Opinion
Case No. 22-47193
2024-06-13
IN RE: Asia I. PARKER, pro se, Debtor.
Corey M. Carpenter, Carpenter Law, Southfield, Michigan, Attorney for Debtor
Corey M. Carpenter, Carpenter Law, Southfield, Michigan, Attorney for Debtor
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE DEBTOR'S MOTION TO REOPEN THIS BANKRUPTCY CASE, BUT GRANTING THE DEBTOR'S REQUEST TO WAIVE THE FILING FEE FOR THE MOTION TO REOPEN
Thomas J. Tucker, United States Bankruptcy Judge
This case is before the Court on a letter filed by the Debtor on June 10, 2024, which the Court construes as a motion to reopen this bankruptcy case, to enable the Debtor to file a Financial Management Course Certificate ("Certificate"), and then receive a discharge (Docket # 17, the "Motion"). This case was closed on December 20, 2022, without a discharge, due to the Debtor's failure to timely file the Certificate. The Motion was filed more than 17 months after this case was closed. For the following reasons, the Court will deny the Motion.
A. Background
With the assistance of her attorney at the time, the Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 on September 14, 2022, commencing this case. That same day, the Clerk issued a notice that the first meeting of creditors would be held on October 20, 2022 at 9:30 a.m. (Docket # 7, the "Notice"). The Notice was served on the Debtor's attorney by e-mail, through the Court's ECF system, and also by email through the Bankruptcy Noticing Center on September 14, 2022. (See Docket # 9 at pdf p. 4). On September 16, 2022, the Notice was served by the Bankruptcy Noticing Center directly on the Debtor, by first class mail. (Id.).
Under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b)(7)(A), 1007(c), and 4004(c)(1)(H), and 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(11), to obtain a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727, the Debtor was required to file the Certificate "within 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors," which meant that the deadline was December 19, 2022.
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b)(7)(A) states the requirement for a debtor to file a Certificate. It provides:
(7) Unless an approved provider of an instructional course concerning personal financial management has notified the court that a debtor has completed the course after filing the petition:
(A) An individual debtor in a chapter 7 . . . case shall file a statement of completion of the course, prepared as prescribed by the appropriate Official Form[.]
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c) provides the time limit for filing the Certificate. It states, in relevant part:
In a chapter 7 case, the debtor shall file the statement required by subdivision (b)(7) within 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341 of the Code[.]
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(c)(1)(H) states:
(c) Grant of discharge
(1) In a chapter 7 case, on expiration of the times fixed for objecting to discharge and for filing a motion to dismiss the case under Rule 1017(e), the court shall forthwith grant the discharge, except that the court shall not grant the discharge if:
. . .
(H) the debtor has not filed with the court a statement of completion of a course concerning personal financial management if required by Rule 1007(b)(7)[.]
Under Section 727(a)(11), the court may not grant a discharge to a debtor who has not filed a Certificate. It provides, in relevant part, that with exceptions not applicable here:
(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless—
. . .
(11) after filing the petition, the debtor failed to complete an instructional course concerning personal financial management described in section 111[.]
The Debtor failed to file the Certificate by the December 19, 2022 deadline, or at any time thereafter while the case remained open. The Debtor also failed to file a motion to extend the deadline to file the Certificate.
On December 20, 2022, after the case had been fully administered, the case was closed without a discharge, due to the Debtor's failure to file the Certificate. (Docket # 15). Notice of the Final Decree entered that day (Docket # 15) was served on the Debtor's attorney by e-mail on December 20, 2022, through the Court's ECF system. Notice that the Debtor's bankruptcy case had been closed without a discharge was served by the Bankruptcy Noticing Center by email on some of the creditors on December 20, 2022, and by mail on the Debtor and on the remainder of the creditors on December 22, 2022. (Docket # 16 at pdf p. 2). That notice stated: "All creditors and parties in interest are notified that the above-captioned case has been closed without entry of discharge as Debtor(s) did not file Official Form 423, Certification About a Financial Management Course." (Id. at pdf p. 1).
More than 17 months later, on June 10, 2024, the Debtor filed the Motion (Docket # 17). The Motion states, in relevant part:
I am writing to ask that my case (22-47193) be reopened without a filing fee . . . . I did not complete the second credit counseling course. I reached out to my lawyer but I have not heard back, I am assuming because of the age of the case. I moved residences shortly after the last court date, so I am unaware if he tried to contact me via mail.
B. Discussion
The Motion does not allege any excuse, let alone a valid excuse, for either (1) the Debtor's failure to timely complete the financial management course and file the required Financial Management Course Certificate; or (2) the Debtor waiting more than 17 months after this case was closed before she moved to reopen it.
Section 350(b) of the Bankruptcy Code, Federal Bankruptcy Rule 5010, and Local Bankruptcy Rule 5010-1 govern motions to reopen a case for the purpose of filing a Financial Management Course Certificate. Bankruptcy Code Section 350(b) states that "a case may be reopened in the court in which such case was closed to administer assets, to accord relief to the debtor, or for other cause." 11 U.S.C. § 350(b). Here, the Debtor seeks to reopen the case, in essence, to move for an order granting the Debtor a retroactive extension of time to file the Financial Management Course Certificate, so the Debtor can obtain a discharge.
Bankruptcy Rule 5010 states, in relevant part, that "[a] case may be reopened on motion of the debtor . . . pursuant to § 350(b) of the Code." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 5010.
Local Bankruptcy Rule 5010-1(b) states, in relevant part that "[a]fter a case is closed, a debtor seeking to file . . . a Certification About Financial Management Course . . . must file a motion to reopen the case." LBR 5010-1(b) (E.D. Mich.).
"It is well settled that decisions as to whether to reopen bankruptcy cases . . . are committed to the sound discretion of the bankruptcy judge . . . ." Rosinski v. Rosinski (In re Rosinski), 759 F.2d 539, 540-41 (6th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). "To make the decision, courts may consider 'the equities of each case with an eye toward the principles which underlie the Bankruptcy Code." In re Chrisman, No. 09-30662, 2016 WL 4447251, at *1 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Aug. 22, 2016) (citation omitted). The Debtor has the burden of establishing that "cause" exists to reopen this case. See id. (citing Rosinski, 759 F.2d 539 (6th Cir. 1985)).
Bankruptcy Rule 9006(b)(3) states, in relevant part, that "the court may enlarge the time to file the statement required under Rule 1007(b)(7) [(the Financial Management Course Certificate)] . . . only to the extent and under the conditions stated in Rule 1007(c). Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(b)(3). Bankruptcy Rule 1007(c), in turn, permits a bankruptcy court "at any time and in its discretion, [to] enlarge the time to file the statement required by subdivision (b)(7) [of Bankruptcy Rule 1007(c) (namely, a Financial Management Course Certificate)]." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c). However, with an exception not applicable here, any such extension "may be granted only on motion for cause shown and on notice to the United States trustee, any committee elected under § 705 or appointed under § 1102 of the Code, trustee, examiner, or other party as the court may direct." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c) (emphasis added).
Several reported bankruptcy cases, including cases decided by the undersigned judge, have considered whether "cause" exists to grant a debtor's motion to reopen a case to file a Financial Management Course Certificate after the debtor's case was closed without a discharge. Such cases apply a four-part test, and have denied the motion where the Debtor had not completed a post-petition financial management course, and filed the motion to reopen and a Financial Management Course Certificate, all within a relatively short time after the case was closed. The four factors that these cases have considered are: "(1) whether there is a reasonable explanation for the failure to comply; (2) whether the request was timely; (3) whether fault lies with counsel; and (4) whether creditors are prejudiced." See, e.g., In re Barrett, 569 B.R. 687, 690-92 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (applying the 4-part test and denying a debtor's motion to reopen to file a Financial Management Course Certificate where the debtor had not completed the post-petition financial management course and did not file the motion to reopen and the Financial Management Course Certificate until more than 8 years after the case was closed); In re Chrisman, No. 09-30662, 2016 WL 4447251, at *2-3 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Aug. 22, 2016) (denying a debtor's motion to reopen to file a Financial Management Course Certificate where the debtor had not completed the post-petition financial management course and did not file the motion to reopen and the Financial Management Course Certificate until more than 7 years after the case was closed); In re McGuinness, No. 08-10746, 2015 WL 6395655, at *2, 4 (Bankr. D.R.I. Oct. 22, 2015) (more than 7 year delay); In re Johnson, 500 B.R. 594, 597 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2013) (more than 4 year delay); cf. In re Heinbuch, No. 06-60670, 2016 WL 1417913, *3-4 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio April 7, 2016) (approximately 7 year delay).
This Court has denied motions to reopen in numerous cases, where the delay ranged from 10 months to more than 11 and a half years. See In re Nasralla, 653 B.R. 247 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2023) (Chapter 13 case; delay of six and a half years); In re Brown, 651 B.R. 692 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2023) (delay of more than a year); In re Davenport, 650 B.R. 861 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2023) (delay of more than 11 months); In re Odoms, 649 B.R. 11 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2023) (delay of more than two years); In re Johnson, 643 B.R. 190 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of more than a year); In re Flake, 642 B.R. 261 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (Chapter 13 case; delay of more than 3 years); In re Keller, 638 B.R. 582 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of more than 21 months); In re Page, 637 B.R. 1 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of more than 19 months); In re Williams, 636 B.R. 484 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of more than 20 months); In re Lewis, 635 B.R. 157 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (Chapter 13 case) (delay of more than two years); In re Motley, 635 B.R. 150 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of almost 3 years); In re Brown, 634 B.R. 748 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2022) (delay of 15 months); In re Rivera, 628 B.R. 309 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2021) (delay of 2 years and 9 months); In re Szymanski, 625 B.R. 875 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2021) (delay of more than 18 months); In re Hendricks, 625 B.R. 694 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2021) (delay of more than 14 months); In re Smith, 625 B.R. 41 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2021) (delay of almost 17 months); In re Lemon, 625 B.R. 47 (Bankruptcy E.D. Mich. 2021) (delay of 15 months); In re Aziz, 622 B.R. 694 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of four years and eight months); In re Smith, 620 B.R. 888 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020)(delay of two and a half years); In re Suell, 619 B.R. 642 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of almost two years); In re Raza, 617 B.R. 290 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of 11 and a half years); In re Locklear, 613 B.R. 108 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of nearly 12 months); In re Jackson, 613 B.R. 113 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of 13 months); In re Szczepanski, 596 B.R. 859 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2019) (delay of more than 15 months); In re Lockhart, 582 B.R. 1 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of more than 1 year); Barrett, 569 B.R. at 688 (delay of more than 8 years); In re Kessler, 588 B.R. 191 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of 5 years); In re Moore, 591 B.R. 680 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of 10 months); In re Garnett, 579 B.R. 818, 823 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of more than 5 and one half years); In re Rondeau, 574 B.R. 824 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of more than 3 years); In re Wilson, 575 B.R. 783 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of almost 15 months); In re Whitaker, 574 B.R. 819 (Bankr. E.D. Mich 2017) (delay of 11 months); In re Bragg, 577 B.R. 265 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of almost 11 months).
The Court will apply the four-factor approach in this case. The Court finds that the Debtor has not shown either cause to reopen this case, or cause to grant the Debtor a retroactive extension of the deadline to file the Financial Management Course Certificate.
Factor 1: whether there is a reasonable explanation for the failure to comply
The Motion does not demonstrate a reasonable explanation or a valid excuse, (1) why the Debtor failed to timely complete the financial management course and file the required Financial Management Course Certificate, by the December 19, 2022 deadline; or (2) why the Debtor waited more than 17 months after this case was closed on December 20, 2022 before she moved to reopen the case. This factor weighs against granting the Motion.
The Motion states that the Debtor "did not complete the second credit counseling course." But, as noted above, the Debtor does not state any reason, let alone a valid excuse, why she did not complete the course. The Motion does not state that the Debtor's attorney did not tell the Debtor about the requirement to file the Certificate in order to obtain a discharge, or that the Debtor did not otherwise know about this requirement and the deadline to file the Certificate. Even if the Debtor were to allege this, this allegation is not supported by any evidence (e.g., an affidavit of the Debtor or of the Debtor's attorney). And the evidence in the record shows that the Debtor and her attorney knew about the requirement and deadline to file the Certificate.
The Debtor received ample advance notice of the requirement to file the Financial Management Course Certificate to obtain a discharge. Although not required to do so, the Clerk of this Court reminded the Debtor and her attorney of the requirement to file the Financial Management Course Certificate, and the deadline for doing so, in a notice filed on November 1, 2022. (Docket # 12). The notice was served on the Debtor's attorney by e-mail on November 1, 2022 through the Court's ECF system, and the Bankruptcy Noticing Center sent the notice to the Debtor by first class mail on November 3, 2022. (See Docket # 14 at pdf p. 2). The notice stated:
NOTICE OF REQUIREMENT TO FILE A CERTIFICATION ABOUT A FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT COURSE(Docket # 14) (footnote omitted) (bold in original).
Notice is hereby given that, subject to limited exceptions, a debtor must complete an instructional course in personal financial management in order to receive a discharge. Pursuant to Rule 1007(b)(7) of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the debtor(s) must complete and file a Certification About a Financial Management Course (Official Form 423) as described in 11 U.S.C. § 111.
Debtor(s) and/or debtor(s)' attorney is/are hereby notified that Official Form 423 must be filed before a discharge can be entered. Debtor(s) and/or debtor(s)' attorney is/are hereby notified that in a chapter 7 case the debtor(s) must file Official Form 423 within 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341 of the Code.
Failure to file the certification will result in the case being closed without an entry of discharge. If the debtor(s) subsequently file(s) a Motion to Reopen the Case to allow for the filing of the Official Form 423, the debtor(s) must pay the full reopening fee due for filing the motion.
Even assuming that the Debtor did not know, or that she forgot, that she had to file the Financial Management Course Certificate to obtain a discharge, she cannot reasonably and credibly allege that she did not know that this case was closed without a discharge. The Debtor and her attorney both received the Notice of the Final Decree in December 2022, which clearly stated:
Case Closed Without Discharge as to Debtor, Asia I Parker. Debtor(s) has not filed a Financial Management Course Certificate proving compliance with the required instructional course requirement for discharge.
The Debtor does not allege that she did not receive this notice.
The Motion states that the Debtor "moved residences shortly after the last court date, so [she is] unaware if [her attorney] tried to contact [her] via mail." Even if the Debtor is trying to allege through this statement that she did not receive the notices that were mailed to her address of record, and her attorney could not contact her regarding these notices because she moved, this would not be a valid excuse. The Debtor had a duty to immediately file a notice of her address change. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4002(a)(5); see also Davis v. Case (In re Davis), 275 B.R. 864, 867 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted) ("[I]t is the debtor's required duty to file a statement with the court to show any change of address from that previously provided. The debtor who fails to keep the court apprised of his proper mailing address has only himself to blame.").
The Motion also does not explain why the Debtor waited more than 17 months after the case was closed to move to reopen the case. As already stated, the Debtor was informed, by the notice described above, which was mailed to her on December 22, 2022, that this case had been closed without a discharge, and why it had been so closed. Yet the Debtor did nothing to try to rectify this for more than 17 months afterwards. The Motion alleges no reason whatsoever, let alone a valid excuse, for such a long delay by the Debtor in moving to reopen this case.
As noted above, the Motion does not allege that the Debtor did not receive this Notice. And there is no indication in the record that the mail was returned as undelivered.
Factor 2: whether the request was timely
The delay of more than 17 months in the Debtor moving to reopen this case is far too long, and it appears that, to date, the Debtor still has not completed the financial management course. The Motion requests that the Court allow the Debtor "to complete the credit counseling course." Such long delays frustrate the goals of the legislation which added the financial management course requirement as a condition for obtaining a Chapter 7 discharge. In Chrisman, the court explained:
Congress added participation in a post-petition financial management instructional course as a condition to obtaining a Chapter 7 discharge to the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(11). One of the goals of the legislation and this requirement was to restore individual financial responsibility to the bankruptcy system.Chrisman, 2016 WL 4447251, at *1, *2 (quoting Heinbuch, 2016 WL 1417913, at *2). In Chrisman, "neither the instructional component nor the paperwork component were timely accomplished," and the court found that "[t]he Congressional purposes in adding the post-petition financial management instructional requirement to the Bankruptcy Code as a condition of discharge [had] been completely stymied." Id. at *3.
. . . .
"The main purpose of a bankruptcy filing is to obtain a discharge, and any action that delays that benefit is mystifying and therefore requires additional justification. Justification supports the goals of not only the bankruptcy system, but also the purpose of the financial management course. Allowing a debtor to take the financial management course years after its target completion provides no educational benefit to the debtor for the intervening years and denigrates its purpose. Moreover, it maligns the integrity of the system and its fairness to all parties . . . . It is unfair to creditors to allow a debtor to avoid the responsibilities established by the bankruptcy code and rules, only to later want to fulfill those requirements when faced with a resulting unpleasantness."
Here, as in Chrisman, the Debtor did not timely complete either the instructional component or the paperwork component of the financial management instructional requirement. As noted above, it appears that as of this date, the Debtor has still not completed the financial management course. The Court finds that the Congressional purposes in adding the post-petition financial management instructional requirement have been stymied in this case. The magnitude of the Debtor's delay in completing the financial management course and moving to reopen this case is significant, and this factor strongly weighs against granting the Motion.
Factor 3: whether fault lies with counsel
The Debtor has been represented by counsel in this case at all times, even though the Debtor filed the Motion on June 10, 2024 without the help of her attorney. The Debtor does not allege in the Motion that her failure to timely complete the Financial Management Course and to file a Financial Management Course Certificate was the fault of her attorney. Even assuming that the Debtor's attorney failed to inform her of the financial course requirement — and there is no evidence in the record that would support such a conclusion — this would not be a valid excuse for the Debtor failing to timely take the financial management course and file the Certificate, in light of the ample notice provided personally to the Debtor of these requirements to obtain a discharge. This factor weighs against granting the Motion.
Factor 4: whether creditors are prejudiced
In Chrisman, the court reasoned, with regard to the prejudice factor, that "[t]o spring a discharge on creditors more than seven years later that many of them will now not even receive, at peril of violating the unknown discharge, is simply unfair." Id. at *3. The delay in this case is shorter than the delay in Chrisman, but it is still long. Generally speaking, the longer the delay, the greater the prejudice. Here, there was a long delay. This factor, therefore, also weighs against granting the Motion.
In summary, all of the relevant factors weigh against a finding of cause to reopen this case. The Debtor has failed to demonstrate cause to reopen this case. Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. The Motion (Docket # 17) is denied. 2. The Debtor's request to waive the filing fee for the Motion is granted, and such filing fee is waived. 3. The Debtor is not prohibited from filing a new bankruptcy case.