Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-27-104

Current through 11/5/2024 election

Section 13-27-104 - Validity of unsworn declaration

(1) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2) of this section, if a law of this state requires or permits use of a sworn declaration in a court proceeding, an unsworn declaration meeting the requirements of this article 27 has the same effect as a sworn declaration.

(2) This article 27 does not apply to:

(a) A deposition;

(b) An oath of office;

(c) An oath required to be given before a specified official other than a notary public;

(d) A declaration to be recorded pursuant to article 35 of title 38 for the purposes of conveying and recording title to real property or a declaration required to be recorded for purposes of registering title to real property pursuant to article 36 of title 38; or

(e) An oath required by section 15-11-504 for a self-proved will.

C.R.S. § 13-27-104

Renumbered from C.R.S. § 12-55-304 and amended by 2018 Ch. 8, §9, eff. 10/1/2018.

L. 2018: Entire article added with relocations, (SB 18-032), ch. 8, p. 154, § 9, effective October 1.

This section is similar to former § 12-55-304 as it existed prior to 2018.

COMMENT

Except as provided in subsection 4(b) of this section, an unsworn declaration meeting the requirements of this act may be used in a state proceeding or transaction whenever other state law authorizes the use of a sworn declaration. Thus, if other state law permits the use of an affidavit, an unsworn declaration meeting the requirements of this act would also suffice. Additionally, if other state law authorizes other substitutes for a sworn declaration, such as an affirmation, then as provided in subsection (a) of this section, an unsworn declaration meeting the requirements of this act could serve as a substitute for an affirmation. Nothing in this act affects the efficacy of sworn declarations. An unsworn declaration is an alternative to a sworn declaration. In perhaps most cases, sworn or notarized declarations may be preferred; unsworn declarations though may be used when necessary or suggested by circumstances.

The use of unsworn declarations is not limited to litigation. Unsworn declarations would be usable in civil, criminal, and regulatory proceedings and settings. However, there are certain contexts in which unsworn declarations should not be used, and these contexts are listed in subsection (b) of this section.

This act does not relieve a party from establishing the necessary foundation for the admission of an unsworn declaration. Authenticity is not addressed in this act.

The authenticity of the declaration must be established in accordance with the law of the enacting state. If authorized by the law of the enacting state, authenticity of written declarations might be established through, for example, testimony of witnesses to the declaration, handwriting experts or lay witnesses familiar with the signature of the declarant, comparison with authenticated specimens, or other recognized methods of authentication. See Fed. R. Evid. 901. Such approaches are commonly acceptable in cases involving attested wills. Although subscribing witnesses are preferred, their testimony is not necessary for authentication of the declaration if its authenticity can be established by other means. See, e.g., Fed. R. Evid. 903; Cal. Prob. Code §§ 8220 - 21, (attested wills may be proved by testimony or deposition to subscribing witness or absent a witness by proof of handwriting and affidavit of person with personal knowledge); Iowa Code § 622.24 (absent testimony of subscribing witness to attested will, execution of will may be proved by other evidence); Mass. Gen. Laws 190B § 3 - 406(a) (due execution of an attested will may be proved by evidence other than testimony of attesting witness); Mich. Comp. Laws § 700.3405(2) (authentication of attested wills by witnesses or other evidence authorized).

As noted in the Legislative Note, an enacting state should ensure that its perjury law includes unsworn declarations. For example, see Ore. Rev. Stats. § 162.065, which provides: "(1) A person commits the crime of perjury if the person makes a false sworn statement or a false unsworn declaration in regard to a material issue, knowing it to be false. (2) Perjury is a Class C felony." See also 11 Del. Code § 1224 (definition of "swears falsely" includes unsworn declarations).