Opinion
Insured brought suit against fire insurer which had refused to pay on fire claim on ground that insured intentionally set fire to premises during suicide attempt. Insurer removed suit to federal court. Insurer moved for production of psychiatric and medical records. The District Court, Foschio, United States Magistrate, held that under New York law, majority of requested records were protected by physician-patient or psychotherapist-patient privilege.
Motion to compel granted in part, denied in part.
Bouvier, O'Connor, George R. Blair, Jr., of counsel, Buffalo, NY, for Thomas and Shirley Jones.
Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, Hugh M. Russ, III, of counsel, Buffalo, NY, for Commercial Union.
DECISION AND ORDER
FOSCHIO, United States Magistrate Judge.
JURISDICTION
This matter was referred to the undersigned by the Hon. Richard J. Arcara on April 7, 1994. The parties executed a consent to proceed before the undersigned on October 12, 1994. The matter is presently before the court on Defendant's motion to compel, filed September 7, 1994.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs, Thomas and Shirley Jones, both New York residents, commenced this action against Commercial Union Insurance Company, a Massachusetts corporation with its principal place of business in Boston, in the New York State Supreme Court, County of Erie, on March 17, 1994. This action was filed after Commercial Union disclaimed liability on a fire insurance policy it issued to the Plaintiffs. On March 31, 1994, Commercial Union filed an answer and removed the action to the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.
The Plaintiffs allege that Commercial Union has wrongfully denied payment of their claim under an insurance policy issued in May, 1992. The Plaintiffs seek $160,000 in physical damages to real and personal property, and $250,000 in punitive damages.
A motion to dismiss the Plaintiffs' claim for punitive damages was filed on June 23, 1994, and oral argument on the motion was held on August 8, 1994. The motion was granted by Decision and Order dated October 17, 1994.
Commercial Union has requested production of the psychiatric records of Shirley Jones from March 25, 1992 to the present. Commercial Union alleges that these records may contain admissions by Shirley Jones concerning her attempted suicide, or her actions on the day of the fire. The Plaintiffs argue that these records are privileged, and therefore, are not discoverable.
The case is presently before the court on Commercial Union's motion to compel discovery of Shirley Jones' psychiatric records, filed September 7, 1994. This court issued an order, on October 18, 1994, requiring Plaintiffs to submit Shirley Jones' psychiatric records to the court for in camera inspection. The medical records pertaining to Mrs. Jones from BryLin Hospital were submitted on December 1, 1994, the crisis call intake form and report from the Town of Grand Island Help Center was submitted on January 9, 1995, and the records from the Erie County Medical Center were submitted on January 17, 1995.
Commercial Union's motion requested all of Mrs. Jones' medical and psychiatric records related to her treatment at BryLin Hospital, Erie County Medical Center, or other treating physicians or hospital personnel. At oral argument, counsel for Commercial Union limited the demand to Mrs. Jones' psychiatric records from BryLin Hospital, dated March 25, 1992 to the present.
For the reasons set forth below, Commercial Union's motion to compel is GRANTED, in part, DENIED, in part.
FACTS
Thomas and Shirley Jones have owned a home at 385 Colonial Drive West on Grand Island for twenty years. They purchased a fire insurance policy from Commercial Union on May 31, 1992 for consideration of $299. See Complaint ¶ 2. The policy was valid for one year, and provided protection in the amounts of $104,000 for the residence, $72,800 for personal property and $20,800 for loss of use. See Complaint ¶ 2.
On March 25, 1993, a fire occurred at the Jones' residence, causing damage to the home and personal property within. See Complaint ¶ 4. Following the fire, Plaintiffs made a timely claim on their Commercial Union policy, Complaint ¶ 5, claiming damages of $75,000 to the dwelling, $65,000 for loss of contents and $21,800 for living expenses.
After investigating the circumstances surrounding the fire, Commercial Union denied payment of the claim. Commercial Union alleges that it is not liable under the policy as the Plaintiffs violated the terms of the policy by intentionally setting the fire. Specifically, Commercial Union claims Shirley Jones deliberately caused the fire in an attempt to commit suicide.
DISCUSSION
Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(1), any matter likely to lead to admissible evidence that is not privileged may be discovered. Issues regarding privilege are to be governed by principles of common law as they are interpreted by the courts in light of reason and experience. Fed.R.Evid. 501.
In a diversity action, the issue of privilege is to be governed by the substantive law of the forum state. Dixon v. 80 Pine Street Corporation, 516 F.2d 1278, 1280 (2d Cir.1975). See also Application of American Tobacco Company, 880 F.2d 1520, 1527 (2d Cir.1989). New York provides a privilege for both physician-patient and psychologist-client relationships. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. §§ 4504, 4507 (McKinney 1990). See also In re Doe, 964 F.2d 1325, 1328 (2d Cir.1992) (recognizing the existence of a psychotherapist-patient privilege under Fed.R.Evid. 501). There are three essential elements to the psychotherapist-patient privilege (1) a confidential doctor-patient relationship must have existed, (2) the information must have been received in the course of treatment, and (3) the information must have been necessary for treatment. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. § 4504, 4507 (McKinney 1990).
1. BryLin Hospital Records
A privilege will not attach unless the individual receiving information from the patient is an authorized health care provider. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. § 4504 (McKinney 1990). Section 4507 of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules extends this privilege to the confidential communications between a registered psychologist and his or her client. The medical records provided by Dr. Oscar Lopez and Dr. Hillary Tzetzo of BryLin Hospital include their notes and progress reports on Shirley Jones from March 25, 1992 to the present. These reports demonstrate that they were generated as the result of confidential meetings during the course of a professional relationship, and establish that Shirley Jones sought professional therapeutic services from both of these individuals.
It is not disputed that both Dr. Lopez and Dr. Tzetzo are psychiatrists.
Although frequently described as a privilege for " communications," the psychologist-patient privilege applies to " information." See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. §§ 4504, 4507 (McKinney 1990). The information that may qualify for privileged treatment includes not only communications received from the lips of the patient herself, but also information acquired by application of professional skill or knowledge. Dillenbeck v. Hess, 73 N.Y.2d 278, 539 N.Y.S.2d 707, 711, 536 N.E.2d 1126, 1130 (1989).
Additionally, to fall within the scope of the privilege, the information acquired by the psychologist must have been necessary for treatment. As psychiatric treatment often requires a patient to disclose thoughts and observations of a highly personal nature in order to discover the root of the psychological problem at hand, these sensitive disclosures are fundamental to proper treatment. Thus, the information divulged to the psychologist was necessary for Shirley Jones' treatment.
Therefore, as to these records, the court finds that a psychotherapist-patient privilege exists. As Shirley Jones' mental records are of the personal nature that the privilege is designed to protect from disclosure, the court must determine whether Shirley Jones' psychiatric records are relevant to this case, and, if so, whether her privacy interests outweigh the evidentiary need for the documents. See In re Doe, supra, at 1328; Hill v. City of New York, 1994 WL 665824, *2 (S.D.N.Y.1994); Cynthia B. v. New Rochelle Hospital Medical Center, 60 N.Y.2d 452, 470 N.Y.S.2d 122, 127, 458 N.E.2d 363, 368 (1983). After careful review of the medical records at issue here, the court has determined that Shirley Jones' psychiatric records are not relevant with regard to the issues presented in this case. While there are references to the subject of suicide in the records produced, the court finds these to be opinions of the treating doctors, not direct statements by Shirley Jones. Accordingly, to the extent that the records contain information concerning self-destruction, they are not relevant because they are ambiguous and not attributed to Mrs. Jones. Alternatively, even if they were relevant, Jones' privacy interests outweigh the evidentiary need for the records, as no specific admissions attributable to Jones indicate that she purposefully set the fire.
2. Erie County Medical Center Records
The records from the Erie County Medical Center include the emergency service reports by a nurse, a physician and a psychiatrist, as well as a police request for an examination of Shirley Jones. As the police request does not fall within the privilege, it shall be produced.
Sections 4504(a) and 4507 of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules state that any information acquired by a person authorized to practice medicine or psychiatry, or a registered professional nurse in attending a patient in a professional capacity which was necessary in rendering therapeutic services, is privileged. The treating physician, nurse and psychiatrist from Erie County Medical Center were all authorized health care professionals, as required for the privilege to apply.
Shirley Jones' medical history, physical symptoms, test results and diagnoses are contained in the various reports from her visit to Erie County Medical Center. As all of this information is considered necessary for treatment, it falls within the doctor-patient privilege. Dillenbeck, supra, 539 N.Y.S.2d at 711, 536 N.E.2d at 1130; Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Dec. 14, 1984, Y., M.D., P.C. v. Kuriansky, 69 N.Y.2d 232, 513 N.Y.S.2d 359, 363-64, 505 N.E.2d 925, 929, cert. denied, 482 U.S. 928, 107 S.Ct. 3211, 96 L.Ed.2d 698 (1987); People v. Decina, 2 N.Y.2d 133, 157 N.Y.S.2d 558, 568-69, 138 N.E.2d 799, 806 (1956). Further, each of the communications which took place between Jones and the health care professionals was made in confidence, as Jones voluntarily committed herself and was attempting to obtain medical assistance from these professionals.
The doctor-patient and psychotherapist-patient privileges exist with respect to the medical records from Erie County Medical Center, therefore, the court must determine whether Jones' privacy interests in medical reports regarding her condition outweighs Commercial Union's evidentiary need for the reports.
Although Jones may have expressed, at the time of her interviews, suicidal thoughts, they are incorporated in the opinions of the treating professionals. It can hardly be disputed that communications between a patient and a doctor are highly personal. Kuriansky, supra, 513 N.Y.S.2d at 364-65, 505 N.E.2d at 930. Further, disclosure of communications to therapists and their diagnoses would frequently be embarrassing for the patient, and the disclosure of such communications might discourage people from seeking psychiatric help. See Kuriansky, supra, 513 N.Y.S.2d at 363-64, 505 N.E.2d at 929. As it is in the public interest to encourage people to speak candidly with psychiatrists, and psychiatrists depend on open communication to accomplish the purpose of evaluating and improving the mental health of individual members of society, the information derived from a patient during the course of treatment should not be disclosed unless the evidentiary need for the documents outweighs the patient's privacy interests. See In re Doe, supra, at 1328; Hill, supra, at *2. As with the records from BryLin Hospital, no specific admissions in the medical records attributable to Shirley Jones indicate that she purposefully set the fire. Thus, given the importance of the interests at stake and Jones' need for medical assistance, the court does not find that the evidentiary need for Shirley Jones' medical records outweighs her privacy interest in these files.
3. Town of Grand Island Help Center Report
As stated, in order for information to be privileged under either a physician-patient or psychotherapist-patient privilege, there must be a confidential communication to an authorized health care provider. See N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. §§ 4505, 4507 (McKinney 1990). In the instant case, there is no evidence that the counselor who intervened on March 25, 1993 is a doctor or a psychiatrist. Unless counsel provides such information within ten (10) days of this order, the information contained in this report shall be disclosed.
Plaintiffs are directed to produce the police report included in the medical records from Erie County Medical Center and, if no documentation is presented to the court within ten days of this order demonstrating that the counselor from Grand Island Help Center is a physician or psychiatrist, the record from the crisis intervention center must also be produced. The remaining records from both BryLin Hospital and the Erie County Medical Center are privileged and need not be produced.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing discussion, Defendant Commercial Union's motion to compel discovery of Shirley Jones' psychiatric records is GRANTED, in part, DENIED, in part.
SO ORDERED.