HON. JAMES L. GARRITY, JR. U.S. BANKRUPTCY JUDGE

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

Chapter 7

TROY LAW, PLLP Counsel for Plaintiffs By: John Troy, Esq. Aaron B. Schweitzer, Esq.

SHI & ASSOCIATES Counsel for the Debtor By: Edward Miller, Esq.

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION TO AMEND FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT AND GRANTING DEBTOR'S MOTION TO DISMISS

HON. JAMES L. GARRITY, JR. U.S. BANKRUPTCY JUDGE

Introduction

Heng Li Zhu (the "Debtor" or "Defendant") is a chapter 7 debtor herein. Jin Zhong Xin and Ruixuan Cui (together, the "Plaintiffs") are judgment creditors of the Debtor in the aggregate amount of $127,612.91 (the "Judgment Debt"). The Plaintiffs were awarded the underlying Judgment in the District Court Action discussed below. In this adversary proceeding, the Plaintiffs purport to challenge the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt and to seek to deny the Debtor his bankruptcy discharge. The Troy Law Firm ("Troy Law") acted as Plaintiffs' counsel in the District Court Action and represents them in this adversary proceeding. In the Complaint they filed to commence this action, the Plaintiffs sought a judgment against the Debtor and an order of the Court determining that the Judgment Debt is excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Section 523(a)(6) Claim"). In their First Amended Complaint-which is the operative complaint-the Plaintiffs added a claim seeking to deny the Debtor his discharge pursuant to section 727(a)(4)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Section 727(a)(4) Claim").

The Plaintiffs moved pursuant to Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 15") for leave to file their Proposed Second Amended Complaint (the "Motion to Amend") against the Debtor in which they purport to (i) allege a claim for relief against the Debtor challenging the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Section 523(a)(2) Claim"); and (ii) allege additional facts in support of their Section 523(a)(6) Claim and Section 727(a)(4) Claim. The Debtor opposes the Motion to Amend and has moved to dismiss the complaint (the "Opposition" or "Motion to Dismiss", and together with the Motion to Amend, the "Motions")) pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rule 12(b)(6)") for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

For the reasons stated herein, the Court denies Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend and grants the Debtor's Motion to Dismiss.

Jurisdiction

The Court has jurisdiction over this adversary proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(1) and 1334(b), and the Amended Standing Order of Reference dated January 31, 2012 (Preska, C.J.). This is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2).

Background

The Debtor and his wife jointly own 1A ROYAL THAI CUISINE & 1A ANAGO SUSHI INC. d/b/a Anago Sushi Japanese Thai Cuisine ("Anago") and SUSHI SUKI, INC. d/b/a Sushi Suki ("Sushi Suki"). They operate Anago as a restaurant under the name Anago Sushi Japanese Thai Cuisine located at 240 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY and Sushi Suki as a restaurant under the name Sushi Suki located at 1577 York Avenue, New York, NY 10028. On January 19, 2018, the Plaintiffs commenced an action (the “District Court Action”) against the Debtor, Anago and Sushi Suki and others (collectively, the "District Court Defendants") in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the "District Court") seeking damages from the District Court Defendants based on their alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") and the New York Labor Law ("NYLL") in the operation of the restaurants. In broad strokes, in their complaint in support of the District Court Action (the "District Court Complaint"), the Plaintiffs complained that in violation of the FLSA and NYLL, the District Court Defendants failed to properly compensate Plaintiffs in accordance with relevant state and federal laws and failed to provide them with notices and other documents relating to their jobs called for under applicable laws. As to the former, the Plaintiffs alleged that at all relevant times, the District Court Defendants knowingly and willfully:

failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees at least the New York minimum wage for each hour worked;

failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees their lawful overtime of one and one-half times (1.5x) their regular rate of pay for all hours worked over forty (40) in a given workweek;

failed to pay Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees their lawful spread of hours for workdays that began and ended ten (10) hours apart; and

failed to keep full and accurate records of Plaintiffs' hours worked and wages paid.

They also alleged that at all relevant times, the District Court Defendants failed to post the required New York State Department of Labor posters regarding minimum wage pay rates, overtime pay, and pay day. See id. ¶ 50. They asserted that the District Court Defendants:

failed to provide Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees with Time of Hire Notices in their primary languages reflecting rates of pay and payday as well as paystubs that listed the employee's name, the employer's name, the employer's address and telephone number, the employee's rate or rates of pay, any deductions made from employees' wages, any allowances claimed as part of the minimum wage, and the employee's gross and net wages for each pay day; and

failed to provide Plaintiffs and similarly situated employees with statements every payday that accurately listed all of the following: the dates of work covered by that payment of wages; the employee's name; the name of the employer; the address and phone number of the employer; the employee's rate or rates of pay and basis thereof; the employee's gross wages; the employee's deductions; allowances, if any, claimed as part of the minimum wage; net wages; the employee's regular hourly rate or rates of pay; the employee's overtime rate or rates of pay; the employee's number of regular hours worked, and the employee's number of overtime hours worked.

On June 4, 2019, following a jury trial in the District Court Action, the jury (the "Jury") returned a verdict in favor of the Plaintiffs against the Debtor and Anago. The verdict did not establish any liability of Sushi Suki. The Jury's Verdict Forms contain findings of fact relating to: (i) the period of Plaintiffs' employment by Anago and the average weekly number of hours Plaintiffs worked at Anago; (ii) the wages paid by the Debtor to the Plaintiffs; and (iii) the Debtor's failure to provide pay stubs and adequate wage notices to the Plaintiffs. The Jury also found that the Debtor and Anago did not act in good faith when they (a) failed to pay Plaintiffs the applicable minimum wage, adequate overtime wages and spread of hours pay and (b) failed to provide adequate pay stubs and wage notices. The District Court calculated the damages against the Debtor and Anago in light of the Jury's verdict and entered a judgment against the Debtor and Anago jointly and severally in the aggregate amount of $127,612.91 (the “Judgment”) as follows:

The Judgment awarded Jin Zhong Xin damages in the sum of $54,242.26, consisting of:

(A) compensatory damages for unpaid wages in the amount of $17,682; (B) liquidated damages for unpaid wages under the New York Labor Law in the amount of $17,682; (C) statutory damages for violation of New York Labor Law § 195 in the amount of $10,000; and (D) pre-judgment interest calculated at the rate of 9% per annum and totaling $8,878.26.

(A) compensatory damages for unpaid wages in the amount of $6,315; (B) liquidated damages for unpaid wages under the New York Labor Law in the amount of $6,315; (C) statutory damages for violation of New York Labor Law § 195 in the amount of $7,400; and (D) pre-judgment interest calculated at the rate of 9% per annum and totaling $4,113.61.

On June 6, 2019 (the "Petition Date"), the Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Bankruptcy Case") in this Court.

On June 9, 2020, the Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court (the "Clerk") sent notices to twenty-three interested parties, including Troy Law, as Plaintiffs' counsel in the District Court Action, setting July 10, 2019, as the first date for the 341(a) Meeting of Creditors. The notice also advised that the last day to object to the Debtor's discharge under section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code, or to the dischargeability of particular claims under section 523 of the Bankruptcy Code was September 9, 2019 (the "Discharge Objection Deadline").

On June 10, 2019, Deborah Piazza (the "Chapter 7 Trustee") was appointed as chapter 7 trustee.

On June 18, 2019, the Plaintiffs filed three proofs of claim in the Bankruptcy Case, as follows:

Claim 1-1 was filed on behalf of Plaintiff Jin Zhong Xin in the amount of $54,242.26.

Claim 2-1 was filed on behalf of Plaintiff Ruixuan Cui in the amount of $24,143.61.

Claim 3-1 was filed on behalf of Troy Law in the amount of $49,227.04.

On August 30, 2019, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee entered into a stipulation (the "Limited Section 727 Stipulation") extending the Discharge Objection Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee, to file objections to the Debtor's discharge under section 727 to December 10, 2019 (the "Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline"). The Plaintiffs are not parties to the Limited Section 727 Stipulation, or any other stipulation or agreement extending their deadline to object to the Debtor's discharge, or to the dischargeability of their claims, beyond September 9, 2019.

On September 9, 2019, the Discharge Objection Deadline lapsed for all interested parties other than the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee.

On September 15, 2019, Troy Law, as counsel to the Plaintiffs, commenced this adversary proceeding by filing a one-count complaint (the "Complaint") on behalf of the Plaintiffs against the Debtor. The sole form of relief that the Plaintiffs seek in the bare-bones Complaint is to except the Judgment Debt from discharge under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code. See Complaint ¶¶ 8-12.

On September 30, 2019, the Debtor filed an answer to the Complaint, denying all allegations in the Complaint and asserting various affirmative defenses.

On December 5, 2019, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee agreed to further extend the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee to March 10, 2020.

On January 13, 2020, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint (the "First Amended Complaint") that adds the Section 727(a)(4) Claim to the Section 523(a)(6) Claim alleged in the Complaint. See First Amended Complaint ¶¶ 13-20. In part, in support of the First Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs allege that:

(i) Defendant misrepresented his ownership value in Anago when he disclosed in his schedules that the value of his 50% interest in Anago is $0.00, which the Plaintiffs contend is "not possible for a corporation that is still active, and the restaurant is still operating." See First Amended Complaint ¶ 15-16.

(ii) Defendant failed to disclose his ownership of Sushi Suki. See id. ¶¶ 17-18; see also id. Ex. 4.

(iii) Defendant had a practice of paying Anago's employees, including Plaintiffs, under the table in cash. See id. ¶ 19.

On January 22, 2020, the Debtor filed an answer to the First Amended Complaint in substantially the same form as his Answer to the Complaint.

On March 3, 2020, the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and the U.S. Trustee agreed to further extend the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline for the Chapter 7 Trustee and the U.S. Trustee to June 10, 2020.

On June 10, 2020, the Extended Section 727 Objection Deadline lapsed. Neither the Chapter 7 Trustee, nor the U.S. Trustee objected to the Debtor's discharge under section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code.

On October 28, 2020, at the request of the Clerk, the Court issued the Order of Discharge under section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Discharge Order"). On that day the Clerk mailed Notice of the Discharge Order to each Plaintiff, "c/o Troy Law."

The Motions

In the Motion to Amend, Plaintiffs seek leave pursuant to Rule 15(a) to file the Proposed Second Amended Complaint to add the new Section 523(a)(2) Claim; to add "comprehensive allegations" against the Debtor in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim; and to add "comprehensive allegations" against the Debtor in support of the Section 727(a)(4) Claim. See Motion to Amend at 1, 3. Plaintiffs attach a copy of the Judgment (Exhibit 1) and copies of the Verdict Forms with respect to Ruixuan Cui (Exhibit 2) and Jin Zhong Xin (Exhibit 3), as exhibits to the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, which collectively are attached as Exhibit C to the Plaintiffs' Memo of Law in support of the Motion to Amend.

The Debtor opposes the Motion to Amend and moves to dismiss the First Amended Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). See Opposition at 3. The Debtor argues that the Court should deny the Motion to Amend, as futile, because the Proposed Second Amended Complaint fails to allege facts demonstrating that the Plaintiffs are entitled to relief under section 523(a)(2)(A), 523(a)(6) or 727(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code. See id. at 7-8, 10. He contends that the Court should dismiss the First Amended Complaint because neither the Section 523(a)(6) Claim nor the Section 727(a)(4) Claim states a claim for relief against him. See id.

The Court considers those matters below.

Legal Standards

Federal Rule 15

Rule 15 allows a party to amend its pleading once as a matter of right before a responsive pleading is served or, if no responsive pleading is permitted and the case has not yet been placed on the trial calendar, within twenty days after the pleading is served. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). Thereafter, absent written consent from the opposing party, leave to amend must be obtained from the court. See id; see also Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 46 F.3d 230, 234-35 (2d Cir. 1995) ("Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleading once as a matter of right before a responsive pleading is served or, if no responsive pleading is permitted and the case has not yet been placed on the trial calendar, within twenty days after the pleading is served. After that point, absent written consent from the opposing party, leave to amend must be obtained from the district court."). Rule 15(a) specifies that "leave shall be freely given when justice so requires." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a); see also Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) ("[O]utright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse of that discretion and inconsistent with the spirit of the Federal Rules."). Accordingly, "[i]n the absence of any apparent or declared reason-such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party ..., etc.-the leave sought should, as the rules require, be 'freely given.'" Rachman Bag Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 46 F.3d at 234-35 (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182); see also State Tchrs. Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 654 F.2d 843, 856 (2d Cir. 1981) ("Mere delay, however, absent a showing of bad faith or undue prejudice, does not provide a basis for a district court to deny the right to amend.").

A motion to amend may be denied if the proposed amendment would be futile. See Asset Value Fund Ltd. P'ship v. The Care Grp., Inc., 179 F.R.D. 117, 118 (S.D.N.Y. 1998); see also Tocker v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 470 F.3d 481, 491 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[A] motion for leave to amend a complaint may be denied when amendment would be futile.") (citing Ellis v. Chao, 336 F.3d 114, 127 (2d Cir. 2003)). It is well settled that an amendment to a complaint is futile if, as amended, the complaint will not state a claim for relief. See Dougherty v. Town of N. Hempstead Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 282 F.3d 83, 88 (2d Cir. 2002) (citing Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 941 F.2d 119, 123 (2d Cir. 1991)) ("An amendment to a pleading will be futile if a proposed claim could not withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)."); Martin v. Dickson, 100 Fed.Appx. 14, 16 (2d Cir. 2004) ("A proposed amendment to a pleading would be futile if it could not withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).") (citation omitted).

Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a pleading for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The Debtor purports to file its Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). However, Rule 12(b) states that the defense of failure to state a claim "shall be made before pleading if a further pleading is permitted." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b). Because the Debtor filed his Amended Answer to the First Amended Complaint, his Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is untimely. See In re Ne. Indus. Dev. Corp., 513 B.R. 825, 839 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014); see also Tyco Int'l Ltd. v. Walsh, No. 02 Civ. 4633 (DLC), 2003 WL 553580, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2003) ("A motion based on [Rule 12(b)] is therefore untimely when it is served after the answer."). Rule 12(h) preserves the defense of failure to state a claim by providing a defendant the ability to raise the defense "by a motion under Rule 12(c)." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(2). See Patel v. Contemp. Classics of Beverly Hills, 259 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2001) ("Rule 12(h)(2) states that [a] defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted . . . may be made in any pleading permitted . . . or by motion for judgment on the pleadings, or at the trial on the merits.") (internal quotation marks omitted). The "standard for addressing a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is the same as that for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim." Cleveland v. Caplaw Enters., 448 F.3d 518, 521 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Karedes v. Ackerley Grp., Inc., 423 F.3d 107, 113 (2d Cir. 2005) ("The test for evaluating a [motion for judgment on the pleadings] is the same as that applicable to a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12(b)(6).") (quoting Irish Lesbian & Gay Org. v. Giuliani, 143 F.3d 638, 644 (2d Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, courts faced with a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim styled as arising under Rule 12(b) but which is filed after the close of pleadings construe such a motion as one for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c), applying the same standard. See Ezra v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 784 Fed.Appx. 48, 49 (2d Cir. 2019); Kalin v. Xanboo, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 5931 (RJS), 2009 WL 928279, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2009); Altman v. Incorporated Village of Lynbrook, No. CV 18-4984 (SJF) (AKT), 2020 WL 4587751, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2020). Cf. Moore v. Shahine, No. 18 Civ. 463 (AT) (KNF), 2019 WL 948349, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 2019) (dismissing Rule 12(b)(6) as untimely but considering arguments under Rule 12(c)). The Court, therefore, construes the Debtor's Motion to Dismiss as a motion for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c). Under Rule 12(c), "a party is entitled to judgment on the pleadings only if it has established that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and that [it] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Bailey v. Pataki, No. 08-CV-8563, 2010 WL 234995, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan 19, 2010) (quotation marks and citations omitted). To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the complaint "contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible "when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). However, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Id.; see also Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986) (noting that on a motion to dismiss, courts “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.”).

In adjudicating a Rule 12(c) motion, a court "considers the complaint, the answer, any written documents attached to them, and any matter of which the court can take judicial notice for the background of the case." L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC, 647 F.3d 419, 422 (2d Cir. 2011). For documents to be incorporated by reference, "the [c]omplaint must make a clear, definite and substantial reference to the documents." Thomas v. Westchester Cty. Health Care Corp., 232 F.Supp.2d 273, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).

Sections 727 and 523 of the Bankruptcy Code

The goal of the Bankruptcy Code is to provide the "honest debtor" with "a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort, unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of preëxisting debt." In re Renshaw, 222 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234, 244 (1934)). To that end, section 727(a) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that the court shall grant a discharge to an individual chapter 7 debtor unless one or more of the grounds for denial of discharge listed in subsections (a)(1) through (12) are established. See 11 U.S.C. § 727(a). Those provisions are enforced through section 727(c)(1), which vests the right in "[t]he trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee [to] object to the granting of a discharge under subsection (a) of this section." 11 U.S.C. § 727(c)(1); see also In re Cestaro, 598 B.R. 520, 529 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2019) ("Courts uniformly hold that a plaintiff that is not a creditor lacks standing to object to discharge under § 727(a).") (quotation marks and citation omitted) (collecting cases); In re Graziano, 35 B.R. 589, 593 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1983) ("[S]o long as an entity has a claim against the debtor, as distinguished from a claim against the debtor's estate, that entity may commence a proceeding to determine the dischargeability of a debt."). Section 727 "imposes an extreme penalty for wrongdoing[,]" such that, "it must be construed strictly against those who object to the debtor's discharge and 'liberally in favor of the bankrupt.'" State Bank of India v. Chalasani (In re Chalasani), 92 F.3d 1300, 1310 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting In re Adlman, 541 F.2d 999, 1003 (2d Cir. 1976)). A discharge under section 727(a) discharges the debtor from all pre-petition debts "except as provided in section 523" of the Bankruptcy Code. See 11 U.S.C. § 727(b). "In other words, section 727(a) discharges a debtor from all pre-petition debts, while section 523(a) limits the effect of a discharge that has been entered." In re Sharma, No. 12-14472 (SCC), 2014 WL 5714494, at *6 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Nov. 4, 2014) (citation omitted).

Section 523(a) of the Bankruptcy Code sets forth a variety of grounds upon which the court may deny the discharge of a particular claim of a particular creditor against the debtor. See In re Hass, 273 B.R. 45, 49 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) ("Objection to dischargeability under Section 523(a) must always be brought by the particular creditor whose debt is claimed to be non-dischargeable."); see also Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4007(a) ("A debtor or any creditor may file a complaint to obtain a determination of dischargeability of any debt."). A judgment of non-dischargeability under section 523(a) benefits only the debt owed to the particular creditor who objected to dischargeability and has no impact on claims of other creditors. See In re Hass, 273 B.R. at 49. Section 523(c) provides for the discharge of any debt of a kind specified in section 523(a)(2), (4) or (6) unless the court, on request of a creditor and after notice and a hearing, determines the debt to be nondischargeable under paragraph (2), (4) or (6), as the case may be, of section 523(a). 11 U.S.C. § 523(c). In keeping with the Bankruptcy Code's fresh start policy, courts construe the exceptions enumerated in section 523 narrowly against the creditor in favor of the debtor. Lubit v. Chase (In re Chase), 372 B.R. 125, 128 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (citing Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Bonnanzio (In re Bonnanzio), 91 F.3d 296, 300 (2d Cir. 1996)). In furtherance of that objective, "[a] creditor seeking to establish nondischargeability under § 523(a) must do so by the preponderance of the evidence." Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d 66, 69 (2d Cir. 2006) (citing Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 291 (1991)).

A complaint objecting to a debtor's bankruptcy discharge or determining the dischargeability of a claim must be filed within 60 days of the first date for the meeting of creditors under section 341(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(a) ("In a chapter 7 case, a complaint . . . objecting to the debtor's discharge shall be filed no later than 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341(a)."); Fed.R.Bankr.P. 4007(c) ("[A] complaint to determine the dischargeability of a debt under § 523(c) shall be filed no later than 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341(a)."). By motion filed within the 60-day period, and for cause shown, the Court may extend the 60-day periods in Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c). See Fed. R. Bankr. 4004(b)(1); Fed.R.Bankr.P. 4007(c). Further, the deadlines cannot be extended under the general rule allowing a court to enlarge the time for taking any action under the Bankruptcy Rules. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(b)(3) ("The court may enlarge the time for taking action under Rules . . . 4004(a) [and] 4007(c) . . . only to the extent and under the conditions stated in those rules.").

Discussion

There are two matters to consider before addressing the merits of the Motions. The Discharge Objection Deadline is September 9, 2019, and the Plaintiffs did not commence this adversary proceeding until September 15, 2019, when Troy Law, as counsel to the Plaintiffs, filed the one-count Complaint challenging the dischargeability of the Judgment Debt in the Section 523(a)(6) Claim. The Plaintiffs did not challenge the Debtor's discharge until January 13, 2020, when Troy Law filed the First Amended Complaint that adds the Section 727(a)(4) Claim to the Section 523(a)(6) Claim alleged in the Complaint. Neither party raised the timeliness of this action in the papers submitted in support of and in opposition to the Motions. Nor did they address the impact of the Court's October 28, 2020 Discharge Order on the Plaintiffs claims for relief in the adversary proceeding. The Court sua sponte raised both issues with the parties and gave them leave to submit supplemental briefs addressing those issues. Both parties submitted additional pleadings.

In his supplemental brief, the Debtor argues that the time limits set forth in Rule 4007(c) are "mandatory and jurisdictional" and that the Court must dismiss the First Amended Complaint because of Plaintiffs' failure to file it by the Discharge Objection Deadline. See Def.'s Suppl. Mem. at 1 (citing In re Dollar, 257 B.R. 364 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2001) and Matter of Sablone, 157 B.R.739 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1993)). The Second Circuit, however, examining the split in authority has found that the "time period imposed by Rule 4007(c) is not jurisdictional and thus is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.” European Am. Bank v. Benedict (In re Benedict), 90 F.3d 50, 54 (2d Cir. 1996) ("The Supreme Court has stated that '[s]tatutory filing deadlines are generally subject to the defenses of waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.' There is nothing in the Bankruptcy Code that persuades us to hold that Rule 4007(c) is any different from a statutory provision that imposes a filing deadline.") (internal citations omitted) (citing United States v. Locke, 471 U.S. 84, 94 n. 10 (1985)). As the court explained in In re Dombroff,

[t]he Bankruptcy Rules, unlike the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, are not promulgated under the Rules Enabling Act. The Supreme Court derives its authority to promulgate rules for the bankruptcy courts under 28 U.S.C. § 2075 which, unlike the Rules Enabling Act, contains no language providing that bankruptcy rules supersede conflicting prior statutes. This suggests that the Bankruptcy Rules are rules only, having no statutory effect, and that the time for filing a complaint objecting to discharge is not jurisdictional.

"Waiver is generally defined as an intentional relinquishment of a known right." In re Benedict, 90 F.3d at 55. "Waiver may be express of implied from the conduct of a party." In re Gonzalez, 241 B.R. 67, 75 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). Forfeiture is the "failure to make the timely assertion of a right." United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731 (citing Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 444 (1944)); see also Patterson v. Balsamico, 440 F.3d 104, 112 (2d Cir. 2006); Don King Prods., Inc. v. World Boxing Assoc., 21 Civ. 4885 (AKH), 2022 WL 2133751, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 14, 2022).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) requires parties to raise affirmative defenses in the pleadings. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c). On September 30, 2019 and January 22, 2020, the Debtor filed answers to the Complaint and the First Amended Complaint, respectively, without asserting the affirmative defense of timeliness based on Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c), or a statute of limitations defense. See Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. at 456 (stating that the "claim-processing rules" such as Bankruptcy Rules 4004(a) "afford the debtor an affirmative defense to a complaint filed outside the [time] limits"); see also In re Santos, 112 B.R. 1001, 1008 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1990) ("[T]he timeliness of a dischargeability complaint presents an affirmative defense that must be raised in an answer or responsive pleading.") (citation omitted). The Debtor's failure to assert the defense in his answers, however, is not dispositive. See American Federal Grp., Ltd. v. Rothenberg, 136 F.3d 897, 910 (2d Cir. 1998) ("[W]aiver [of an unpleaded defense] may not be proper where the defense is raised at the first pragmatically possible time and applying it at that time would not unfairly prejudice the opposing party."); see also Rose v. Amsouth Bank of Fla., 391 F.3d 63, 65 (2d Cir. 2004) (same); Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., No. 01 Civ. 1909 (KMW) (HBP), 2009 WL 464946, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2009) (same). In considering whether a failure to timely raise a defense based on Rules 4004(a) and 4007(c) should constitute a waiver, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit set forth five factors courts should consider, including:

1) the obviousness of the defense's availability, 2) the stage of the proceeding at which the defense is raised, 3) the time which has elapsed between the filing of the answer and the raising of the defense, 4) the amount of time and effort expended by the plaintiff in the case at the time the defense is raised, and 5) the prejudice resulting to the plaintiff which would result from allowing the defense to be asserted.

Here, the first pragmatically possible time the Debtor could have brought up the defense of timeliness, if not in his answers, were in response to the filing of Plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint on January 13, 2020. However, the Debtor never objected to that filing. Moreover, the Debtor could have raised the argument in his Opposition to the Motion to Amend, but similarly failed to do so. The Debtor also failed to raise the argument in the very Motion to Dismiss at issue now. It was not until the Court raised the issue sua sponte, nearly three years after the filing of the Complaint that the Debtor purported to assert the defense in its supplemental brief the Court requested to address the timeliness issue. The parties have expended a considerable amount of time and resources litigating this matter, even having participated in discovery. The Debtor had multiple opportunities to raise the defense and failed to raise it. Clearly, Plaintiffs would be prejudiced by allowing the Debtor, at this stage of the proceedings, to assert the defense. Therefore, the Court finds that the Debtor has forfeited the timeliness defense. See In re Benedict, 90 F.3d at 55 (finding that the debtor waived her right to object to the expiration of the deadline date when it entered into stipulation extending time for creditor to object); see also In re Steiner, 209 B.R. at 284 (same); Hamilton v. Atlas Turner, Inc., 197 F.3d at 62 (finding defense of lack of personal jurisdiction forfeited by defendant where three years passed, with considerable pretrial activity, and defendant had "several clear opportunities to do so").

Plaintiffs run into a second issue. On October 28, 2020, the Court entered the Discharge Order, granting him a discharge in bankruptcy, implicating their Section 727(a)(4) Claim. As relevant, Bankruptcy Rule 4004 states that after the 60-day deadline stated therein expires, the court "shall forthwith grant the discharge, except that the court shall not grant the discharge if: . . . a complaint . . . objecting to the discharge has been filed and not decided in the debtor's favor." Fed.R.Bankr.P. 4004(c)(1)(B). This adversary proceeding was pending on October 28, 2020, when the Court entered the Discharge Order. There was a clerical error in doing so, and the Court erroneously entered that order in violation of Rule 4004. Bankruptcy Rule 9024 makes Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure applicable in bankruptcy cases. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9024. Rule 60 authorizes bankruptcy courts to "correct a clerical mistake or a mistake arising from oversight or omission whenever one is found in a judgment, order, or other part of the record." Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(a); see also Lee v. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., 592 F.2d 39 (2d Cir. 1979) ("[Rule 60] on its face applies only to Clerical mistakes and errors in judgments arising from oversight or omission."); Employers Mut. Cas. Co. v. Key Pharm., Inc., 886 F.Supp. 360 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ("The purpose of Rule 60(a) is to afformed courts a means of modifying their judgments in order to ensure that the record reflects the actual intentions of the court and the parties."); Filice v. United States (In re Filice), 580 B.R. 259, 271 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2018) ("Rule 60(a) mistakes are blunders in execution that do not constitute a court changing its mind about what it originally intended to do.") (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The clerical error in entering the Discharge Order provides grounds under Rule 60(a) to vacate that order. See In re Toledano, 322 B.R. 78, 84 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005) (vacating Order of Final Decree denying debtor his discharge where no objections to discharge were pending); Tucker Leasing Capital Corp. v. Farber, 882 F.Supp. 1290 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) (vacating judgment which inadvertently excluded post-decision interest to which plaintiff was entitled); In re Filice, 580 B.R. at 272 (sua sponte vacating discharge order mistakenly entered in violation of section 727(a)(8)). Accordingly, the Court vacates the Discharge Order. In so doing, the Court does not run afoul of the limitations on revoking a discharge under section 727. See In re Filice, 580 B.R. at 271 ("'Vacating' a discharge under Rule 60(a), as incorporated by Rule 9024, does not conflict with 'revoking' a discharge under § 727(d). The § 727(e) time limit on revoking a discharge for the blameworthy reasons specified in § 727(d) is not infringed when a court vacates a mistaken order of discharge.") (citations omitted).

The Court will address the merits of the Motions. It will first review the Motion to Amend. In doing so, the Court will review that motion as it relates to the Section 727(a)(4) Claim, and then as it relates to the Section 523(a)(2) Claim and the Section 523(a)(6) Claim. Thereafter the Court will consider the Motion to Dismiss.

Motion to Amend

Section 727(a)(4) Claim

The Plaintiffs maintain that the Debtor knowingly and fraudulently made false oaths in connection with the Bankruptcy Case, and in the District Court Action and that pursuant to section 727(a)(4)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code, the Court should deny the Debtor a discharge. See First Amended Complaint ¶ 20. In the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs plead their objection to the Debtor's discharge under section 727 in the Second Cause of Action. See First Amended Complaint ¶¶ 13-20. In short, the Plaintiffs maintain that the Court should deny the Debtor a bankruptcy discharge under section 727(a)(4)(A) because he knowingly and fraudulently made false oaths in connection with this bankruptcy case, and the District Court Action. See First Amended Complaint ¶ 20. In support of that claim, the Plaintiffs assert that

(i) Defendant signed his voluntary petition for bankruptcy and Statement of Financial Affairs on May 22, 2019, under penalty of perjury, and that in the Statement of Financial Affairs, he (a) misrepresented that his ownership value in Anago is $0.00, and (b) failed to disclose his ownership interest in Sushi Suki; and

(ii) Defendant had a practice of paying employees of Anago, including Plaintiffs, under the table in cash.

In the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs purport to buttress the factual allegations underlying the Section 727(a)(4) Claim by alleging that the Debtor made a "false oath," by (i) making cash payments "under the table" pre-petition to the Plaintiffs, and (ii) falsifying entries in his voluntary petition for bankruptcy by: (a) listing "0" as the value of his interest in Anago and (b) failing to disclose his interest in Sushi Suki; and (iii) testifying in the District Court Action that he was the sole owner of Anago, when in fact his is only a 50% owner. See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 25-26, 28-29, 50-51.

As support for those claims, the Plaintiffs assert that in 2012, Debtor and his wife, Ms. Chen, formed Anago as a New York corporation and that at all times relevant to the complaint, the Debtor and Ms. Chen were officers and directors of Anago. See id. ¶¶ 34, 35. They maintain that as of the Filing Date, Anago was an operating and profitable company, and continued to operate profitably until the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic. See id. ¶ 36. Plaintiffs assert that Debtor had a practice of paying employees of Anago including the Plaintiffs under the table in cash. See id. ¶ 29. Anago ceased operating in August 2020. See id. ¶ 38. As of the Filing Date, Debtor held a 50% interest in Anago (the "Anago Shares") and a 5% interest in Maggie Property 88, LLC ("Maggie LLC"). Ms. Chen held the balance of the interests in Anago and in Maggie LLC. See id. ¶¶ 31-33.

On May 22, 2019, Debtor signed his voluntary petition for bankruptcy and Statement of Financial Affairs under penalty of perjury. See id. ¶ 24. In Schedule B to the Statement of Financial Affairs, Debtor disclosed his 50% interest in Anago, and 5% interest in Maggie LLC. Plaintiffs assert that the Debtor failed to disclose his ownership interest in Sushi Suki, see id. ¶ 27, and misrepresented the value of his Anago Shares as $0.00. See id. ¶ 26. Plaintiffs raise two points respecting Debtor's interest in Anago. They maintain that it is not possible for the stock of a corporation like Anago that was active and operating as of Filing Date to have no value. See id. ¶ 26. They also assert that during his deposition in the Bankruptcy Case, the Debtor admitted that he willfully perjured himself in the District Court Action when he falsely testified that he owned 100% of Anago, which they contend he did to protect his wife from being sued and to protect his assets from creditors. See id. ¶¶ 50, 51. The Plaintiffs also complain that the Debtor caused his assets to be systematically transferred to Ms. Chen in an effort to put them out of the reach of his creditors. As support, they contend:

Between January 2018 and the Filing Date, Ms. Chen withdrew at least $374,445.88 from the Anago account and that no less than 50% of those funds ($187,222.94) was income of the Debtor. See id. ¶¶ 46, 49.

On May 21, 2018, during the pendency of the District Court litigation, Debtor transferred $50,000 (the "2018 Transfer") from his Chase Bank savings account to Ms. Chen's Chase Bank savings account. See id. ¶ 44 (citing Exhibit 5 ¶ 30).

After the Filing Date, Debtor caused funds to be withdrawn and wire transferred from Anago to Ms Chen (the "Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers"), including but not limited to transfers aggregating $147,000, as follows:

$109,000 of withdrawals from Anago's account from January 6, 2020 through April 1, 2020, $91,000 of which was withdrawn by Ms. Chen, and $18,000 of which was ATM withdrawals.

$38,000 of online transfers made from Anago's account to Ms. Chen's account ending in x8905 from May 26 2020 through June 3, 2020.

The Plaintiffs maintain that the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers were distributed to Ms. Chen and were not used to pay Anago's payroll, or for any other business purpose of Anago, and that Debtor had a 50% interest Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers, i.e., no less than $73,500. See id. ¶ 55, 56, 57. They contend that the Debtor's 50% share of Anago's profits is property of the estate under section 541(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code, and that instead of turning his share of Anago profits over to the Chapter 7 Trustee, as the Debtor should have done pursuant to Bankruptcy Code, the Debtor caused his share of Anago's profits, including but not limited to $73,500, to be transferred to Ms. Chen through the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers. See id. ¶ 58, 60. They also contend that the Anago-Ms. Chen Postpetition Transfers diminished the value of the Debtor's Anago Shares, which are property of the estate. See id. ¶ 61.

The Debtor argues that the Plaintiffs' allegation that he made a misrepresentation regarding Anago's value is "flat out ridiculous" and asserts that "it would be good news for many restaurant owners in New York City" if it were true that it is not possible for a corporation that was active and operating to have a value of $0. See Opposition at 9. He also argues that the alleged false statements fail to satisfy two of the elements for a section 727(a)(4) claim-namely, that they be made "in or in connection with the case, i.e., the bankruptcy case" and that they be "material to the bankruptcy." Id. at 9. The Debtor maintains that he testified falsely regarding his percentage ownership in Anago during the District Court Action and therefore that he did not make the false statement "in or in connection with . . . the bankruptcy case." Id. at 9. He also argues that his alleged false statements are "not material given that Anago's value is $0." Id.

The Plaintiffs contend that tax returns provided by the Debtor during discovery support their allegation that the value of Anago cannot be zero. Anago's 2018 tax returns show that it had $92,030 worth in assets, $1,545,340 in gross sales and $10,583 in business income. See Reply at 12-13. Anago's 2019 tax returns show that Anago had $1,630,385 in gross sales and $3,015 in business income. See id. at 14. They also say that the post-petition transfers from Anago to Ms. Chen were distributions subject to the Debtor's 50% interest in Anago. The Plaintiffs contend that instead of receiving 50% of those distributions and turning them over to the estate, that the Debtor caused his shares of Anago profits to be distributed to his wife, thereby diminishing the value of his shares in Anago. See Reply at 15-16.

The Plaintiffs make two arguments in respect of the Debtor's false testimony concerning his wife's 50% ownership interest in Anago.

First, they contend that the false statement in the District Court Action prejudiced the Plaintiffs, as creditors in the Bankruptcy Case, by rendering them unable to prosecute the correct defendants, i.e., the Debtor's wife. See Reply at 14-15.

Second, they argue that the Debtor perjured himself in the Bankruptcy Case when he acknowledged that he made his false statement in the District Court Action. See id. at 15 ("Debtor perjured himself by stating during the [District Court Action] he lied to protect his wife."); see id. ("Debtor provided his false oath in the bankruptcy case, not in the [District Court Action] like Debtor[]

suggest[s]"). Plaintiffs contend that the Debtor's false oath during the District Court Action was in direct connection with or regarding the Bankruptcy Case-in substance making the argument that the proceeding in which the false oath was made is irrelevant when it has some bearing on the Bankruptcy Case. See id. ("Debtors fail to realize that Debtor Heng Li Zhu['s] false oath happened in direct connection with the bankruptcy case"); see id. ("[Debtor] stating that he lied in the [District Court Action] deposition at the [Adversary] Proceeding is Debtor essentially perjuring himself regarding the bankruptcy case") (emphasis added).

Finally, the Plaintiffs argue that, in the aggregate, the Debtors' false statements are material because they "bear a relationship to the debtor's business transactions or estate, or concern the discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence and disposition of the debtor's property." Reply at 17.

A central purpose of the Bankruptcy Code "is to allow the 'honest but unfortunate debtor' to begin a new life free from debt." D.A.N. Joint Venture v. Cacioli (In re Cacioli), 463 F.3d 229, 234 (2d Cir. 2006). For the protection of creditors, however, section 727 of the Bankruptcy Code requires a denial of a discharge in certain circumstances. See id. Pursuant to section 727(a)(4)(A), a court can deny a debtor a discharge in bankruptcy if the debtor "knowingly and fraudulently, in connection with case . . . (A) made a false oath or account[.]" 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A). To assert a claim for relief under section 727(a)(4), the objecting party must assert facts demonstrating that "(1) the debtor made a statement under oath; (2) the statement was false; (3) the debtor knew the statement was false; (4) the debtor made the statement with fraudulent intent; and (5) the statement related materially to the bankruptcy case." In re Boyer, 328 Fed.Appx. 711, 715 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Keeney v. Smith (In re Keeney), 227 F.3d 679, 685 (6th Cir. 2000)); see also In re Gordon, 535 B.R. 531, 537 (S.D.N.Y 2015) ("[T]o establish a claim under Section 727(a)(4)(A), a plaintiff must prove a material false oath, knowingly and fraudulently made, in connection with a bankruptcy case.").

For these purposes, "fraudulent intent . . . can be established by a showing of actual fraud, through evidence of the traditional badges of fraud, or by the debtor's reckless disregard for the truth of his statements. Jacob Agai, 291 Ave. P, LLC v. Antoniou (In re Antoniou), 515 B.R. 9, 24 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2014). While ignorance or carelessness cannot support a finding of fraudulent intent, "multiple smaller falsehoods can aggregate into a 'critical mass' that does indicate fraudulent intent." In re Gordon, 535 B.R. at 537 (citing In re Bressler, 387 B.R. 446, 462 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008)). Multiple omissions may also support a finding of fraudulent intent where "there is something about the omitted information the debtor might have wanted to conceal." See id. (citing Garcia v. Coombs (In re Coombs), 193 B.R. 557, 564-65 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1996) ("[T]here must be something about the adduced facts and circumstances which suggest that the debtor intended to defraud creditors or the estate [through his multiple omissions].")). Finally, a statement is material when it is pertinent to "the Debtor's business transactions, concerns the discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence or disposition of the debtor's property." Pereira v. Gardner (In re Gardner), 384 B.R. 654, 667 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008). "Omissions are material if they impact the trustee's ability to discover other assets, fully investigate pre-bankruptcy dealings, financial condition, and discovery of preference or avoidance actions." See id.

Applying these standards to the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs have not stated grounds for relief in support of the Section 727(a)(4) Claim for a number of reasons.

First, in paying his employees in cash under the table, the Debtor did not make a "false oath or account" in the Bankruptcy Case. Those actions have no bearing on whether Plaintiffs are entitled to relief under section 727(a). Moreover, the Plaintiffs' allegations with respect to the pre- and post-petition cash transfers by Anago to Ms. Chen may be relevant to the Chapter 7 Trustee's efforts to recover estate property, but do not support the Plaintiffs Section 727(a)(4) Claim.

Second, the Debtor's false testimony in the District Court Action regarding his ownership interest in Sushi Suki cannot support the Section 727(a)(4) Claim since that testimony was not made "in or in connection with" the bankruptcy case. See Bub v. Rockstone Capital, LLC, 516 B.R. 685, 694 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) ("The materially false statements recognized under this subsection may have been made as part of or omitted from the bankruptcy petition, schedules, statement of affairs or during examinations or the bankruptcy proceeding itself."); see also Perniciaro v. Natale (In re Natale), 136 B.R. 344, 349 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y.) ("[T]he debtor must have presented or used, with intent to defraud, inflated or fictitious claims in a bankruptcy case.").

Third, Debtors' alleged misstatement regarding the value of the Anago Shares fails to support Plaintiffs' claims for relief because Plaintiffs have not alleged facts demonstrating that the Anago Shares had material value, let alone that the Debtor knew it, and made the statement with the intent to defraud or mislead the creditors. The Plaintiffs mistakenly equate taxable business income on a tax return with the value of stock in a restaurant corporation, without regard to the corporation's liabilities or what a buyer would be willing to pay for such stock, considerations that would typically go into valuing a stock interest. See In re Vecchitto, 235 B.R. 231, 234-45 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1999), aff'd, 229 F.3d 1136 (2d Cir. 2000) ("[T]here are three principal approaches to be employed to determine [a stock's] fair market value: (1) component asset-based valuation, (2) cash-flow-based valuation and (3) market formula-based valuation.").

Finally, the Debtor disclosed his interest in the Anago Shares. In doing so, the Debtor afforded the Chapter 7 Trustee the opportunity to determine, for herself, whether the stock had any value to the estate. Cf. In re Sawyer, 130 B.R. 384, 394 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1991) (denying debtor's discharge under section 727(a)(4) where the false oath regarding value of ownership in stock was made together with other omissions that amounted to concealment and prevented the Chapter 7 Trustee from discovering the debtor's assets and business dealings). Anago is a closely held restaurant corporation which the Debtor owns together with his wife. The Chapter 7 Trustee has not made any effort to sell the Debtor's interest in Anago for the benefit of the estate, likely because it has no value outside of the Debtor's and his wife's hands.

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that it would be futile to grant the Plaintiffs leave to restate the Section 727(a)(4) Claim in the Second Amended Complaint because, as restated, it fails to state a claim for relief against the Debtor.

The Section 523(a)(2) Claim and 523(a)(6) Claim

The gravamen of the allegations in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint underlying the Section 523(a)(2) Claim and the Section 523(a)(6) Claim is that at all relevant times, the Debtor had the resources to comply with his financial and administrative obligations to the Plaintiffs under the FLSA and NYLL, but that he nonetheless refused to do so to their detriment, and employed a strategy pursuant to which to which he withheld information from the Plaintiff to ensure that they would not learn of their rights, and the Debtor's obligations to them, under federal and state laws.

In support of those claims, the Plaintiffs allege that (i) they proved in the District Court Action that the Debtor willfully and maliciously injured them by denying them minimum wage and overtime pay in violation of the FLSA and NYLL, and through the other willful and malicious violations of the NYLL and the regulations promulgated thereunder; (ii) the Debtor engaged in schemes as part of a deliberate attempt to underpay the Plaintiffs and obtained services from Plaintiffs by willfully making false representations, and willfully circumventing overtime laws; and (iii) the Debtor deceived Plaintiffs with his "misstatements"-i.e., by failing to pay overtime wages and to provide time of hire notice and paystubs to Plaintiffs. See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 10, 13, 14. The Plaintiffs assert that, as the employer, the Debtor was tasked with accounting for the number of hours the Plaintiffs worked each week and that the Plaintiffs were dependent upon the Debtor for an accurate accounting of those hours. See id. ¶ 14. They maintain that they justifiably relied on the information the Debtor provided to them regarding their pay. See id.

Section 523(a)(2) Claim

As relevant, section 523(a) excepts from the discharge "any debt-(2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by- (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud[.]" 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A). "The three terms used in subsection (A) embody somewhat differing concepts, and Congress' use of the disjunctive 'or' evidences [an intent] to deny a discharge under any [such term.]" Soliz v. Soliz (In re Soliz), 201 B.R. 363, 369 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996). "Though the elements of each overlap, they are distinct." Heritage Equities, LLC v. Newman (In re Newman), 588 B.R. 281, 296 (Bankr. D. Conn. 2018); see also Wang v. Guo (In re Guo), 548 B.R. 396, 398 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2016). Accordingly, the Court will treat them as separate causes of action. See In re Ippolito, No. 12-70632 (AST), 2013 WL 828316, at *4 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. Mar. 6, 2013) ("False pretenses, false representation, and actual fraud represent three different concepts, and thus are treated as three separate causes of action.").

In support of the Section 523(a)(2) Claim, the Plaintiffs say that they were "dependent upon the Debtor for a true and correct accounting of hours and calculation of pay" and that the Debtor deceived them with "his misstatements by failing to pay overtime wages and fail[ing] to provide time of hire notice and paystubs to Plaintiffs." Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 14. They maintain that they "justifiably relied on Debtor's misstatements and omissions and were damaged as a proximate result thereof by being deprived of the legally required wages for their services." Id. Plaintiffs allege that "in the District Court Action the Court found . . . the Debtor Defendant . . . liable for obtaining services from Plaintiffs through, and among other violations, by willfully making false representations and willfully circumventing overtime laws." Id. ¶ 15. From that, they conclude that "Debtor obtained services from Plaintiffs by false pretenses, false representations and/or actual fraud and, therefore, the claims asserted against the Debtor's by Plaintiffs in the FLSA Action [are] not dischargeable in bankruptcy pursuant to Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code." Id. ¶ 16. Thus, in assessing the adequacy of the pleadings in support of the Section 523(a)(2) Claim, the Court must consider whether those allegations demonstrate a false representation, actual fraud, or false pretenses by the Debtor. See In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *4 ("[The creditor] generally seeks relief under § 523(a)(2)(A); thus, this Court must evaluate [the creditor's] first cause of action under each alternative prong.").

The Court undertakes that analysis below.

False Representation

For purposes of applying section 523(a)(2)(A), a false representation means that "1. defendant made a false or misleading statement; 2. with intent to deceive; 3. in order for the plaintiff to turn over money or property to the defendant." Frishberg v. Janac (In re Janac ), 407 B.R. 540, 552 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009); see also In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 129 ("A court can find a false representation if the plaintiff presents proof that the defendant (1) made a false or misleading statement; (2) with the intent to deceive; and (3) in order for the plaintiff to turn over money or property to the defendant."). In short, under section 523(a)(2)(A), "a 'false representation' references an expressed statement, either oral or written, false and misleading and designed to deceive." Vidomlanski v. Gabor (In re Gabor), No. 05-187719 (ALG), 2009 WL 3233907, at *4 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2009); see also Bobilya Chrysler v. Gross (Matter of Gross), 175 B.R. 277, 283 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1994) (stating that causes of action for "false pretenses" and "false representations" under section 523(a)(2)(A) are two distinct actions; the former involves implied misrepresentations, while the latter deals with expressed, either oral or written, misrepresentations). For these purposes, an" 'intent to deceive' may be established through circumstantial evidence and inferred from the totality of the evidence presented." Sandak v. Dobrayel (In re Dobrayel), 287 B.R. 3, 12 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002)) (citation omitted). Moreover, a plaintiff must also establish that its reliance was justifiable. See id.; see also In re Gonzalez, 241 B.R. at 71 ("To exempt a debt from discharge under Section 523(a)(2)(A), the non-debtor's reliance must be 'justifiable' under the circumstances.") (citing Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59 (1995)).

As noted above, the substance of the Plaintiffs' complaint is that the Debtor withheld information from them when he breached the FLSA and NYLL by failing to provide and/or display wage and overtime-related information to them. In interpreting the elements of section 523(a)(2)(A), "[t]he Court looks to the common law of torts, as embodied in the Restatement (Second) of Torts." In re Deutsch, 575 B.R. 590, 599 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 130). As Chief Judge Glenn noted in Deutsch, "[o]missions of fact can qualify as false representations under section 523(a)(2)(A): [a] false representation can be shown through either an express statement or through an omission where the circumstances are such that disclosure is necessary to correct what would otherwise be a false impression." Id. (quoting Signature Bank v. Banayan (In re Banayan), 468 B.R. 542, 574-75 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2012)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 529 (1976) ("A representation stating the truth so far as it goes but which the maker knows or believes to be materially misleading because of his failure to state additional or qualifying matter is a fraudulent misrepresentation."). But those principles are not applicable here, as the Plaintiffs do not complain that the Debtor made any expressed oral or written misrepresentations to them. The Debtor's failure to comply with the FLSA and NYLL does not constitute a "false representation" in support of the Section 523(a)(2)(A) Claim. Moreover, contrary to the Plaintiffs' assertions, the District Court did not find that the Debtor willfully made false representations to them. Rather, as noted above, the Verdict Forms included findings of fact solely relating to: (i) the period of Plaintiffs' employment by Anago and the average weekly number of hours Plaintiffs worked at Anago; (ii) the wages paid by the Debtor to the Plaintiffs; and (iii) the Debtor's failure to provide pay stubs and adequate wage notices to the Plaintiffs, and the Debtor's bad faith in violating the federal and state wage laws. See supra nn. 10-12. The Plaintiffs have failed to plead a plausible prima facie case for false representation under section 523(a)(2)(A). See In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *5 ("Here, [the creditor] has failed to identify an express misrepresentation made by [the debtor] either written or oral. Accordingly, it is clear that [the creditor] has failed to plead a plausible prima facie claim for false representation."). It would be futile to authorize the Plaintiffs to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for false representations under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.

Actual Fraud

Courts typically rely on the common law of torts, as embodied in the Restatement (Second) of Torts, in construing actual fraud. See, e.g., Weiss v. Alicea (In re Alicea), 230 B.R. 492, 500 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999) (citing cases); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 525 (1976) (The elements of common law fraud are (1) a misrepresentation, (2) fraudulent intent, or scienter, (3) intent to induce reliance, (4) justifiable reliance, and (5) damage.). Thus, to state a claim for "actual fraud" under section 523(a)(2)(A), the Plaintiffs must allege facts demonstrating the "five fingers of fraud: (1) that the [Debtor] made a false representation, (2) knowing it to be false at the time it was made, (3) with intent to deceive the [Plaintiffs], and (4) that the [Plaintiffs] justifiably relied on the representation, and (5) the [Plaintiffs] sustained damages that were proximately caused by the false representation." See In re Janac, 407 B.R. at 546; see also Shearman Lehman Hutton v. Schulman (In re Schulman), 196 B.R. 688, 693 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996).

The Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor "deceived Plaintiffs with his misstatements by failing to pay overtime wages and fail[ing] to provide time of hire notice[s] and paystubs to Plaintiffs." Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 14. However, as previously discussed, the failure to pay overtime wages or to provide time of hire notices or paystubs are omissions that do not constitute express misrepresentations or statements. Cf. In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316 at *5; see also supra n.34. In support of this claim, the Plaintiffs also allege that the District Court found that the Debtor was "liable for obtaining services from Plaintiffs through, and among other violations, by willfully making false representations[.]" Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 15. However, the Plaintiffs fail to allege any facts supporting that contention, and the Judgment and the Verdict Forms annexed to the complaint do not support Plaintiffs' allegation. As previously noted, they do not reflect any statements or representations by the Debtor at all, much less any false representations or misrepresentations. See Judgment, Verdict Forms. The Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts which, if accepted as true, demonstrate any element of "actual fraud" under section 523(a)(2)(A), let alone states a claim that the Debtor actually defrauded them. The Plaintiffs have failed to plead a plausible prima facie case for fraud under section 523(a)(2)(A). It would be futile to authorize them to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for fraud under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.

False Pretenses

"False pretenses" differ from "false representations" because they involve conduct, not express oral or written misrepresentations. See In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128 ("[A] false pretense is designed to convey an impression without an oral representation.") (citation omitted); see also Matter of Gross, 175 B.R. at 284 (noting that "false pretenses" involve implied misrepresentations, in contrast to a "false representation" involving an express misrepresentation, oral or written). "False pretenses" can consist of either "conscious deceptive or misleading conduct calculated to obtain, or deprive, another of property," In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128 (quoting Gentry v. Kovler (In re Kovler), 249 B.R. 238, 261 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2000)), or an implied misrepresentation or conduct intended to create a false impression. See id. (citing Voyatzoglou v. Hambley (In re Hambley), 329 B.R. 382, 396 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2005)); see also Evans v. Dunston (In re Dunston), 117 B.R. 632, 641 (Bankr. D. Colo. 1990), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 146 B.R. 269 (D. Colo. 1992) (noting that the term "false pretenses" has been defined as "[u]sually, but not always, the product of multiple events, acts or representations undertaken by a debtor which purposefully create a contrived and misleading understanding of a transaction that, in turn, wrongfully induces the creditor to extend credit to the debtor."). The "[f]ailure to disclose material facts on which a transaction depends constitutes false pretenses within the statute." In re Soliz, 201 B.R. at 369 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996). To state a claim under section 523(a)(2)(A) that the Judgment Debt is nondischargeable as a debt for money obtained by false pretenses, the Plaintiffs must allege facts demonstrating (1) an implied misrepresentation or conduct by the defendant; (2) promoted knowingly and willingly by the defendant; (3) creating a contrived and misleading understanding of the transaction on the part of the plaintiff; (4) which wrongfully induced the plaintiff to advance money, property, or credit to the defendant. In re Chase, 372 B.R. at 128 (citing In re Dobrayel, 287 B.R. at 12); see also In re Hambley, 329 B.R. at 396 (same).

In the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, the Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor's policy was to underpay his employee and that he maintained that policy through a scheme pursuant to which he withheld wage and hour notices at the time he hired them and obscured the number of hours his employees worked and wages they actually earned by withholding paystub statements on each payday, all in violation of their obligations under the FLSA and NYLL. See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶ 14. They argue that they have alleged a claim of false pretenses under section 523(a)(2) because, as established by the Judgment, the Debtor (1) failed to pay the Plaintiffs the minimum and overtime wage required by the FLSA and NYLL; (2) failed to pay the Plaintiffs the spread of hours' wages they are entitled to when they work more than ten hours, and (3) failed to comply with his duty under the NYLL to provide Plaintiffs with annual wage notices and weekly wage statements. See Reply at 7-8. In substance, the Plaintiffs argue that by withholding information from the Plaintiffs regarding their rights to over-time wages under the NYLL, the Debtor caused them to unknowingly "advance money to Defendant by accepting employment at a rate of pay less than they would otherwise have been entitled to under the law." Reply at 8.

However, those allegations fall short of demonstrating "conduct intended to create a false impression" or a "misleading understanding." While the Debtor failed to notify Plaintiffs of rights afforded to them under federal and state labor laws, the Debtor's actions do not amount to the knowing creation of a false impression or misleading understanding-that the Debtor intended to leave Plaintiffs with the impression that they would be paid a certain amount if they chose to work with the Debtor or that Plaintiffs would be paid what they were legally entitled to be paid. See In re Ippolito, 2013 WL 828316, at *4 ("To satisfy . . . Rule 9(b), state of mind can be averred generally, [but] must not be mistaken for a license to base claims of fraud on speculation and conclusory allegations . . . [P]laintiffs must allege facts that give rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.").

Moreover, Plaintiffs do not allege that they entered into their employment with the Debtor because of the Debtor's actions or that this alleged scheme was meant to or did induce Plaintiffs to extend their services when they otherwise would not have. See In re Dobrayel, 287 B.R. at 12 ("false pretense is the product of multiple events, acts, or representations undertaken by the debtor which purposely create a contrived and misleading understanding of a transaction that . . . wrongfully induces the creditor to extend [services] to the debtor."); see also In re Banayan, 468 B.R. 542, 574 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 2012) ("To prove that a debt arose from false pretenses, the plaintiff must show . . . conduct by the debtor . . . which wrongfully induced [the] plaintiff to advance [services] to the debtor."). Because Plaintiffs' have failed to allege facts demonstrating that the Debtor's conduct and omissions created a "false impression" that "wrongfully induced" Plaintiffs to extend their services to the Debtor, Plaintiffs have failed to plead a plausible prima facie case for false pretenses under section 523(a)(2)(A). It would be futile to authorize them to amend the First Amended Complaint to assert a claim for false pretenses under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code.

To state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, the Plaintiffs must demonstrate that, by words or conduct, the Debtor misrepresented facts to the Plaintiff in order to mislead or defraud them. As reflected in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs' theory of the case (as it was in the District Court Action) is that the Debtor unlawfully withheld information from them. They do not allege that the Debtor misrepresented facts to them, and the record is devoid of any facts demonstrating such misrepresentation. The Court denies the Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend the First Amended Complaint to add the Section 523(a)(2) Claim. It would be futile to grant the Plaintiffs leave to assert the Section 523(a)(2) Claim, because it fails to state a claim for relief. See Williams v. Citigroup Inc., 659 F.3d 208, 214 (2d Cir. 2011) ("It is well established that 'leave to amend need not be granted where the proposed amendment would be futile.' ") (quoting Advanced Magnetics, Inc. v. Bayfront Partners, Inc., 106 F.3d 11, 18 (2d Cir. 1997)); see also Thea v. Kleinhandler, No. 13-cv-4895 (PKC), 2014 WL 3812231, at *6, 9 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2014) (denying motion to amend on basis of futility); Carroll v. Trump, No. 22-CV-7311 (LAK), 2022 WL 748128, at *4, 10 (S.D.N.Y. 2022) (same); Goldberg v. Cablevision Systems Corp., 193 F.Supp.2d 588, 599 (E.D.N.Y. 2002) (same).

Section 523(a)(6) Claim

In the First Amended Complaint, in support of their Section 523(a)(6) Claim, and as relevant, the Plaintiffs allege, as follows:

9. As proved in the District Court Action, Plaintiffs (1) were not paid the minimum wage and overtime wage required by the FLSA and NYLL; (2) were not paid spread

of hours wages when their workdays were longer than ten hours as required by the NYLL; and (3) were not provided with annual wage notices and weekly wage statements as required by the NYLL.

10.Debtor's failure to pay Plaintiffs at the minimum wage rate and at the overtime wage rate, failure to pay spread of hours pay, and failure to provide wage statements and notices were intentional and wrongful acts which caused Plaintiffs injury in the form of lost wages. Debtor's violations of the FLSA, NYLL, and NYCRR were done without just cause or excuse. Debtor had the ability to comply with the FLSA, NYLL, and NYCRR and pay Plaintiffs the legally required wages and not otherwise harm them by engaging in fraudulent conduct, but chose not to.

11.Debtor's failure to pay Plaintiffs properly and in accordance with the FLSA, NYLL, and NYCRR caused a willful and malicious injury to them such that debts owed by Debtor to Plaintiffs, including attorneys' fees and costs to which they are entitled under the FLSA and NYLL should not be discharged. Therefore, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) [sic], Debtor is not entitled to a discharge of such debts.

Section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code bars the discharge of any debt that is the product of "willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity." 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The terms "willful" and "malicious" are separate and distinct elements of a claim under the statute that "should not be joined together into one amorphous standard." In re Bressler, 387 B.R. at 454; see also Barclays American/Business Credit, Inc. v. Long (In re Long), 774 F.2d 875, 881 (8th Cir. 1985) (The terms 'willful' and 'malicious' "should not be lumped together to create an amorphous standard to prevent discharge from any conduct that may be judicially considered to be deplorable."). As used in section 523(a)(6), "[t]he term willful ... means deliberate or intentional." Navistar Fin. Corp. v. Stelluti (In re Stelluti), 94 F.3d 84, 87 (2d Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d at 69 ("[T]he word 'willful' indicates 'a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury.' ") (quoting Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61 (1998)). The term malicious means "wrongful and without just cause or excuse, even in the absence of personal hatred, spite, or ill-will." In re Stelluti, 94 F.3d at 87-88; see also Ball v. A.O. Smith Corp., 451 F.3d at 69. Malice may be constructive, i.e., implied, by the "acts and conduct of the debtor in the context of [the] surrounding circumstances." In re Krautheimer, 241 B.R. 330, 341 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1999) (quoting In re Stelluti, 94 F.3d at 88). A specific intent to harm or injure is not required. Rather, "[m]alice is implied when anyone of reasonable intelligence knows that the act in question is contrary to commonly accepted duties in the ordinary relationships among people, and injurious to another." Aldus Green Co. v. Mitchell (In re Mitchell), 227 B.R. 45, 51 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1998) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

To state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6), a plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating "first, that the debtor acted willfully, second, that the debtor acted maliciously, and third, that the debtor's willful and malicious actions caused injury to the creditor or its property." In re Salim, No. 13-42974 (ESS), 2015 WL 1240000, at *22 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2015). The party objecting to the discharge of a claim under section 523(a)(6), must prove the elements of the claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Cocoletzi v. Orly (In re Orly), No. 15-11650 (JLG), 2016 WL 4376947, at *3 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2016) (internal citations omitted).

The Plaintiffs were injured as a consequence of the Debtor's violations of the FLSA and NYLL. It should have been clear to the Debtor that by withholding information necessary for Plaintiffs to make a true and correct accounting of the hours they worked, and of the wages owed, that the Plaintiffs would suffer injury. See In re Orly, 2016 WL 4376947, at *7 ("[C]onduct which is certain or almost certain to cause financial harm to the creditor in addition to the debtor's knowledge that he or she is violating the creditors legal rights, when taken together, is sufficient to establish a claim under section 523(a)(6).") (quoting Johnson v. Logue (In re Logue), 294 B.R. 59, 63 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2003)). The Plaintiffs contend that they have alleged facts in support of the Proposed Second Amended Complaint that demonstrate that the Debtor acted willfully in underpaying the Plaintiffs in violation of the FLSA and NYLL. The Debtor does not dispute that contention. In support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim, the Plaintiffs allege that (i) the Debtor engaged in a "deliberate attempt to underpay the Plaintiffs;" that the Debtor "had the ability to comply and pay the legally required wages and not otherwise harm the Plaintiffs but chose not to;" and that the Debtor violated the FLSA and NYLL "without just cause or excuse." See Proposed Second Amended Complaint ¶¶ 13, 14, 20. The Court finds that the Plaintiffs have met their burden to allege that the Debtor acted "willfully" in violating the FLSA and NYLL. Moreover, as noted, the Jury awarded Plaintiffs liquidated damages under the NYLL. See Judgment at 2. Liquidated damages are awarded under the NYLL "only where a violation is willful." In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. at 55 ("These grounds are substantially identical to the grounds that support a finding of willfulness for purposes of Section 523(a)(6)."); see also Ayres v. 127 Restaurant Corp., 12 F.Supp.2d 305, 309 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) ("A violation of the New York Labor Law is willful, warranting an award of 25% liquidated damages in addition to lost wages, where the employer 'knowingly, deliberately, [or] voluntarily' disregards its obligation to pay wages."); P & L Grp., Inc. v. Garfinkel, 150 A.D.2d 663, 541 N.Y.S.2d 535, 537 (1989). Therefore, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged "willfulness" in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim.

The Debtor contends that the Section 523(a)(6) Claim fails to state a claim for relief because the Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts demonstrating that he acted maliciously when he violated the federal and state wage laws. See Opposition at 7. The Plaintiffs dispute that contention. They assert that they have stated a claim for relief against the Debtor under section 523(a)(6) because the Judgment, alone, establishes that the Debtor acted with malice when he willfully violated the federal and state wage laws. See Reply at 10-12. ("Ample case law establishes that a willful violation of the FLSA, or an otherwise willful refusal to pay an employee wages, can support a finding of non-dischargeability in bankruptcy pursuant to Section 523(a)(6).").

The Court finds no merit in that argument. First, the Judgment and the Jury Verdict Forms provide no support for the Plaintiffs' claim because they contain no facts demonstrating that the Debtor acted maliciously when he willfully violated the wage laws. Moreover, "[a]s a general rule, an intentional breach of statutory duties [under the FLSA and NYLL] by a debtor, whose conduct is clearly motivated by the prospect of financial gain, is not sufficient alone to imply malice." In re Orly, 2016 WL 4376947, at *6 (citing In re Luppino, 221 B.R. 693, 700 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1998)). That is the case because malice is not an element of a violation of the NYLL. See In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. at 60; see also Ayres v. 127 Restaurant Corp., 12 F.Supp.2d at 309 ("No finding of malice or bad faith, however, is necessary [under the NYLL]."). Moreover, the case law is clear that willfulness is considered a separate and distinct element from maliciousness, and maliciousness is found, not solely on the basis of a willful refusal to pay an employee wages but from a willful refusal to do so without just cause or excuse and some other additional aggravating conduct. For example, in In re Qiao Lin, 576 B.R. 32, the court considered whether a default judgment entered by the district court against a debtor, president of a restaurant corporation, for claims under the FLSA and NYLL was nondischargeable under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code. The default judgment was based on an unopposed motion for summary judgment which asserted that the debtor-employer willfully circumvented minimum wage and overtime laws, willfully falsified pay stubs by reporting incorrect hours worked, willfully failed to post lawfully required notices concerning federal and state minimum wage protections or otherwise to inform the plaintiffs of those protections, willfully failed to provide the plaintiffs with notices required under the NYLL, willfully retained portions of the plaintiffs' tip earnings and unlawfully dismissed the plaintiffs following their complaints. See id. at 38. The Court found that alone, those allegations did not state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6). However, in support of that claim for relief, the plaintiffs also alleged that the debtor knowingly and intentionally fired two employees after they objected to the debtor's violations of the FLSA and posted anti-union posters in the workplace in order to intimidate his employees into abandoning their legal rights. See id. at 37. In that light, the bankruptcy court concluded that there was "substantial plausible evidence in the record that supports the conclusion that [the debtor] acted maliciously." See id. at 38. In In re Orly, the plaintiffs likewise asserted that, as a practice, the defendant violated the wage and hour laws. This Court found that in demonstrating that, in addition to the violations of the wage and hour laws, the defendant employer failed to reimburse the employees for the costs and expenses they incurred in purchasing and maintaining equipment and tools of the trade required to perform their jobs, the plaintiffs alleged the malice necessary to state a claim under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code. Finally, in In re Altendorf, the plaintiffs worked as commercial harvesters through the federal H-2A guestworker visa program. Pre-petition, they brought an action against the debtor seeking, among other things, damages for violations of the FLSA and North Dakota state wage law. Post-petition, the plaintiffs commenced an action seeking a determination that their claims against the debtor were excepted from discharge under section 523(a)(6). In support of their contention that the debtor willfully and maliciously deprived them of wages and overtime payments, they alleged that the debtor intentionally established a scheme by which she deliberately obtained labor through threats of financial harm and failed to pay plaintiffs wages to which debtor knew plaintiffs were entitled. See Murray v. Altendorf (In re Altendorf), No. AP 15-07003, 2015 WL 4575219, at *7 (Bankr. D.N.D. July 29, 2015). In part, the court found that because those allegations went beyond a mere breach of the statute, the plaintiffs plausibly alleged that the debtor acted maliciously. See id.

There are no allegations in support of the Section 523(a)(6) Claim in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint that support the Plaintiffs' assertion that the Debtor acted maliciously in breaching the FLSA and NYLL. Accordingly, it would be futile to authorize them to amend the Section 523(a)(6) Claim as requested in the Motion to Amend, because, as amended, the Section 523(a)(6) Claim would fail to state a claim for relief against the Debtor. The Court denies the Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend the Section 523(a)(6) Claim.

Motion to Dismiss

The Court now considers the Debtor's Motion to Dismiss, which it construes as a motion for judgment on the pleadings, in respect of the First Amended Complaint.

Plaintiffs' first cause of action is the Section 523(a)(6) Claim. The claim as alleged in the First Amended Complaint does not substantially or materially differ from the claim as alleged in the Second Amended Complaint. Plaintiffs allege that they were not paid the minimum wage and overtime wage requires by the FLSA and NYLL, were not paid spread of hours wages, and were not provided with annual wage notices and weekly wage statements as required by the NYLL. See First Amended Complaint ¶ 9. They allege that the failure to comply with those statutory requirements were intentional and wrongful acts which caused Plaintiffs' injury in the form of lost wages. See id. ¶ 10. They allege that the violations were done with just cause or excuse because the Debtor had the ability to comply with the laws and pay the legally required wages and not otherwise harm Plaintiffs but chose not to. See id. Plaintiffs allege that the Debtor's failure to pay Plaintiffs properly in accordance with the FLSA, the NYLL and the regulations promulgated thereunder caused willful and malicious injury and that the debts owed by the Debtor should not be discharged. See id. ¶ 11. Lastly, they allege that the Debtor is jointly and severally personally liable under the New York Business Corporation Law for all debts, wages and salaries due and owing to any of its workers because he is among the ten largest shareholders of Anago. See id. ¶ 12.

As discussed above, Plaintiffs have not stated a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code because they have not sufficiently alleged maliciousness. Because the Court found that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for relief under section 523(a)(6) in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, it follows that the First Amended Complaint, which makes the same allegations, must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. The Court grants the Debtor's motion for judgment on the pleadings.

Plaintiffs' second cause of action is the Section 727(a)(4) Claim. They allege that the Debtor misrepresented the value of Anago when it stated its value is $0, which is not possible for a corporation that is still active. See First Amended Complaint ¶ 16. They allege that the Debtor admitted in his deposition that he owns Sushi Suki but failed to disclose that interest in Sushi Suki in his Schedules. See id. ¶¶ 17-18. They also allege that the Debtor had a practice of paying employees of Anago under the table in cash. See id. ¶ 19. For those reasons, Plaintiffs assert that the Debtor is not entitled to a discharge. See id. ¶ 20. For the same reasons these allegations failed to state a claim for relief in the Proposed Second Amended Complaint, they fail in the First Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the Court grants the Debtor's motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismisses the Section 727(a)(4) Claim.

It is usual practice upon granting a motion to dismiss to allow leave to replead. See Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1991); see also In re Rifkin, 142 B.R. 61, 68 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1992) ("Complaints that are dismissed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 8, 9, and 12(b)(6) are 'almost always' dismissed with leave to amend.") (citing In re Kelton Motors, Inc., 121 B.R. 166 (Bankr. D. Vt. 1990)). This practice extends to motions for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c). See Woodward v. Morgenthau, 740 F.Supp.2d 433, 441 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). However, leave to replead is not typically granted where doing so would be futile. See Maharishi Hardy Blechman Ltd. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 292 F.Supp.2d 535, 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2003); see also Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d at 47-48 ("[W]here a plaintiff is unable to allege any fact sufficient to support its claim, a complaint should be dismissed with prejudice."). In denying Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend above, the Court finds that it would be futile to grant leave to restate the Section 727(a)(4) Claim and Section 523(a)(6) Claim. Accordingly, the Court dismisses both claims, without leave to replead.

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the Court denies the Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend, and grants the Debtor's Motion to Dismiss, without leave to replead.

IT IS SO ORDERED.