LAGESEN, P. J.

Margaret H. Leek Leiberan, Portland, argued the cause for appellant-cross-respondent. Also on the briefs was Jensen & Leiberan.

Robert M. Wilsey, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent-cross-appellant. Also on the briefs were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General.

Before Lagesen, Presiding Judge, and James, Judge, and Haselton, Senior Judge.

LAGESEN, P. J. This proceeding arises under ORS 183.484, which provides for judicial review of final agency orders "other than contested cases" in an appropriate circuit court. ORS 183.484(1). In the final order at issue, the Department of Human Services (DHS) made "founded dispositions" under OAR 413-015-1010(2)(a) that petitioner had subjected his children to child abuse in the form of mental injury to both his children, physical abuse of his son, and threat of harm (in the form of physical abuse) toward his daughter. On review in the circuit court and following the trial-type hearing required under Norden v. Water Resources Dept. , 329 Or. 641, 649, 996 P.2d 958 (2000), the court affirmed DHS's mental injury determinations, but set aside its determinations of physical abuse and threat of harm, entering a judgment to that effect. The court concluded that the founded dispositions of mental injury were supported by substantial evidence in the record, but that the founded dispositions of threat of harm and physical abuse were not. In reaching those conclusions, the court interpreted DHS's applicable administrative rules to impose "a probable cause standard" for making a founded disposition of abuse.

Petitioner appealed and DHS cross-appealed. In his appeal, petitioner assigns error to the circuit court's determination that substantial evidence supports DHS's founded dispositions of mental injury. In petitioner's view, the court was correct to conclude that DHS rules impose a probable cause standard, but it was incorrect to conclude that DHS's determination that the standard was met was supported by substantial evidence. In DHS's view, which it articulates in its response to petitioner's appeal and in its own cross-appeal, the circuit court erred in concluding that DHS rules impose a probable cause standard for founded dispositions because we already have held that the rules impose a lower standard, one that equates to a reasonable suspicion standard. See A. F. v. Oregon Dept. of Human Services , 251 Or. App. 576, 583-84, 284 P.3d 1189 (2012) (explaining that "reasonable cause is equivalent to reasonable suspicion" (citing Berger v. SOSCF , 195 Or. App. 587, 591, 98 P.3d 1127 (2004) )). Further, DHS contends, given that lower legal standard, the circuit court correctly concluded that substantial evidence supports DHS's founded dispositions of mental injury, even though the court applied the wrong legal standard; but, also given that lower standard, the court erred when it reversed DHS's other founded dispositions.

In reviewing a circuit court judgment reviewing a final agency order in "other than contested cases" under ORS 183.484, our role is, by and large, the same as the circuit court's. Because of the way the parties have presented the case to us, the issue before us is whether DHS's order is supported by "substantial evidence in the record," ORS 183.484(5)(c). The difference between our role and the circuit court's role is that, unlike the circuit court, we are not, in general, a "record-making, fact-finding court[ ]." Norden , 329 Or. at 647, 996 P.2d 958. That means, in reviewing DHS's order for substantial evidence, we conduct that review on the record created in the circuit court, and do not hold another trial-type hearing like the one the circuit court was required to hold under Norden . Id . at 649, 996 P.2d 958 (so reviewing); A. F. , 251 Or. App. at 580, 284 P.3d 1189 (same). It also means that, to the extent the circuit court made demeanor-based credibility determinations, and those credibility determinations are relevant to the legal question before us, we defer to them as we ordinarily do on review of a circuit court decision. See State v. Mays , 269 Or. App. 599, 618, 346 P.3d 535, rev. den. , 358 Or. 146, 363 P.3d 1288 (2015) (explaining that an appellate court will usually defer to demeanor-based credibility findings).

Accordingly, the question before us is whether substantial evidence in the record created before the circuit court supports the founded dispositions that DHS made in the final order on review. Cervantes v. Dept. of Human Services , 295 Or. App. 691, 694-95, 435 P.3d 831 (2019). "Substantial evidence exists to support a finding of fact when the record, viewed as a whole, would permit a reasonable person to make that finding." ORS 183.484(5)(c).

To determine whether DHS's order is supported by substantial evidence, we must first determine what standard applies when DHS makes founded dispositions of abuse. As noted, petitioner contends, and the circuit court agreed, that the standard is akin to probable cause in criminal cases. That would mean that the record would have to be such to permit an objectively reasonable person to find that, based on the facts known to DHS, it was reasonable to conclude that it was more likely than not that the alleged abuse occurred. See, e.g. , State v. Sanchez-Anderson , 300 Or. App. 767, 772-73, 455 P.3d 531 (2019) (explaining probable cause standard). DHS, on the other hand, contends that the standard is lower, akin to reasonable suspicion in criminal cases. That would mean that the record would have to be such to permit the rational trier of fact to conclude that, based on the specific and articulable facts known to DHS, it was objectively reasonable to suspect that the alleged abuse occurred. See State v. Bray , 281 Or. App. 435, 442-43, 380 P.3d 1245 (2016) (explaining concept of reasonable suspicion). Under our case law, DHS is right.

OAR 413-015-1010 sets forth the standard for founded dispositions of abuse. OAR 413-015-1010(1) provides that "[t]he standard for determining CPS assessment dispositions is reasonable cause to believe." OAR 413-015-1010(2)(a) adds that " ‘[f]ounded’ * * * means there is reasonable cause to believe the abuse occurred. ‘Founded’ is synonymous with ‘substantiated’ as defined in ORS 418.205 - 418.327." Those statutes, in turn, define "substantiated" as "reasonable cause to believe" that abuse occurred, echoing the rules. See ORS 418.259(1)(a).

As mentioned, in A. F. , we addressed the "reasonable cause" standard in assessing whether the circuit court had erred in setting aside a founded disposition of abuse by DHS. 251 Or. App. at 578-80, 284 P.3d 1189. There, we explained that the standard was akin to the "reasonable suspicion" standard in criminal law, a standard we characterized as " ‘low.’ " Id . at 584, 284 P.3d 1189 (quoting Berger , 195 Or. App. at 591, 98 P.3d 1127 ). As we explained in A. F. , in making a founded disposition, "DHS does not make an ultimate finding on the question whether a child is at risk of harm from abuse or neglect by a particular individual. That determination, ultimately, is for the court in a dependency proceeding." Id . Rather, DHS simply evaluates whether it is reasonable to think that that is the case. Id . And, on the substantial evidence review of a DHS founded disposition, the role of the reviewing court is simply to determine whether a reasonable person could reach the determination that DHS made. Id . at 580, 284 P.3d 1189.

Thus, under A. F. , the question before us in this case is whether the whole record generated in the circuit court allows for the determination that it was reasonable for DHS to believe "under the circumstances before it" that petitioner caused both his children to suffer mental injury, physically abused his son, and threatened harm to his daughter. Id . at 584, 284 P.3d 1189.

A detailed recitation of the evidence would benefit no one. Regarding the founded dispositions of mental injury and physical abuse, we conclude that substantial evidence supports them. Petitioner certainly presented evidence to undercut DHS's investigation and determinations that would allow a juvenile court to conclude, in the context of a dependency case, that it was not persuaded that the abuse, in fact, occurred. But that is not the question. The question is whether, "under the circumstances before it" at the time it made its founded disposition, DHS had "reasonable suspicion to believe" that abuse had occurred. And the evidence in the record about what was known to DHS supports an objectively reasonable belief that petitioner committed the abuse identified by DHS, or so a reasonable person could conclude, regardless of that contrary evidence. See Norden , 329 Or. at 649, 996 P.2d 958 (noting that "substantial evidence standard of review in APA does not require reviewing court to ‘explain away’ conflicting evidence" (quoting Erck v. Brown Oldsmobile , 311 Or. 519, 528, 815 P.2d 1251 (1991) )). The circuit court thus correctly sustained DHS's founded dispositions of mental injury to both children, but erred when it set aside DHS's founded disposition that petitioner caused physical abuse. As for the founded disposition of "threat of harm" to petitioner's daughter, we conclude that it is not supported by substantial evidence. DHS's founded disposition of "Threat of Harm: Physical Abuse" to petitioner's daughter was based on the same incident that led to the founded disposition of physical abuse to petitioner's son, which DHS concluded "could have resulted in [petitioner's daughter] being seriously hurt." As defined in DHS's rules, "threat of harm" means "all activities, conditions, and circumstances that place the child at threat of severe harm of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, mental injury, or other child abuse." OAR 413-015-1015(1)(g). But the facts of that particular incident, as disclosed by this record, do not make it reasonable to believe that that incident (and petitioner's conduct during it, which targeted his son), "place[d] [petitioner's daughter] at threat of severe harm of physical abuse." Consequently, the circuit court correctly set aside that founded disposition.

On appeal, affirmed. On cross-appeal, portion of judgment reversing "founded disposition for physical abuse of the boy," reversed; otherwise affirmed.