Opinion
No. 87-1637.
Submitted Under Third Circuit Rule 12(6) June 17, 1988.
Decided January 17, 1989.
John Berkery, Talladega, Ala., for appellant.
Joel M. Friedman, Attorney in Charge, Louis R. Pichini, Asst. Attorney in Charge, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Philadelphia Strike Force, Edward S.G. Dennis, Jr., U.S. Atty., Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., Andrew Levchuk, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Before MANSMANN, SCIRICA, and COWEN, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
In this appeal we are faced with the effect of a change in the law of the entrapment defense wrought by the Supreme Court's decision in Mathews v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 883, 99 L.Ed.2d 54 (1988), which held that a defendant does not have to admit all the elements of a crime in order to receive a jury instruction on entrapment. Because Berkery was forced to admit to all elements of the conspiracy in order to receive the entrapment defense charge — and because we cannot state that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt — in order to ensure a fair and just result, we have determined that a new trial is required. Therefore, we will reverse the order of the district court denying a new trial and remand.
I.
In 1982 a federal grand jury issued a fifteen count indictment against John Berkery and two other individuals not party to this appeal which charged the following:
Count
1- Conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute P2P from October 1980 to 1982.
2-10 Substantive counts of possession with intent to distribute P2P.
12-15 Distribution of methamphetamine.
Prior to his arraignment, Berkery fled the United States and remained a fugitive until June, 1987.
The evidence at trial included the testimony of a co-conspirator who had become a government informant some time in 1981, as well as testimony from law enforcement agents and tape recorded conversations involving Berkery. Berkery claimed an entrapment defense to Count 15 — because the date of the alleged activity occurred after the co-conspirator became a government informant — and to Count 1. In order to receive the entrapment defense charge to the jury, Berkery had to admit to all elements of Counts 1 and 15 under the prevailing rule of this court. See United States v. Hill, 655 F.2d 512 (3d Cir. 1981). Berkery was convicted of all counts. After his motion for a new trial was denied, Berkery filed this timely pro se appeal.
In February, 1988, while Berkery's appeal was under consideration, the United States Supreme Court decided Mathews v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 883, 99 L.Ed.2d 54 (1988), which held that "even if the defendant denies one or more elements of the crime, he is entitled to an instruction whenever there is sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find entrapment." 108 S.Ct. at 886. The government concedes that the instructions given in this case were contrary to Mathews. Because this case is before us on direct appeal we must apply the new rule enunciated by the Supreme Court. Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 716, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987) ("a new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct review or not yet final, with no exception for cases in which the new rule constitutes a `clear break' with the past"). Thus, we review the record in light of Mathews to determine the effect of the entrapment charge.
We must review the allegation of error utilizing the plain error doctrine because the defendant did not make an objection to the required admission of guilt thereby preserving it for appeal. We have long recognized that "plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court." Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); United States v. Gray, 468 F.2d 257 (3d Cir. 1972). When reviewing a criminal conviction, our concern is not whether guilt can be deduced from the record but rather, we must determine if guilt was found by the jury according to the procedural guidelines appropriate in federal courts. 468 F.2d at 263. In other words, we find plain error if it is the kind of error which affects the "fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings" or results in a miscarriage of justice. United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 15, 105 S.Ct. 1038, 1046, 84 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985).
II.
Berkery contends on appeal that the district judge committed plain error in requiring him to admit guilt to a fifteen month conspiracy in order to receive an entrapment defense charge to Count 15, an offense which occurred after a co-conspirator had become a government informant. Prior to Mathews, the rule in this circuit was that in order to ask for an entrapment charge the defendant had to admit all elements of the offense, including the mens rea. See United States v. Hill, 655 F.2d 512 (3d Cir. 1981) and United States v. ElGawli, 837 F.2d 142 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 109 S.Ct. 55, 102 L.Ed.2d 34 (1988). The entrapment defense theorizes that an individual not otherwise predisposed to criminal conduct was corrupted by some overreaching inducement on the part of the law enforcement officer. Thus, the focus is on the intent or predisposition of the defendant to commit the crime. To be entitled to an entrapment charge, a defendant must produce evidence to show that he was not otherwise predisposed to commit the crime and that the government initiated the crime. United States v. Gambino, 788 F.2d 938 (3d Cir. 1986). The prosecution must prove predisposition to commit the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Berkery raises several other issues on appeal:
1) the district court erred in refusing to grant defendant's alternate charge to the defense of withdrawal;
2) the conspiracy offense was flawed due to the inclusion of a government agent;
3) the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury as to the government's burden of proving predisposition beyond reasonable doubt; and
4) there were two conspiracies, not one.
Each of these issues will be mooted by a grant of a new trial and possibly may not arise in the new trial. As such, we decline to give what would amount to an advisory opinion.
Berkery contends that he had withdrawn from the conspiracy because of his suspicions of one co-conspirator. It was through the inducements of this co-conspirator, who became a government informant, that Berkery alleges that he engaged in the activities of the charge in Count 15. The district court concluded that Berkery was entitled to an entrapment defense charge as to Count 15. Defense counsel also requested the same charge for Count 1, the conspiracy charge, from the date when the co-conspirator turned informant to the end. In order to receive the charge, Berkery had to admit to all elements of the conspiracy offense.
It was due to this "withdrawal" that Berkery argues he was entitled to an alternate charge to the jury on the defense of withdrawal. Due to our decision in the case, we need not address this issue.
The decision in Mathews eliminated the need for a defendant to choose between denying the offense or relying on an affirmative defense of entrapment. so long as there is sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably find entrapment, the defendant is entitled to the instruction. The Mathews Court rejected the government's argument that inconsistent pleading would confuse the jury and noted that inconsistent pleading has been permitted in the civil context for some time. 108 S.Ct. at 887. Thus, under Mathews, Berkery would have been able to receive the entrapment defense instruction without admitting to all the elements of the conspiracy or Count 15. Understandably, the district court could not have anticipated the Supreme Court's decision soon to come.
In light of the fact that the jury was given the standard conspiracy charge which imputes equal culpability to all co-conspirators regardless of their level of participation, we are faced with a dilemma. In essence, we must ask whether the requirement that Berkery admit to all elements of the conspiracy for purposes of the entrapment defense colored the jury's decision-making with regard to the conspiracy count and count 15 and also to the substantive counts of possession and distribution. We must examine two discrete issues: first, whether the conspiracy count and count 15 convictions must fall in the face of error, thus requiring a new trial, or whether the error was harmless, not requiring a new trial; and second, if a new trial is granted for counts 1 and 15, must a new trial also be ordered on counts 2-14.
The district court properly charged the jury as to conspiracy as follows:
You can become a member of a conspiracy without knowing all the details of the unlawful scheme or even without knowing the names or identities of all the other alleged conspirators. So that if one joins a conspiracy after it's formed, and even if you're engaged in it to the degree that's more limited or less culpable than other co-conspirators, . . . you're equally culpable. . . .
[I]t's not required that a person be a member of the conspiracy from its beginning; he can join it at any point during its progress and be held responsible for what's done so long as he remains a member of the conspiracy.
See United States v. Gomberg, 715 F.2d 843 (3d Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1078, 104 S.Ct. 1439, 1440, 79 L.Ed.2d 760 (1984).
Unlike Mathews, where the entrapment charge was denied to the defendant, we are faced with a case where the charge was given. Thus, more is required of us than a review of the record to determine if there is sufficient evidence to support the proposed charge as we did in United States v. Bay, 852 F.2d 702 (3d Cir. 1988). Because the entrapment defense instruction was not given in Bay, we reviewed the record to determine whether there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could have found entrapment. In addition, we considered whether Bay could have adduced sufficient evidence of entrapment had he been given the opportunity. We concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support giving the instruction to the jury and, therefore, the district court did not err in refusing to give the requested instruction. However, we could not decide from the record whether Bay could have produced evidence, so we remanded to the district court to conduct a hearing in order to determine what further evidence of entrapment Bay might have been able to produce. 852 F.2d at 704. See also United States v. Rodriguez, 858 F.2d 809 (1st Cir. 1988), and United States v. Johnson, 855 F.2d 299 (6th Cir. 1988) (requirement of entry level or threshold showing by defendant of lack of predisposition).
Because Berkery was forced to admit all the elements of the conspiracy and of count 15 in order to receive the charge, we think the situation is analogous to an improperly admitted confession. We then must ask: Can the admission of such evidence be harmless error? In Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967), the Supreme Court held that where evidence has been admitted in violation of a federal constitutional exclusionary rule, the error cannot be harmless if there is a reasonable possibility that the evidence may have contributed to the defendant's conviction. Nor can it be considered harmless unless the court is able to declare a belief that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828.
We recently decided United States v. Dowling, 855 F.2d 114 (3d Cir. 1988), an appeal from a conviction for offenses connected with a bank robbery. One of the errors the defendant raised on appeal involved the admission of evidence of similar acts. We reiterated the general rule that a new trial is necessary only when the error is not harmless. In determining that the challenged error was harmless, we noted that since the challenged instruction did not affect a constitutional right, we were to apply the "highly probable" standard of United States v. Grayson, 795 F.2d 278, 290 (3d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1018, 107 S.Ct. 1899, 95 L.Ed.2d 505 (1987) ("high probability" requires that the court have a sure conviction that the error did not prejudice the defendant, but need not disprove every reasonable possibility of prejudice).
We perceive a basic distinction between the admission of evidence of similar acts (as in Dowling) or the admission of evidence of prior convictions as predicate acts to demonstrate the existence of a continuing criminal enterprise (as in Grayson) and the admission of evidence which amounts to a confession as occurred here in Berkery's trial. If in Grayson and Dowling we did not use a "reasonable doubt standard" because the error did not touch upon a fundamental right, we must by implication here use the more stringent standard where the admission of guilt is tantamount to a confession and where it touches upon the very fundamental right of not being compelled to testify against oneself. Utilizing the reasonable doubt standard we conclude that a new trial is warranted in counts 1 and 15.
Turning to our second inquiry, i.e., whether there was any "spill-over" effect onto the substantive counts of possession with intent to distribute P2P and distribution of methamphetamine, we cannot say that we are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury could not have seized upon the defendant's admission to Counts 1 and 15 and used those admissions to convict Berkery of Counts 2-14. Indeed, in the charge to the jury on entrapment, the district court specifically stated: "Mr. Berkery admits that he knowingly and intentionally conspired with Raymond Martorano to distribute methamphetamine and to possess P2P with intent to distribute." In view of the fact that the substantive charges in counts 2-14 are for possession with intent to distribute and distribution which occurred pursuant to and during the time frame set forth in the conspiracy alleged in count 1, they are closely intertwined with the offense of count 1, conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and conspiracy to distribute. We can readily see that a jury could have used the above quoted admission to convict Berkery of counts 2-14. This is so in spite of the trial judge's cautionary warning:
But I want to make clear that on Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14, Mr. Berkery isn't admitting any of the elements and the Government has the burden of proving all the elements of those offenses.
We recognized the potential for confusion the jury may have felt at these instructions when faced with an admission of guilt to a conspiracy encompassing 15 months and a denial of the offenses which allegedly occurred during the admitted conspiracy.
The government strenuously argues that there is sufficient evidence on the record to support the convictions of the substantive possession and distribution offenses. While it is tempting to accept this argument and ignore the possible effect of the required admission to all elements of the conspiracy on the other counts, we conclude that it would result in a manifest injustice. As we cautioned in Gray, quoting United States v. Silver, 457 F.2d 1217, 1222-23 (3d Cir. 1972), "[a]ppellate courts are not law enforcement agents." Id. at 262. It is our duty to determine whether guilt was "found by the jury according to the procedure and standards appropriate for criminal trials in the federal courts." Gray, 468 F.2d at 263.
Because we cannot say beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury could not have used the admission of guilt required by the pre- Mathews rule to convict Berkery of the substantive offenses, we will reverse the district court's denial of the motion and remand for a new trial on Counts 2-14 as well.
III.
The government urges that if we reverse Berkery's conspiracy conviction alone, we should remand to the district court for resentencing on all counts. In so arguing, the government relies on United States v. Busic, 639 F.2d 940 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 918, 101 S.Ct. 3055, 69 L.Ed.2d 422 (1981). In Busic, we held that:
[w]hen a defendant has been convicted after trial and sentenced under a multi-count indictment and on appeal his conviction and sentence as to certain counts is set aside because such counts enhanced the sentence for the predicate felony . . . the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy does not preclude vacating the sentence on the predicate felony counts and the imposition of a new sentence by the trial judge on the remaining counts. . . .
Busic, 639 F.2d at 953. We need not reach this issue because we have decided to remand for a new trial on all counts.
IV.
Accordingly, we will vacate the judgment of conviction on all counts and remand to the district court for a new trial.