Cal. Code Regs. tit. 18 § 462.180

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 43, October 25, 2024

Section 462.180 - Change in Ownership-Legal Entities

(a) Transfers of Real Property to and by Legal Entities. General Rule. The transfer of any interest in real property to a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, or other legal entity is a change in ownership of the real property interest transferred. For purposes of this rule, "real property" or "interests in real property" includes real property interests and fractional interests thereof, the transfer of which constitute a change in ownership under Revenue and Taxation Code section 60 and the following applicable sections of the Revenue and Taxation Code, and under the applicable change in ownership provisions of the Property Tax Rules.

(b) Exceptions. The following transfers do not constitute changes in ownership of the real property:

(1) Affiliated Corporation Transfers. Transfers of real property between or among affiliated corporations, including those made to achieve a corporate reorganization if:

(A) the voting stock of the corporation making the transfer and the voting stock of the transferee corporation are each owned 100 percent by one or more corporations related by voting stock ownership to a common parent, and

(B) the common parent corporation owns directly 100 percent of the voting stock of at least one corporation in the chain(s) of related corporations.

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A transfer of real property by P, A, B, or C to any of the other three corporations would not be a change in ownership.

Example 1: Any transfer by C (wholly owned by A and B) to B (wholly owned by A and P) would not be a change in ownership because of those relationships and because P owns 100 percent of A.

If real property is transferred between non-affiliated corporations, only the property transferred shall be deemed to have undergone a change in ownership.

(2) Proportional Transfers of Real Property. Transfers of real property between separate legal entities or by an individual to a legal entity (or vice versa), which result solely in a change in the method of holding title and in which the proportional ownership interests in each and every piece of real property transferred remain the same after the transfer. (The holders of the ownership interests in the transferee legal entity, whether such interests are represented by stock, partnership interests, or other types of ownership interest, shall be defined as "original co-owners" for purposes of determining whether a change in ownership has occurred upon the subsequent transfer of the ownership interests in the legal entity.) This subdivision shall not apply to a transfer of real property which is also excluded from change in ownership pursuant to subdivision (b)(1) of this rule (transfers between or among affiliated corporations).

Examples of Transfers of Real Property in Legal Entities:

Example 2: A transfer of real property from A and B, as equal co-tenants, to Corporation X where A and B each take back 50 percent of the stock. No change in ownership. However, if A and B each take back 49 percent of the stock and C receives 2 percent of the stock then there will be a change in ownership of the entire property.

Example 3: A transfers Whiteacre to Corporation X and B transfers Blackacre (equal in value to Whiteacre) to Corporation X. A and B each take back 50 percent of the stock. Change in ownership of 100 percent of both Whiteacre and Blackacre.

Example 4: Corporation X owns Blackacre and Whiteacre (both are of equal value). A & B each own 50 percent of Corporation X's shares. X transfers Whiteacre to A and Blackacre to B. Change in ownership of 100 percent of both Blackacre and Whiteacre. However, if Corporation X transfers Whiteacre and Blackacre to both A and B as joint tenants or as equal tenants in common, there is no change in ownership.

Example 5: A transfer of real property from Corporation X to its sole shareholder A. No change in ownership, even if A is an "original co-owner," because interests in real property, and not ownership interests in a legal entity, are being transferred.

(c) Transfers of ownership interests in legal entities. General Rule. The purchase or transfer of corporate stock, partnership interests, or ownership interests in other legal entities is not a change in ownership of the real property of the legal entity, pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (a).

(d) Exceptions. The following transfers constitute changes in ownership, except as provided in subdivision (d)(4) of this rule which is an exclusion from change in ownership:

(1) Control. When any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, Massachusetts business trust or similar trust, other legal entity or any person:

(A) obtains through a reorganization or any transfer, direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 50 percent of the voting stock in any corporation which is not a member of the same affiliated group of corporations as described in subdivision (b)(1) of this rule, or

(B) obtains through multi-tiering, reorganization, or any transfer direct or indirect ownership of more than 50 percent of the total interest in partnership or LLC capital and more than 50 percent of the total interest in partnership or LLC profits, or

(C) obtains through any transfer direct or indirect ownership of more than 50 percent of the total ownership interest in any other legal entity.

Upon the acquisition of such direct or indirect ownership or control, which may include any purchase or transfer of 50 percent or less of the ownership interest through which control or a majority ownership interest is obtained, all of the property owned directly or indirectly by the acquired legal entity is deemed to have undergone a change in ownership.

(2) Transfers of More than 50 Percent. When on or after March 1, 1975, real property is transferred to a partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other legal entity and the transfer is excluded from change in ownership under Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2), and the "original co-owners" subsequently transfer, in one or more transactions, cumulatively more than 50 percent of the total control or ownership interests, as defined in subdivision (d)(1) of this rule, in that partnership, corporation, limited liability company or legal entity, there is a change in ownership of only that property owned by the entity which was previously excluded under section 62, subdivision (a)(2). However, when such transfer would also result in a change in control under Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (c), then reappraisal of the property owned by the corporation, partnership, limited liability company, or other legal entity shall be pursuant to section 64, subdivision (c) rather than section 64, subdivision (d).

For purposes of this subdivision ((d)(2)), interspousal transfers excluded under Revenue and Taxation Code section 63, transfers between registered domestic partners excluded under Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (p), transfers into qualifying trusts excluded under Revenue and Taxation section 62, subdivision (d), and proportional transfers excluded under Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2) shall not be cumulated or counted to determine a change in ownership.

Examples of Transfers of Interests in Legal Entities:

Example 6: A and B each own 50 percent of the stock of Corporation X. Corporation X acquires Whiteacre from Corporation Y, an unaffiliated corporation in which neither A nor B has interests, and Whiteacre is reappraised upon acquisition. A transfers 30 percent of Corporation X's stock to C, and B later transfers 25 percent of Corporation X's stock to C. Upon C's acquisition of 55 percent of Corporation X's stock, there is a change in control of Corporation X under Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (c) and a reappraisal of Whiteacre.

Example 7: Spouses H and W acquire as community property 100 percent of the capital and profits interests in an LLC which owns Blackacre. Each of H and W is treated as acquiring 50 percent of the ownership interests as defined in subdivision (c) of this rule and Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (a). Since the selling members of the LLC are not original co-owners (because they did not transfer the property to the LLC under the Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2) exclusion), no change in control of the LLC would occur under Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (c) and no change in ownership of Blackacre under Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (d).

Example 8: A and B, hold equal interests as tenants in common in Greenacre, a parcel of real property. A and B transfer Greenacre to Corporation Y and in exchange A and B each receive 50 percent of the corporate stock. No change in ownership pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2). Pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (d), A and B become original coowners. A transfers 30 percent of Corporation Y's stock to C (A's child), and B then transfers 25 percent of Corporation Y's stock to D (B's grandchild). Change in ownership of Greenacre upon B's transfer to D. Parent/child and grandparent/grandchild exclusions are not applicable to transfers of interests in legal entities. However, if the same transfers were made by A and B to their respective spouses, no change in ownership pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section 63 and Rule 462.220.

(3) Cooperative Housing Corporation. When the stock transferred in a cooperative housing corporation ("stock cooperative" as defined in subdivision (m) of section 1351 of the Civil Code) conveys the exclusive right to occupancy of all or part of the corporate property, unless:

(A) the cooperative was financed under one mortgage which was insured under sections 213, 221(d)(3), 221(d)(4), or 236 of the National Housing Act, as amended, or was financed or assisted pursuant to sections 514, 515, or 516 of the Housing Act of 1949 or section 202 of the Housing Act of 1959, or was financed by a direct loan from the California Housing Finance Agency, and

(B) the regulatory and occupancy agreements were approved by the respective insuring or lending agency, and

(C) the transfer is from the housing cooperative to a person or family qualifying for purchase by reason of limited income.

(4) Proportional Interest Transfers. Transfers of stock, partnership interests, limited liability company interests, or any other interests in legal entities between legal entities or by an individual to a legal entity (or vice versa) which result solely in a change in the method of holding title and in which proportional ownership interests of the transferors and transferees, in each and every piece of property represented by the interests transferred, remain the same after the transfer, do not constitute changes in ownership, as provided in subdivision (b)(2) of this rule and Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2). This provision shall not apply to a statutory conversion or statutory merger of a partnership into a limited liability company or other partnership (or a limited liability company into a partnership) when the law of the jurisdiction of the converted or surviving entity provides that such entity remains the same entity or succeeds to the assets of the converting or disappearing entity without other act or transfer and the partners or members of the converting or disappearing entity maintain the same ownership interest in profits and capital of the converted or surviving entity that they held in the converting or disappearing entity.

Examples of Excluded Proportional Interest Transfers:

Example 9: General Partnership (GP), which owns Whiteacre and in which A and B hold equal partnership interests, converts to Limited Partnership (LP) under the Revised Uniform Partnership Act of 1994 (California Corporations Code section 16100 et seq.). As a result of the conversion, A and B each hold 50 percent of the LP interests in capital and profits. No change in ownership of Whiteacre upon the conversion, because, under section 16909 of the Corporations Code, there is no transfer of Whiteacre. Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2) does not apply. However, if A and B were "original coowners" in GP, they remain "original coowners" in LP.

Example 10: Following the conversion in Example 9, A and B each transfer 30 percent of their capital and profits interests in LP to Limited Liability Company (LLC), which is owned equally by A and B. Each retain an equal 20 percent interest in LP. No change in ownership of Whiteacre pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2) because A and B own 100 percent of both LP and LLC and their respective proportional interests remain the same after the transfer. Neither Revenue and Taxation Code section 64, subdivision (c) nor subdivision (d) applies to this transfer, although A and B become "original coowners" with respect to their interests in LLC.

Example 11: A limited partnership (LP), which owns Blackacre and in which C and D hold equal partnership interests, changes its form to a limited liability company (LLC), in which C and D hold equal membership interests, by statutory merger under the California Revised Limited Partnership Act (California Corporations Code section 15611 et seq.) and the Beverly-Killea Limited Liability Company Act (California Corporations Code section 17000 et seq.). No change in ownership of Blackacre upon the change in form because under section 17554 of the Corporations Code, there is not a transfer of property from LP to LLC. Revenue and Taxation Code section 62, subdivision (a)(2) does not apply. However, if C and D were "original coowners" in LP, they remain "original coowners" in LLC.

(e) Partnerships.

(1) Transfers of Real Property by Partnerships. General Rule. Except as provided by subdivision (b)(2) of this rule where the proportional ownership interests remain the same, when real property is contributed to a partnership or is acquired, by purchase or otherwise, by the partnership there is a change in ownership of such real property, regardless of whether the title to the property is held in the name of the partnership or in the name of the partners with or without reference to the partnership. Except as provided by subdivision (b)(2) of this rule where the proportional ownership interests remain the same, the transfer of any interest in real property by a partnership to a partner or any other person or entity constitutes a change in ownership.

(2) Except as provided in subdivision (d)(1)(B) and (d)(2) of this rule, the addition or deletion of partners in a continuing partnership does not constitute a change in ownership of partnership property.

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 18, § 462.180

1. Change without regulatory effect renumbering and amending former subsections 462(j)(1)-(5) to section 462.180 filed 5-11-94 pursuant to title 1, section 100, California Code of Regulations (Register 94, No. 19).
2. Editorial correction deleting outdated chart and amending subsection (b)(2)(C) (Register 95, No. 51).
3. Change without regulatory effect amending chart filed 12-19-95 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 95, No. 51).
4. Amendment of section and NOTE filed 3-9-99; operative 4-8-99 (Register 99, No. 11).
5. Amendment of subsection (d)(1)(B), new Example 7, renumbering of examples, and amendment of newly designated Example 10 filed 9-15-2003; operative 10-15-2003 (Register 2003, No. 38).
6. Change without regulatory effect amending section filed 12-24-2013 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 2013, No. 52).

Note: Authority cited: Section 15606, Government Code. Reference: Sections 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 and 67, Revenue and Taxation Code; Sections 16909 and 17554, Corporations Code; and Section 1351, Civil Code.

1. Change without regulatory effect renumbering and amending former subsections 462(j)(1)-(5) to section 462.180 filed 5-11-94 pursuant to title 1, section 100, California Code of Regulations (Register 94, No. 19).
2. Editorial correction deleting outdated chart and amending subsection (b)(2)(C) (Register 95, No. 51).
3. Change without regulatory effect amending chart filed 12-19-95 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 95, No. 51).
4. Amendment of section and Note filed 3-9-99; operative 4-8-99 (Register 99, No. 11).
5. Amendment of subsection (d)(1)(B), new Example 7, renumbering of examples, and amendment of newly designated Example 10 filed 9-15-2003; operative 10-15-2003 (Register 2003, No. 38).
6. Change without regulatory effect amending section filed 12-24-2013 pursuant to section 100, title 1, California Code of Regulations (Register 2013, No. 52).