarding a disputed issue of material fact at trial"; the evidence does not need to be in admissible form at the time of summary judgment. FOP v. City of Camden, 842 F.3d 231, 238 (3d Cir. 2016).

III. ANALYSIS

In both matters presently before the Court, Plaintiffs argue that (1) Union Dues Authorization Forms signed before the Janus decision are invalid, (2) the First Amendment gives employees a right to resign union membership and cease paying dues without any temporal restrictions, and (3) the revocation language in the WDEA is unconstitutional. This Court disagrees with Plaintiff on the first two points. Although the Court agrees that the revocation language in the WDEA is unduly restrictive and, therefore, unconstitutional, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to establish standing to challenge the WDEA, because it has never been enforced against them to their detriment.

A. Validity of Pre-Janus Authorizations

Although the Member Plaintiffs acknowledge that they signed Union Dues Authorization Forms at the commencement of their employment, Plaintiffs claim that these authorizations are invalid because they were obtained before Janus clarified their rights to abstain from paying any dues to the union. Unlike Mr. Janus, who was an agency fee paying non-member who never agreed to any dues deduction, the Member Plaintiffs all voluntarily agreed to union membership, with full deduction of dues. However, Plaintiffs argue that the Union Authorization Dues Forms must now be considered involuntary, because Plaintiffs could not have freely and knowingly waived a right that they did not know they had (the right to avoid paying union fees as a non-member, as Janus now holds). This argument fails as a matter of law, because "changes in intervening law – even constitutional law – do not invalidate a contract." Smith v. Bieker, 2019 WL 2476679, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 13, 2019) (citing Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 757, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970) ); see also Oliver v. Serv. Employees Int'l Union Local 668, 415 F.Supp.3d 602, 607–08, 2019 WL 5964778, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 12, 2019) (a "subsequent change in the law does not permit a party to a contract who has enjoyed the benefit of the bargain to rescind it with the benefit of hindsight") (citing Coltec Industries, Inc. v. Hobgood, 280 F.3d 262, 274-75 (3d Cir. 2002) ).

The Janus decision may have established a more appealing alternative for Plaintiffs than what existed under the Abood framework, but the existence of a better alternative does not invalidate prior signed contracts. Indeed, District Courts around the country have already rejected similar claims, finding that the fact that union members "voluntarily chose to pay membership dues in exchange for certain benefits, and ‘[t]he fact that plaintiffs would not have opted to pay union membership fees if Janus had been the law at the time of their decision does not mean their decision was therefore coerced.’ " Babb v. California Teachers Ass'n, 378 F. Supp. 3d 857, 877 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Crockett v. NEA-Alaska, 367 F. Supp. 3d 996, 1007–09 (D. Alaska 2019) ); see also Belgau v. Inslee, 2018 WL 4931602, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 11, 2018) ("Plaintiffs' assertions that they didn't knowingly give up their First Amendment rights before Janus rings hollow. Janus says nothing about people [who] join a Union, agree to pay dues, and then later change their mind about paying union dues."); O'Callaghan v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 2019 WL 2635585, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 10, 2019) ("[N]othing in Janus's holding requires unions to cease deductions for individuals who have affirmatively chosen to become union members and accept the terms of a contract that may limit their ability to revoke authorized dues-deductions in exchange for union membership rights, such as voting, merely because they later decide to resign membership."). Plaintiffs have a right to resign from the union and cease paying union dues, but Janus does not serve to invalidate union members' previously signed Union Dues Authorization Forms.

B. Post-Janus Resignation Rights

The Member Plaintiffs also argue that, in addition to invalidating pre- Janus dues authorizations, the Janus decision broadly gives union member employees a right to resign their membership at any given time. This Court finds no support for this assertion.

As previously noted, Janus does not invalidate the existing contractual relationships between unions and their members. See, e.g., Smith v. Bieker, 2019 WL 2476679, at *2 ("Smith contends that Janus entitles him to elect to stop paying dues to the union at the drop of a hat. But Janus did not concern the relationship of unions and members; it concerned the relationship of unions and non-members. Besides, ‘the First Amendment does not confer ... a constitutional right to disregard promises that would otherwise be enforced under state law’ ")(quoting Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 501 U.S. 663, 672, 111 S.Ct. 2513, 115 L.Ed.2d 586 (1991) ).

The Member Plaintiffs in these matters all agreed to be bound by authorization agreements that set forth an opt-out procedure (prior written notice) with two available resignation dates (January 1st and July 1st of each year). It is possible that unreasonably restrictive or burdensome opt-out procedures could be found to impinge upon First Amendment rights, but this is not the case here. The available resignation procedures give union members reasonable opportunities to exercise their First Amendment rights to resign from the union. In fact, after the passage of the WDEA, Plaintiffs were apparently afforded a third possible resignation date (effective thirty days after the employee's anniversary of employment). Plaintiffs, such as Ms. Curcio, may freely resign from the union, but they must do so under the terms of the Union Dues Authorization Forms. Because the Member Plaintiffs' resignations were all processed under the terms of their agreements, or under more advantageous terms, Plaintiffs are not entitled to the reimbursement of union dues deducted in the months before their union resignations took effect.

C. Workplace Democracy Enhancement Act

Next, Plaintiffs argue that the restrictive revocation procedure set forth in N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e, as amended by the WDEA, violates their First Amendment rights to resign from the union. The plain language of the revocation language in N.J.S.A. § 52:14-15.9e restricts union members to one opt-out date per year, with a draconian requirement that employees can only do so by submitting written notice in a very specific 10-day window (which would be unique to each employee). If it were enforced as written, the Member Plaintiffs are correct that the WDEA's revocation procedure would, in the absence of a contract providing additional opt-out dates and a more reasonable notice requirement (as is present here), unconstitutionally restrict an employee's First Amendment right to opt-out of a public-sector union. However, in these cases, with discovery now closed, the record indicates that the WDEA's revocation procedure was not enforced against Plaintiffs as written. Because Plaintiffs have not established that they suffered (or are likely to suffer) an "injury-in-fact," based on the manner in which the WDEA's revocation procedure was enforced against them, they lack standing to challenge its constitutionality.

The record demonstrates that neither the State Defendant nor the Union Defendants strictly enforced the WDEA's revocation procedure against restrictions against Plaintiffs. In these cases, the Union Defendants continued to honor the multiple opt-out dates set forth in the Union Dues Authorization Forms. In fact, rather than using the WDEA to limit Plaintiffs to a single opt-out opportunity, the Union Defendants' applied the WDEA in a way that afforded Plaintiffs a third opt-out opportunity, in addition to the two opportunities already available under the terms of the Union Dues Authorization Forms. This additional resignation date (which ended up being at the end of September 2018), permitted Ms. Poulson, Mr. Santiago, Ms. Fischer, and Ms. Speck to resign their union memberships earlier than they otherwise would have been entitled to under the prior language from N.J.S.A. 52:14-15.9e or the terms of the Union Dues Authorization Forms (January 1, 2019). The Union Defendants also did not force Ms. Poulson and Mr. Santiago to comply with the strict terms of the WDEA's unreasonable 10-day notice period and, instead, consistent with the terms of the Union Dues Authorization Forms, only required Ms. Poulson and Mr. Santiago to submit prior written notice of their desire to opt-out.

Based on the record, the Member Plaintiffs cannot establish that they have suffered (or are likely to suffer) an "injury-in-fact" to their First Amendment rights. "To have Article III standing, [Plaintiffs] must first demonstrate that [they have] suffered an injury-in-fact. This injury must be concrete and particularized, and actual or imminent, as opposed to conjectural or hypothetical." Pitt News v. Fisher, 215 F.3d 354, 360 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992) ). If Plaintiffs demonstrated that State Defendant or the Union Defendants were using the WDEA's revocation language to override and narrow contractually agreed upon resignation rights, such enforcement would certainly have established an injury. However, no such circumstances existed in these matters. Here, the Union Defendants used the WDEA's newly created opt-out date to supplement, rather than narrow, the two opt-out dates that union members were already entitled to under the Union Dues Authorization Forms. As such, the Member Plaintiffs were never harmed and, in this instance, benefited from the manner in which the Union Defendants applied the WDEA. Therefore, Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to challenge the constitutionality of the WDEA revocation language.

D. Refund of Agency Fees

In light of Janus, the Non-Member Plaintiffs argue that they should be reimbursed for agency fees that were deducted from their pay for years, without their affirmative consent, to subsidize the unions in violation of the First Amendment. While Plaintiffs' arguments are well-taken, this Court finds that the Union Defendants would prevail based upon their good-faith belief that these agency fee deductions, which were sanctioned by the Supreme Court in Abood, complied with statutory and constitutional law. Indeed, numerous federal courts, including some within the Third Circuit, have already held that "good-faith reliance on prior precedent defeats refund claims in the aftermath of Janus." Oliver, 415 F.Supp.3d at 612, 2019 WL 5964778, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 12, 2019) ; see also Babb, 378 F. Supp. 3d at 871-72. This Court also notes that in Janus, the Supreme Court stated as follows:

We recognize that the loss of payments from nonmembers may cause unions to experience unpleasant transition costs in the short term, and may require unions to make adjustments in order to attract and retain members. But we must weigh these disadvantages against the considerable windfall that unions have received under Abood for the past 41 years. It is hard to estimate how many billions of dollars have been taken from nonmembers and transferred to public-sector unions in violation of the First Amendment. Those unconstitutional exactions cannot be allowed to continue indefinitely.

Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2485–86. In noting that the "windfall" received by unions over the past forty years offsets the short-term adjustments and losses that unions would experience by losing agency fee contributions, the Supreme Court seemingly acknowledged that unions would not be forced to return all money collected in reliance on Abood. Thus, the Supreme Court's language suggests that it only intended for Janus to apply prospectively, rather than retroactively.

E. Clearview BOE and the PERC Defendants

Based on this Court's findings as to the overarching issues in this case, the claims against the Clearview BOE and the PERC Defendants must be dismissed. Indeed, because this Court finds that the pre- Janus Union Dues Authorization Forms remained valid and that Plaintiffs could not resign from the union without temporal restrictions, the Clearview BOE did not violate the Plaintiffs' constitutional rights by continuing to deduct dues and the PERC Defendants did not violate Plaintiffs' rights by ordering the school districts to continue honoring the existing authorization agreements.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs' respective Motions for Summary Judgment [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 160; Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 38], will be DENIED , and the Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment, filed by the Union Defendants [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 171; Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 40], the State Defendant [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 173; Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 41], will be GRANTED . Additionally, the Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings by the Clearview BOE [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 166] and the Motion to Dismiss by the PERC Defendants [Civ. No. 18-10381, Dkt. No. 169] will be GRANTED . Finally, the Fischer Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification [Civ. No. 18-15628, Dkt. No. 39] will be DENIED , as moot. Appropriate Orders shall issue on this date.