Opinion
Case No. 17-57065
2020-11-06
IN RE: Carman Louise SMITH, Debtor.
David I. Goldstein, Washtenaw Legal Center, PC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Attorney for Debtor.
David I. Goldstein, Washtenaw Legal Center, PC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Attorney for Debtor.
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THE DEBTOR'S MOTION TO REOPEN BANKRUPTCY CASE, BUT WAIVING MOTION FILING FEE
Thomas J. Tucker, United States Bankruptcy Judge
This case is before the Court on the Debtor's motion, filed November 4, 2020, entitled "Motion to Reopen Bankruptcy Case" (Docket # 18, the "Motion"). The Motion seeks to reopen this case to enable the Debtor to file a Financial Management Course Certificate (the "Certificate"), and then receive a discharge. The Motion also seeks a waiver of the filing fee for the Motion. This case was closed on May 8, 2018, without a discharge, due to the Debtor's failure to timely file the Certificate. The Motion was filed two and a half years after this case was closed. For the following reasons, the Court will deny the Motion.
A. Background
With the assistance of her attorney, the Debtor filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 on December 12, 2017, commencing this case. That same day, the Clerk issued a notice that the first meeting of creditors would be held on January 17, 2018 at 11:00 a.m. (Docket # 7, the "Notice"). On December 13, 2017, the Notice was served by the Bankruptcy Noticing Center by email on the Chapter 7 Trustee, the Debtor's attorney, and some of the creditors, and on December 15, 2018, the Notice was served by the Bankruptcy Noticing Center by mail on the Debtor, and the remainder of the creditors (Docket # 9).
Under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b)(7)(A), 1007(c), and 4004(c)(1)(H), and 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(11), to obtain a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727, the Debtor was required to file a Certificate "within 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors," which meant that the deadline was March 19, 2018.
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(b)(7)(A) states the requirement for a debtor to file a Certificate. It provides:
(7) Unless an approved provider of an instructional course concerning personal financial management has notified the court that a debtor has completed the course after filing the petition:
(A) An individual debtor in a chapter 7 ... case shall file a statement of completion of the course, prepared as prescribed by the appropriate Official Form[.]
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c) provides the time limit for filing the Certificate. It states, in relevant part:
In a chapter 7 case, the debtor shall file the statement required by subdivision (b)(7) within 60 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors under § 341 of the Code[.]
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004(c)(1)(H) states:
(c) Grant of discharge
(1) In a chapter 7 case, on expiration of the times fixed for objecting to discharge and for filing a motion to dismiss the case under Rule 1017(e), the court shall forthwith grant the discharge, except that the court shall not grant the discharge if:
...
(H) the debtor has not filed with the court a statement of completion of a course concerning personal financial management if required by Rule 1007(b)(7) [.]
Under Section 727(a)(11), the court may not grant a discharge to a debtor who has not filed a Certificate. It provides, in relevant part, that with exceptions not applicable here,:
(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless–
...
(11) after filing the petition, the debtor failed to complete an instructional course concerning personal financial management described in section 111[.]
Sixty days after the first date set for the first meeting of creditors (January 17, 2018) was Sunday, March 18, 2018. The next day that was not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday was Monday, March 19, 2018. Therefore, the deadline was Monday, March 19, 2018. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(a)(1)(C).
The Debtor failed to file the Certificate by the March 19, 2018 deadline, or at anytime thereafter while the case remained open. The Debtor also failed to file a motion to extend the deadline to file the Certificate.
On May 8, 2018, after the case had been fully administered, the case was closed without a discharge, due to the Debtor's failure to file the Certificate. (Docket # 16). Notice of the Final Decree entered that day (Docket # 17) was served on the Debtor's counsel by e-mail on May 8, 2018, through the Court's ECF system. And a notice that the Debtor's bankruptcy case had been closed without a discharge was served by the Bankruptcy Noticing Center by mail on May 10, 2018 on all creditors, and on the Debtor. (Docket # 17). Such notice stated: "All creditors and parties in interest are notified that the above-captioned case has been closed without entry of discharge as Debtor(s) did not file Official Form 423, Certification About a Financial Management Course." (Id. )
Two and a half years later, on November 4, 2020, the Debtor filed the Motion (Docket # 18). The Motion states, in relevant part: "I forgot about the [Financial Management C]ourse until I looked up my Bankruptcy case recently. As of 10/27/2020 it is comp[leted]." (Mot. at ¶ 2.)
B. Discussion
The Motion does not allege or demonstrate any valid excuse, (1) why the Debtor failed to timely complete the financial management course and file the required Certificate, more than two and a half years ago; or (2) why the Debtor waited for two and a half years after this case was closed before she moved to reopen it.
Section 350(b) of the Bankruptcy Code, Federal Bankruptcy Rule 5010, and Local Bankruptcy Rule 5010-1 govern motions to reopen a case for the purpose of filing a Certificate. Bankruptcy Code Section 350(b) states that "a case may be reopened in the court in which such case was closed to administer assets, to accord relief to the debtor, or for other cause." 11 U.S.C. § 350(b). Here, in essence, the Debtor seeks to reopen the case to move for an order granting the Debtor a retroactive extension of time to file the Certificate, so the Debtor can obtain a discharge. "It is well settled that decisions as to whether to reopen bankruptcy cases ... are committed to the sound discretion of the bankruptcy judge ...." Rosinski v. Rosinski (In re Rosinski ), 759 F.2d 539, 540-41 (6th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). "To make the decision, courts may consider ‘the equities of each case with an eye toward the principles which underlie the Bankruptcy Code.’ " In re Chrisman , No. 09-30662, 2016 WL 4447251, at *1 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio August 22, 2016) (citation omitted). The Debtor has the burden of establishing that "cause" exists to reopen this case. See id. (citing Rosinski , 759 F.2d 539 (6th Cir. 1985) ).
Bankruptcy Rule 5010 states, in relevant part, that "[a] case may be reopened on motion of the debtor ... pursuant to § 350(b) of the Code." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 5010.
Local Bankruptcy Rule 5010-1(b) states, in relevant part that "[a]fter a case is closed, a debtor seeking to file .. a Certification About Financial Management Course ... must file a motion to reopen the case." LBR 5010-1(b) (E.D. Mich.).
Bankruptcy Rule 9006(b)(3) states, in relevant part, that "the court may enlarge the time to file the statement required under Rule 1007(b)(7) [ (the Certificate) ] ... only to the extent and under the conditions stated in Rule 1007(c)." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9006(b)(3). Bankruptcy Rule 1007(c), in turn, permits a bankruptcy court "at any time and in its discretion, [to] enlarge the time to file the statement required by subdivision (b)(7) [of Bankruptcy Rule 1007(c) ] [ (namely, a Certificate) ]." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c). However, with an exception not applicable here, any such extension "may be granted only on motion for cause shown and on notice to the United States trustee, any committee elected under § 705 or appointed under § 1102 of the Code, trustee, examiner, or other party as the court may direct." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007(c) (emphasis added).
Several reported bankruptcy cases, including cases decided by the undersigned judge, have considered whether "cause" exists to grant a debtor's motion to reopen a case to file a Certificate after the debtor's case was closed without a discharge. Such cases apply a four-part test, and have denied the motion where the Debtor had not completed a post-petition financial management course and filed the motion to reopen and a Certificate within a relatively short time after the case was closed. The four factors that these cases have considered are: "(1) whether there is a reasonable explanation for the failure to comply; (2) whether the request was timely; (3) whether fault lies with counsel; and (4) whether creditors are prejudiced." See , e.g. , In re Barrett, 569 B.R. 687, 690-92 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (applying the 4-part test and denying a debtor's motion to reopen to file a Certificate where the debtor had not completed the post-petition financial management course and did not file the motion to reopen and Certificate until more than 8 years after the case was closed); In re Chrisman , No. 09-30662, 2016 WL 4447251, at *2-3 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Aug. 22, 2016) (denying a debtor's motion to reopen to file a Certificate where the debtor had not completed the post-petition financial management course and did not file the motion to reopen and Certificate until more than 7 years after the case was closed); In re McGuiness , No. 08-10746, 2015 WL 6395655, at *2, 4 (Bankr. D.R.I. Oct. 22, 2015) (more than 7 year delay); In re Johnson , 500 B.R. 594, 597 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2013) (more than 4 year delay); cf. In re Heinbuch , No. 06-60670, 2016 WL 1417913, *3-4 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio April 7, 2016) (approximately 7 year delay).
This Court has denied motions to reopen in several cases, where the delay ranged from 10 months to more than 11 and a half years. See In re Suell , 619 B.R. 642 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of almost two years); In re Raza , 617 B.R. 290 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of 11 and a half years); In re Locklear , 613 B.R. 108 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of nearly 12 months); In re Jackson , 613 B.R. 113 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) (delay of 13 months); In re Szczepanski, 596 B.R. 859 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2019) (delay of more than 15 months); In re Lockhart , 582 B.R. 1 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of more than 1 year); Barrett, 569 B.R. at 688 (delay of more than 8 years) ; In re Kessler , 588 B.R. 191 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of 5 years); In re Moore , 591 B.R. 680 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of 10 months); In re Garnett , 579 B.R. 818, 823 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (delay of more than 5 and one half years); In re Rondeau , 574 B.R. 824 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of more than 3 years); In re Wilson , 575 B.R. 783 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of almost 15 months); In re Whitaker , 574 B.R. 819 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of 11 months); In re Bragg , 577 B.R. 265 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2017) (delay of almost 11 months).
The Court will apply this four-factor approach in this case. The Court finds that the Debtor has not shown either cause to reopen this case, or cause to grant the Debtor a retroactive extension of more than two and a half years of the deadline to file the Certificate.
Factor 1: whether there is a reasonable explanation for the failure to comply
The Motion does not allege or demonstrate any valid excuse, (1) why the Debtor failed to timely complete the financial management course and file the required Certificate, by the March 19, 2018 deadline, which was two and one half years ago; or (2) why the Debtor waited two and a half years after this case was closed on May 8, 2018 before she moved to reopen it. This factor, therefore, weighs against granting the Motion.
The Motion alleges, in relevant part, that the Debtor "forgot" that she was required to complete a financial management course in order to receive a discharge. Even assuming that the Debtor forgot about the financial management course requirement to obtain a discharge before her case was closed, she cannot reasonably and credibly allege that she still forgot that, after she received the Notice of the Final Decree in May 2018, which clearly stated that her case had "been closed without entry of discharge" because the Debtor "did not file Official Form 423, Certification About a Financial Management Course." And in this case, the Debtor was represented by an attorney, who also received this notice, by e-mail on May 8, 2018.
The Debtor does not allege that she did not receive this notice in the mail.
The Motion also does not explain why the Debtor waited two and a half years after the case was closed to check on her bankruptcy case, to move to reopen the case, and to complete the financial management course. As already stated, the Debtor was informed, by the notice described above, which was mailed to her on May 10, 2018, that her case had been closed without a discharge, and why it had been so closed. Yet the Debtor and her attorney did nothing to try to rectify this for two and a half years. And the Motion alleges no valid excuse for such an extremely long delay by the Debtor.
As noted above, the Motion does not allege that the Debtor did not receive this Notice. And there is no indication in the record that the mailing was returned undelivered by the post office.
Factor 2: whether the request was timely
The delay of two and a half years, in both the Debtor's completion of the financial management course and in filing the Certificate, is far too long. Such a long delay frustrates the goals of the legislation which added the financial management course requirement as a condition for obtaining a Chapter 7 discharge. In Chrisman , the court explained:
As stated above, there is no evidence in the record that the Debtor has of this date, completed a financial management course.
Congress added participation in a post-petition financial management instructional course as a condition to obtaining a Chapter 7 discharge to the Bankruptcy Code in the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(11). One of the goals of the legislation and this requirement was to restore individual financial responsibility to the bankruptcy system.
....
"The main purpose of a bankruptcy filing is to obtain a discharge, and any action that delays that benefit is mystifying and therefore requires additional justification. Justification supports the goals of not only the bankruptcy system, but also the purpose of the financial management course. Allowing a debtor to take the financial management course years after its target completion provides no educational benefit to the debtor for the intervening years and denigrates its purpose. Moreover, it maligns the integrity of the system and its fairness to all parties....It is unfair to
creditors to allow a debtor to avoid the responsibilities established by the bankruptcy code and rules, only to later want to fulfill those requirements when faced with a resulting unpleasantness."
Chrisman , 2016 WL 4447251, at *1, *2 (quoting Heinbuch , 2016 WL 1417913, at *2 ). In Chrisman , "neither the instructional component nor the paperwork component were timely accomplished," and the court found that "[t]he Congressional purposes in adding the post-petition financial management instructional requirement to the Bankruptcy Code as a condition of discharge [had] been completely stymied." Id. at *3.
The magnitude of the Debtor's delay in this case is significant, and this factor strongly weighs against granting the Motion.
Factor 3: whether fault lies with counsel
The Debtor was represented by counsel in this case at all times until the case was closed, but the Debtor did not allege in the Motion that her failure to timely complete the Financial Management Course and to file a Certificate was the fault of her counsel. The fault for failing to timely complete the Financial Management Course and to file a Certificate was entirely due to the Debtor's own fault and neglect. This factor weighs against granting the Motion.
Factor 4: whether creditors are prejudiced
In Chrisman , the court reasoned, with regard to the prejudice factor, that "[t]o spring a discharge on creditors more than seven years later that many of them will now not even receive, at peril of violating the unknown discharge, is simply unfair." Id. at *3. The delay in this case is shorter than the delay in Chrisman , but it is still long. Generally speaking, the longer the delay, the greater the prejudice. Here, there was a long delay. This factor therefore, also weighs against granting the Motion.
In summary, all of the relevant factors weigh against a finding of cause to reopen this case. The Debtor has failed to demonstrate cause to reopen this case. Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. The Motion (Docket # 18) is denied, except for the Debtor's request for a waiver of the filing fee.
2. The filing fee for the Motion is waived.
3. The Debtor is not prohibited from filing a new bankruptcy case.