Opinion
87-7-315; CA A60038
Argued and submitted October 18, 1989
Reversed and remanded April 4, 1990
Appeal from Circuit Court, Clackamas County.
John K. Lowe, Judge.
Margaret H. Leek Leiberan, Portland, argued the cause for appellant. With her on the briefs was Paul J. Rask, Portland.
Duane Vergeer, Portland, argued the cause for respondents. On the brief were Norma S. Poitras and Vergeer, Roehr Sweek, Portland.
Before Richardson, Presiding Judge, and Newman and Deits, Judges.
RICHARDSON, P.J.
Reversed and remanded.
Plaintiff appeals a judgment dismissing his complaint seeking damages for personal injury allegedly caused by defendants' negligence. The court granted defendants' ORCP 21A(8) motion on the ground that the facts alleged do not state a claim. We reverse.
Plaintiff alleged in his second amended complaint that defendants owned and managed an apartment complex and
"3
"Plaintiff was employed as a professional process server whose duties required him to serve official court process upon designated persons.
"4
"While performing his duty, plaintiff was injured when he slipped and fell on a commonly used stairway on the Defendant's [sic] premises.
"5
"Plaintiff was required to be on the premises, either by express or by implied invitation of one of the tenants of Defendant's [sic] apartment complex, and arising out of a necessity of that tenant.
"6
"Defendant [sic] owed a duty to Plaintiff to provide and maintain the commonways in a reasonably safe condition."
Defendants moved to strike paragraph 5 and to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, because a process server is not an invitee as a matter of law and, therefore, defendants owed no duty to protect plaintiff from the inadequacy of the stairway. The court granted the motions without explanation.
Plaintiff makes five assignments of error, but they all involve the same issue — whether paragraph 5 is an appropriate or sufficient allegation to state an element of plaintiff's claim relating to defendants' duty to plaintiff.
The parties appear to agree that, traditionally, the liability of an owner or occupant of land for an injury caused by the condition of the property depends on the status of the plaintiff at the time of the injury. If the plaintiff is an invitee, expressly or by implication, the defendants are liable for their failure to make or keep the premises reasonably safe. On the other hand, if the plaintiff is a licensee, the defendant's liability is limited to injuries caused by wilful or wanton acts, gross negligence or failure to warn of pitfalls or traps. Ragnone v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J, 291 Or. 617, 633 P.2d 1287 (1981); Rich v. Tite-Knot Pine Mill, 245 Or. 185, 421 P.2d 370 (1966).
Defendants argue that a process server is, at best, a licensee and that the allegations do not show a breach of duty owed to a licensee. They additionally argue that the allegations of paragraph 5 are merely conclusions and that no facts are alleged to support the characterization of plaintiff as an invitee. Essentially, defendants contend that, as a matter of law, a process server entering residential property to perform his duties cannot be an invitee.
In addition to arguing that paragraph 5 is a sufficient allegation, plaintiff contends, alternatively, that, under Fazzolari v. Portland School Dist. No. 1J, 303 Or. 1, 734 P.2d 1326 (1987), the issue is simply resolved as a fact question of foreseeability without consideration of a specific duty owed to him. In Van Den Bron v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 86 Or. App. 329, 738 P.2d 1011 (1987), we concluded that a claim which invokes the obligations of a possessor of land to an invitee or licensee has invoked a "special relationship" that takes the claim out of the generalized standards of common law negligence. Consequently, pre-existing case law has survived Fazzolari. It follows that plaintiff is required to allege the basis of defendants' duty toward him. Settle v. PGE, 81 Or. App. 474, 726 P.2d 389, rev den 302 Or. 460 (1986).
In reviewing a dismissal under ORCP 21A(8), we accept as true facts that are well pleaded. Doyle v. Oregon Bank, 94 Or. App. 230, 764 P.2d 1379 (1988), rev den 307 Or. 571 (1989). Plaintiff pleaded that defendants owed a duty of due care to him in his status as an invitee. He also alleged that he was invited to the premises. That is sufficient. There is nothing in the status of a professional process server that, as a matter of law, negates his being an invitee. The court erred in striking paragraph 5 and in dismissing the complaint.
Reversed and remanded.