Durham School Services

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

May 9, 2014

360 N.L.R.B. 851 (N.L.R.B. 2014)

DURHAM SCHOOL SERVICES, LP 851
360 NLRB No. 108
Durham School Services, LP and International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 991. Case 15–
RC–096096
May 9, 2014
DECISION AND CERTIFICATION OF
REPRESENTATIVE
BY CHAIRMAN PEARCE AND MEMBERS MISCIMARRA
AND SCHIFFER
The National Labor Relations Board, by a three-
member panel, has considered objections to an election
held on February 22, 2013, and the Regional Director’s
report recommending disposition of them. The election
was conducted pursuant to a Stipulated Election Agree-
ment. The tally of ballots shows 112 for and 74 against
the Petitioner, with 4 nondeterminative challenged bal-
lots. The Board has reviewed the record in light of the
exceptions and briefs, and has adopted the Regional Di-
rector’s findings and recommendations, and finds that a
certification of representative should be issued.1
The Employer filed several objections to the election,
and now excepts to the Regional Director’s decision to
overrule its objections without a hearing. “The burden is
on the objecting party to present evidence that raises sub-
stantial and material factual issues” under controlling
law, i.e., to “establish[ ] a prima facie case in support of
its objections.” Park Chevrolet-Geo, Inc., 308 NLRB
1010, 1010 fn. 1 (1992), citing Board’s Rules and Regu-
lations, Section 102.69. We conclude that the Regional
Director did not err here. Below we briefly explain our
reasons for affirming the Regional Director’s decision as
to two of the Employer’s objections.
I.
The Employer’s Objection 1 alleged that the Union
deceived voters by distributing a campaign flyer that
contained pictures of eligible voters and statements mis-
representing their intent to vote for the Union. The Re-
gional Director overruled this objection, finding that the
Employer’s evidence did not raise a substantial and ma-
terial factual issue under Midland National Life Insur-
ance Co., 263 NLRB 127 (1982). We agree.
A.
In cases of alleged campaign misrepresentations, the
Board applies the longstanding Midland standard under
which it will not probe into the truth or falsity of the par-
ties’ campaign statements and will not set aside an elec-
tion on the basis of misleading statements unless “a party
has used forged documents which render the voters una-

1 The Employer’s motion to reopen the record is denied.
ble to recognize propaganda for what it is.” Midland,
263 NLRB at 133. The Midland standard is premised on
a “view of employees as mature individuals who are ca-
pable of recognizing campaign propaganda for what it is
and discounting it.” Id. at 132, quoting Shopping Kart
Food Market, Inc., 228 NLRB 1311, 1313 (1977). Mid-
land adopts a “clear, realistic rule of easy application
which lends itself to definite, predictable, and speedy
results” and “removes impediments to free speech by
permitting parties to speak without fear that inadvertent
errors will provide the basis for endless delay or over-
turned elections . . . .” Id. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed
the validity of the Midland rule shortly after its inception,
and it has since become well established in the majority
of courts of appeals.2
It is well established that the Midland standard applies
where unions circulate campaign literature that identifies
individual employees as union supporters, as well as at-
tributing prounion statements to them or representing
that they intend to vote for the union. See, e.g., Somerset
Valley Rehabilitation & Nursing Center, 357 NLRB 736
(2011); BFI Waste Services, 343 NLRB 254 (2004);
Champaign Residential Services, 325 NLRB 687 (1998).
As the Board has explained when uniformly rejecting
election objections based on such literature, employees
can “easily identify [it] as campaign propaganda.” Som-
erset Valley, supra, 357 NLRB 736, 736.3 We have no
difficulty in reaching the same conclusion in the present
case.
B.
The day before the election, the Union circulated a fly-
er, clearly identified as a union document, that included
names and pictures of eligible voters, captioned by the

2 Certain-Teed Corp., 714 F.2d 1042, 1054–1055 (11th Cir. 1983),
remanded to 271 NLRB 76 (1984) (to clarify retroactivity provision);
see also NLRB v. E. A. Sween Co., 640 F.3d 781, 784–785 (7th Cir.
2011); U-Haul Co. of Nevada, Inc. v. NLRB, 490 F.3d 957, 963 (D.C.
Cir. 2007); NLRB v. Queensboro Steel Corp., 217 F.3d 839 (4th Cir.
2000); Bituma Corp. v. NLRB, 23 F.3d 1432, 1438 (8th Cir. 1994); St.
Margaret Memorial Hospital v. NLRB, 991 F.2d 1146, 1158 (3d Cir.
1993); NLRB v. Best Products Co., Inc., 765 F.2d 903, 911–913 (9th
Cir. 1985); NLRB v. DPM of Kansas, Inc., 744 F.2d 83, 86 (10th Cir.
1984); NLRB v. Semco Printing Center, Inc., 721 F.2d 886, 892 (2d
Cir. 1983).
3 In these cases, the Board also explained that it would have rejected
the objections applying the broader Van Dorn rule of the Sixth Circuit,
under which an election may be set aside “where no forgery can be
proved, but where the misrepresentation is so pervasive and the decep-
tion so artful that employees will be unable to separate truth from un-
truth and where their right to a free and fair choice will be affected.”
Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Co. v. NLRB, 736 F.2d 343, 348 (6th Cir.
1984). See Somerset Valley, supra, 357 NLRB 736, 736–737; BFI
Waste, supra, 343 NLRB at 254 fn. 2; Champaign Residential, supra,
325 NLRB at 687.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD852
statements: “On February 22, 2013 WE’RE VOTING
YES For Teamsters Local Union 991! We are voting
‘Teamsters YES!’ for a better future at Durham!” The
Employer’s objection relies primarily on an affidavit of
employee April Perez stating that she did not intend to
vote for the Union and did not authorize the Union to
attribute any quotation to her.
Perez admits, however, that she voluntarily signed, but
claims not to have read, a document provided by the Un-
ion (entitled “Release Form,” with a Teamsters logo and
name) containing the following preprinted statement: “I
hereby give permission to the International Brotherhood
of Teamsters to use my likeness and name in Teamster
publications.” That document includes a preprinted
statement reciting “I support forming a union with the
Teamsters because . . . ,” followed by, in handwriting, “I
want fairness.”4 The record also contains two additional
petitions (bearing the Teamsters logo and name at the
bottom). Perez added her name to each, in a column
containing the names of others, all under the preprinted
statement, “Yes” (in 2-inch letters), then (in large font)
“I’m voting to have a voice in our working standards at
Durham by voting for Teamster representation on Febru-
ary 22.”
On these facts, we agree with the Regional Director
that the evidence fails to establish that the Union misrep-
resented the sentiments of Perez. The initial document
bearing Perez’ signature was a valid release to use her
picture in campaign literature, and this document, stand-
ing alone, gave the Union sufficient reason to believe it
had Perez’ support. In addition, documentary evidence
indicated that Perez added her name to two petitions con-
taining other signatures, which proclaimed support for
the Union. There is no basis to conclude, as a factual
matter, that the Union engaged in any misrepresentation.
But, even assuming, as the Employer claims, that Pe-
rez did not in fact support the Union and did not write “I
want fairness” on the initial document, we would still
affirm the Regional Director’s decision to overrule Ob-
jection 1 without a hearing, under the Midland standard.
There is no claim (much less evidence) of forgery here.
Nor is there any dispute that the Union’s flyer was easily
recognizable as campaign propaganda. At most, then,
the Employer’s evidence suggests a possible misrepre-
sentation of an employee’s sentiments which, under Mid-
land, provides no basis for setting aside the election.
Thus, there was no need for a hearing much less grounds

4 In a supplemental affidavit that the Employer seeks to add to the
record, Perez claims she did not complete the “I support forming a
union with the Teamsters because” statement, but admits that, when
asked at the time what she would want from a union, she responded, “to
see fairness.”
to warrant setting aside the election, which we note the
Union won by a considerable margin.5 We would reach
the same result even applying the Sixth Circuit’s Van
Dorn standard, see fn. 2, supra: the Union engaged in no
“pervasive” misrepresentation or “artful” deception of
employees.
C.
Our dissenting colleague proposes that the Board adopt
an entirely new rule to apply in cases like this one, by
holding that “a party engages in objectionable conduct
when it publicizes how specific, named employees intend
to vote unless the party obtained express consent from
those employees to disclose how they intended to vote.”
Neither rationale offered for this new rule persuades us to
depart from established law.6
First, our colleague—citing prior dissenting opin-
ions—contends that campaign flyers that misrepresent
employee sentiment “may improperly affect an election.”
This contention, of course, runs squarely against the
time-tested premise of the Midland rule: that employees
can recognize campaign propaganda for what it is.
Second, our colleague insists that accurately revealing
an employee’s expressed voting intentions, absent the
employee’s express consent, violates the principle of
ballot secrecy. That claim is mistaken. If ballot secrecy
were genuinely implicated, then even an employee’s ex-
press consent to disclose her voting intentions would be
insufficient to authorize publication of an employee’s
intended vote.7 More significantly, whatever an employ-
ee may tell a union about how she intends to vote, and
however a union may publicize that disclosure, the fact
remains that the employee’s actual vote will be secret.
See Somerset Valley, supra, 357 NLRB 736, 737 fn. 5

5 Park Chevrolet-Geo, supra, 308 NLRB at 1010 fn. 1; River Walk
Manor, Inc., 269 NLRB 831, 831 (1984), later proceeding 281 NLRB
199 (1986), enf. denied mem. 833 F.2d 310 (4th Cir. 1987).
6 We do not understand our colleague to argue that the Board’s cur-
rent approach is foreclosed by the Act, which does not speak directly to
the issue posed here. As the Supreme Court has explained, “Congress
has entrusted the Board with a wide degree of discretion in establishing
the procedure and safeguards necessary to insure the fair and free
choice of bargaining representatives by employees.” NLRB v. A. J.
Tower Co., 329 U.S. 324, 328 (1946).
7 Board law is clear that the secret ballot is a “matter of public con-
cern, rather than a personal privilege subject to waiver by the individual
voter.” J. Brenner & Sons, Inc., 154 NLRB 656, 659 fn. 4 (1965). By
his own standard, the rule proposed by our colleague would itself dam-
age ballot secrecy more than current law does. It contemplates that
employees would certify their intended votes in writing and that this
information would ultimately be revealed to the employer, upon its
objection to the election. In addition to this public disclosure, such an
authorization requirement would serve to cloak with authority represen-
tations in campaign literature that might otherwise be viewed with
skepticism.
DURHAM SCHOOL SERVICES, LP 853
(citing ballot secrecy in rejecting argument that employ-
ees whose names and pictures appeared in flyer would
feel compelled to support union). The Board has con-
sistently focused on protecting ballot secrecy during the
voting process.8 When the employee enters the voting
booth, whether she votes against the union—either be-
cause she changed her mind or because she misled the
union originally—or for the union, her vote is known
only to her. There is no basis, then, for imposing pre-
cisely the sort of restriction on free campaign speech that
the Midland Board rejected.
II.
The Employer’s Objection 2 alleged that the Board
agent handling the election compromised the integrity of
the election in various ways when the agent carried the
election booth and the ballot box to the Employer’s park-
ing lot in order to permit a disabled employee to cast a
ballot. In overruling this objection, the Regional Direc-
tor stated at the beginning of her analysis that the appli-
cable standard is “whether the misconduct, taken as a
whole, warrants a new election because it has ‘the ten-
dency to interfere with employees’ freedom of choice’
and ‘could well have affected the outcome of the elec-
tion.’” As the Employer argues, that standard applies to
alleged party misconduct. Where conduct is attributable
to a Board agent, the question is whether “the manner in
which the election was conducted raises a reasonable
doubt as to the fairness and validity of the election.”
Polymers, Inc., 174 NLRB 282, 282 (1969), enfd. 414 F.
2d 999 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied 396 U.S. 1010
(1970); see also Physicians & Surgeons Ambulance Ser-
vice, 356 NLRB 199, 199 (2012), enfd. 477 Fed.Appx.
743 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Nevertheless, we find that the Re-
gional Director actually applied this correct standard in
her thorough analysis of the Employer’s evidence on this
objection, and we agree with her conclusion that no hear-
ing was necessary. Accordingly, we affirm her dismissal
of Objection 2.
CERTIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVE
IT IS CERTIFIED that a majority of the valid ballots have
been cast for International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
Local 991, and that it is the exclusive collective-
bargaining representative of the employees in the follow-
ing appropriate unit:

8 See, e.g., Physicians & Surgeons Ambulance Service, 356 NLRB
199, 199 (2012), enfd. 477 Fed.Appx. 743 (D.C. Cir. 2012); St. Vincent
Hospital, LLC, 344 NLRB 586, 587 (2005); Avante at Boca Raton,
Inc., 323 NLRB 555, 557–558 (1997); Braeburn Nursing Home, Inc.,
290 NLRB 268 fn. 2 (1988).
All full-time and regular part-time school bus drivers
and monitors employed by the Employer at its Milton,
Pace, and Navarre, Florida, facilities; excluding all of-
fice clerical employees, maintenance employees, me-
chanics, dispatchers, routers, the safety coordinator,
managerial employees, professional employees, guards,
and supervisors as defined by the Act.
MEMBER MISCIMARRA, dissenting in part.
In this case, a union flyer reproduced the pictures of
employees with a statement proclaiming their intention
to vote for the Union. Among the pictured employees
was April Perez. The Employer has submitted affidavits
from Perez stating that she did not plan to vote for the
Union and did not authorize the Union to publicize her
vote.
My colleagues adopt the Regional Director’s report,
which overruled, without a hearing, the Employer’s ob-
jection seeking to have the election set aside because of
the union flyer. I would reverse and remand this matter
for a hearing on whether Ms. Perez and other employees
expressly consented to the public disclosure of how they
intended to vote. The Board goes to great lengths to pro-
tect the secrecy of ballots cast in a representation elec-
tion. When, as here, a union has publicized employees’
intended votes, the Board has applied a standard where
legality turned on whether the union resorted to forgery
or pervasive misrepresentation. See, e.g., Somerset Val-
ley Rehabilitation & Nursing Center, 357 NLRB 736
(2011). I would apply a different standard, under which
it would be objectionable for a union to disclose employ-
ees’ intended votes without their express consent. Thus,
I would remand this case for a hearing to determine
whether Perez and others authorized the Union to reveal
their intended votes.1
The election in this case was held on February 22,
2013. The day before the election, the Union distributed
a flyer picturing 80 to 85 employees, including Perez,
under the heading “WE’RE VOTING YES” for the Un-
ion. The Employer offered two affidavits from Perez.2
In her first affidavit, Perez stated that she consented to
have her picture taken by a union representative and
signed a form; she did not plan to vote for the Union; she
never told any union representative that she was going to
vote “yes”; she was not informed that her face would be

1 I join my colleagues in adopting the Regional Director’s recom-
mendation to overrule the Employer’s remaining objections. In doing
so, I do not rely on Physicians & Surgeons Ambulance Service, 356
NLRB 199 (2012).
2 Perez’ second affidavit was prepared after the Regional Director
issued her report. My colleagues deny the Employer’s motion to reo-
pen the record to accept Perez’ supplemental affidavit. I disagree, but I
would remand for a hearing on the basis of the first affidavit alone.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD854
put on a flyer saying that she was going to vote “yes”;
and she had no intention of publicizing how she was go-
ing to vote.3
Overruling Objection 1, the Regional Director applied
the test set forth in Midland National Life Insurance Co.,
263 NLRB 127 (1982), which provides that an election
may be set aside on the basis of misrepresentations in
campaign propaganda only where a party resorts to for-
gery that “renders the voters unable to recognize the
propaganda for what it is.” Id. at 130 (internal quotations
omitted). The Midland test and the related standard set
forth in Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Co. v. NLRB, 736
F.2d 343 (6th Cir. 1984), cert. denied 469 U.S. 1208
(1985),4 only address one aspect of what makes flyers
such as the one at issue here potentially objectionable. It
is true that a “we’re voting yes” flyer that misrepresents
employees’ views may improperly affect an election.5
But a flyer that accurately discloses employees’ intended
votes without their consent is just as objectionable as one

3 The Union provided the Region with a form that Perez apparently
signed. The form is divided into upper and lower sections by two solid
black lines. Above the double lines appears the statement, “I hereby
give permission to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters to use
my likeness and name in Teamster publications.” Perez’ signature
appears immediately underneath this statement. Below the double lines
is the preprinted statement: “I support forming a union with the Team-
sters because,” followed by the handwritten words “I want fairness!”
On its face, the form authorizes the Union to use Perez’ likeness and
name in union publications, and it appears to state that Perez “sup-
port[s] forming a union with the Teamsters.” (In her supplemental
affidavit, Perez states that the union representative holding the form
asked her what she would want to see changed if the Union were voted
in, and Perez replied she would want to see fairness.) However, the
form does not indicate that Perez authorized the Union to use her like-
ness and name to advertise her intended vote. Indeed, with its double
lines dividing the upper and lower sections, the form separates the
authorization from the statement of support.
4 Under the Sixth Circuit’s test, an election may be set aside “where
no forgery can be proved, but where the misrepresentation is so perva-
sive and the deception so artful that employees will be unable to sepa-
rate truth from untruth and where their right to a free and fair choice
will be affected.” Van Dorn Plastic, 736 F.2d at 348.
5 Such a flyer may deceptively induce other employees to support
the union or, by exaggerating the extent of union support, deceptively
persuade union opponents to refrain from voting. See Somerset Valley
Rehabilitation, 357 NLRB 736, 738 (Member Hayes, dissenting); BFI
Waste Services, 343 NLRB 254, 254 (Member Meisburg, concurring);
NLRB v. Gormac Custom Mfg., Inc, 190 F.3d 742, 749 (6th Cir. 1999).
that misrepresents their votes. To its credit, the Board
has a long history of zealously protecting ballot secrecy.6
If any party pulls aside the curtain to publicize how spe-
cific, identified employees intend to vote, the Board
should ask more than whether the publicity constituted a
forgery or pervasive misrepresentation.
Accordingly, I would hold that a party engages in ob-
jectionable conduct when it publicizes how specific,
named employees intend to vote unless the party ob-
tained express consent from those employees to disclose
how they intended to vote.7 I would remand this case for
a hearing on Objection 1 to be governed by that standard,
at which evidence may be introduced concerning whether
the requisite consent had been obtained from Perez and
the other employees whose voting intentions were dis-
closed by the Union.
In my opinion, this is a common-sense standard. It is
also consistent with secret balloting in Board-conducted
elections that has been so highly valued by all parties
throughout the Act’s history. I respect my colleagues’
desire to avoid intruding on “free campaign speech” and
to refrain from adopting what they characterize as “an
entirely new rule.” However, I believe the Act warrants
a finding that the unauthorized disclosure of an employ-
ee’s voting intention goes beyond “free campaign
speech.” Even if employees generally “recognize cam-
paign propaganda for what it is” (as reflected in the
Board’s Midland rule), the unauthorized disclosure of an

6 See, e.g., Northwest Packing Co., 65 NLRB 890, 891 (1946) (“The
secrecy of the ballot is essential in a Board-conducted election, and it
may not be jeopardized.”); Imperial Reed & Rattan Furniture Co., 118
NLRB 911, 913 (1957) (setting aside election results where “the im-
provised voting arrangements were entirely too open and too subject to
observation to insure secrecy of the ballot”); Fessler & Bowman, Inc.,
341 NLRB 932, 934 (2004) (stating that “the secrecy of balloting . . . is
a hallmark of our election procedures,” and holding that it is objection-
able conduct “where a party collects or otherwise handles voters’ mail
ballots”).
7 The Union submitted copies of prounion petitions bearing what
appears to be Perez’ signature. In her supplemental affidavit, Perez
states that she does not recall signing these petitions, and that no one
has shown her these documents or asked her to validate or dispute her
signature. Contrary to my colleagues, I believe that whether Perez did
in fact sign the undated, unauthenticated petitions is an issue for the
hearing; but even if she did, a further issue remains whether she con-
sented to the disclosure of her voting intentions in the Union’s flyer.
Nothing on the face of those petitions indicates this type of express
consent.
DURHAM SCHOOL SERVICES, LP 855
employee’s voting intention should be objectionable be-
cause such a disclosure directly undermines the hallmark
characteristic of Board-conducted secret ballot elections.8

8 My colleagues undertake the unenviable task of defending the un-
authorized disclosure of an employee’s voting intention both when this
is done “accurately” and when it occurs in campaign flyers that “mis-
represent” how an employee intends to vote. Notwithstanding my col-
leagues’ suggestion to the contrary, my standard would not require
anybody to “certify their intended votes in writing.” Nor would the
For this reason, as to this issue, I respectfully dissent.

damage inflicted by unauthorized disclosures of an employee’s voting
intention be eliminated by preserving secrecy in the actual election,
because this argument fails to recognize that the point of a “secret
ballot” election is to preserve “secrecy” regarding how people will
vote. The advance disclosure of an employee’s voting intention, with-
out authorization, defeats the very purpose of conducting an election by
“secret ballot.” In my view, the possibility that some employees may
later change their actual vote renders worse, not better, the unauthor-
ized disclosure of an employee’s voting intention before the election.