Opinion
Case No. 5:20-cv-03122-EJD
2021-07-19
Mahan TALESHPOUR, Plaintiff, v. APPLE INC., Defendant.
Alexander Russell Wheeler, Kitty Kit Yee Szeto, R. Rex Parris, John Michael Bickford, Parris Law Firm, Lancaster, CA, for Plaintiff. David Ramraj Singh, Shawn C. McNulty, Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, Redwood Shores, CA, for Defendant.
Alexander Russell Wheeler, Kitty Kit Yee Szeto, R. Rex Parris, John Michael Bickford, Parris Law Firm, Lancaster, CA, for Plaintiff.
David Ramraj Singh, Shawn C. McNulty, Weil, Gotshal and Manges LLP, Redwood Shores, CA, for Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT
Re: Dkt. No. 68
EDWARD J. DAVILA, United States District Judge
Plaintiffs Mahan Taleshpour, Rory Fielding, Peter Odogwu, Wade Buscher, Gregory Knutson, Darien Hayes, Liam Stewart, Nathan Combs, and Kendall Bardin bring this action against Defendant Apple Inc. ("Apple") on behalf of themselves and members of a putative class, asserting eleven claims related to an alleged product defect in certain MacBook Pro laptops. Before the Court is Apple's Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint ("TAC"). Mot. to Dismiss Third Am. Compl. ("Mot."), Dkt. No. 68. The Court finds the motion appropriate for decision without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-1(b). For the reasons below, the Court GRANTS the motion with limited leave to amend.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2016, Apple introduced its updated 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pro models. Third Am. Compl. ("TAC"), Dkt. No. 66 ¶ 17. To make these MacBook Pros thinner and sleeker than their predecessors, Apple used thin, flexible backlight ribbon cables to connect the lighting mechanism of the display screen to the display controller board. Id. ¶ 18. These backlight ribbon cables wrap around the display controller board at the hinge of the laptop and are secured by a pair of spring-loaded covers. Id.
This configuration causes the backlight ribbon display cables rub against the control board when the laptop is opened and closed. Id. ¶ 20. Over time, the rubbing causes the cables to tear, which leads to various problems with the display screen. Id. For example, the tearing of the cable can cause a "stage lighting" effect, consisting of alternating patches of darkness along the bottom of the display. Id. ¶ 21. Further tearing can lead to more serious display issues, such as large blocks of color that obscure portions of the screen, and eventually, can cause the display to fail entirely. Id. ¶¶ 22-23. To varying degrees, these issues with the display screen all allegedly render the laptop unusable and unfit for its ordinary purpose. Id.
Plaintiffs allege that the backlight cables tear because they are "too short and do not provide enough slack to withstand the repetitive opening and closing of the MacBook Pros" (the "Alleged Defect"). Id. ¶ 20. Faced with complaints from numerous consumers about the stage lighting effect and the failure of the display, Apple attempted to remedy the Alleged Defect by making the backlight cables two millimeters longer in the 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pro models released in July 2018. Id. ¶¶ 30, 32.
In May 2019, Apple also introduced the "MacBook Pro Display Backlight Service Program," through which Apple agreed to replace the display on all 13-inch 2016 MacBook Pro models that exhibited the stage lighting effect or a total failure of the display backlight system. Id. ¶ 33. Under the service program, Apple will refund the owner of a 13-inch 2016 MacBook Pro who paid to have the display fixed. Id. The service program covers only the 13-inch 2016 MacBook Pro; it does not cover the 15-inch MacBook Pro, or any MacBook Pro model released after 2016. Id.
Plaintiffs are all owners of 15-inch 2016 MacBook Pro or MacBook Pro models released after 2016 and allege that their laptops all suffered from the same backlight cable defect as the 13-inch version. Id. ¶¶ 35, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71, 76. Plaintiffs all experienced issues with their display screens, including the stage lighting effect or "vertical pink lines," which ultimately rendered their laptops inoperable. Id. ¶¶ 37, 43, 48, 53-54, 58-59, 63-64, 68, 73-74, 78-79. In all cases, these issues manifested after the one-year warranty Apple provided expired. Compare id. ¶¶ 35, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71, 76 with id. ¶¶ 37, 43, 48, 53-54, 58-59, 63-64, 68, 73-74, 78-79.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Rule 12(b)(6)
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires a plaintiff to plead each claim with enough specificity to "give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (internal quotations omitted). A complaint which falls short of the Rule 8(a) standard may therefore be dismissed if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). "Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is appropriate only where the complaint lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory." Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Med. Ctr. , 521 F.3d 1097, 1104 (9th Cir. 2008). When deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept as true all "well pleaded factual allegations" and determine whether the allegations "plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief." Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). The Court must also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Love v. United States , 915 F.2d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir. 1989). While a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it "must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ " Ashcroft , 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. , 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955 ).
A court generally may not consider any material beyond the pleadings when ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. If matters outside the pleadings are considered, "the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). However, documents appended to the complaint, incorporated by reference in the complaint, or which properly are the subject of judicial notice may be considered along with the complaint when deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics , 899 F.3d 988, 998 (9th Cir. 2018) ; see also Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc. , 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990). Likewise, a court may consider matters that are "capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned." Roca v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. , No. 15-cv-02147-KAW, 2016 WL 368153, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2016) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 201(b) ).
B. Rule 9(b)
Consumer protection claims that sound in fraud are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). See Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA , 317 F.3d 1097, 1102 (9th Cir. 2003) ; San Miguel v. HP Inc. , 317 F. Supp. 3d 1075, 1084 (N.D. Cal. 2018). Rule 9(b) requires that "a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud." Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). The circumstances constituting the fraud must be "specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged to constitute the fraud charged so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong." Semegen v. Weidner , 780 F.2d 727, 731 (9th Cir. 1985). Therefore, a party alleging fraud must set forth "the who, what, when, where, and how" of the misconduct. Vess , 317 F.3d at 1106 (quoting Cooper v. Pickett , 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997) ). "[I]n a case where fraud is not an essential element of a claim, only allegations ... of fraudulent conduct must satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Rule 9(b)" while "[a]llegations of non-fraudulent conduct need satisfy only the ordinary notice pleading standards of Rule 8(a)." Id. at 1104–05.
With respect to Plaintiffs’ omissions-based fraud claims, "the pleading standard is lowered on account of the reduced ability in an omission suit ‘to specify the time, place, and specific content, relative to a claim involving affirmative misrepresentations.’ " Barrett v. Apple Inc. , No. 5:20-CV04812-EJD, 523 F.Supp.3d 1132, 1145 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2021) (quoting In re Apple & AT & TM Antitrust Litig. , 596 F. Supp. 2d 1288, 1310 (N.D. Cal. 2008) ); see also Falk v. Gen. Motors Corp. , 496 F. Supp. 2d 1088, 1099 (N.D. Cal. 2007).
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs bring claims for: (1) violation of the California Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, et seq. ("UCL") (Count 1), (2) violation of the California Consumers Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1761 and 1770 ("CLRA") (Count 2), and (3) equivalent deceptive trade practice laws in Alaska, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington (Counts 4-11) (collectively, "the Deceptive Trade Practice Claims"); and (4) fraudulent concealment (Count 3). Apple seeks to dismiss all of Plaintiffs’ claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court addresses each claim in turn.
A. Fraud Claims
1. Affirmative representations
Plaintiffs allege with respect to each of their fraud claims that Apple committed fraud through affirmative representations in its 2016 promotional campaign for MacBook Pros. The TAC includes the same allegations from the Second Amended Complaint ("SAC") concerning Apple's description of the displays on the relevant MacBook Pro models as the "brightest and most colorful Retina display yet," as well as an advertisement and an October 27, 2016 press release stating that the new MacBook Pros had "the best Mac display ever." Compare TAC ¶ 17 with Dkt. No. 30 ¶ 16. The TAC also includes new allegations of affirmative representations, specifically that: (1) Apple's promotional campaign stressed that the new display screens are the best in the computer industry (TAC ¶ 17); (2) "the Retina display on the new MacBook Pro at 500 nits of brightness is an amazing 67 percent brighter than the previous generation, features 67 percent more contrast and is the first Mac notebook display to support wider color gamut" (id. ¶ 24); and (3) Apple products will last for a minimum of four years (id. ¶ 16).
With respect to the allegations repeated from the SAC, the Court already determined those representations to be nonactionable puffery. Dkt. No. 55 at 14–17 (citing Ahern v. Apple Inc. , 411 F. Supp. 3d 541 (N.D. Cal. 2019) ). With their current amendments, Plaintiffs seek to cure the deficiencies the Court previously identified by distinguishing Ahern . Plaintiffs contend that, unlike the Ahern plaintiffs, they have pled "a product design defect central to the function and operation of their laptops," not merely a defect affecting "the quality of the user experience." Pls.’ Opp'n to Mot. to Dismiss Third Am. Compl. ("Opp'n"), Dkt. No. 71, at 8 (citing Ahern , 411 F. Supp. 3d at 568 ); but see Opp'n at 9 ("Plaintiffs here plead Apple's misrepresentations about MacBook Pro monitor quality. ") (emphasis original). Plaintiffs appear to confuse Ahern ’s ruling on affirmative misrepresentations with its ruling on fraudulent concealment theories. See Ahern , 411 F. Supp. 3d at 568 (discussing pure omission allegations).
Instead, Plaintiffs contend that "[w]hen a plaintiff alleges such product ineffectiveness or failure, representations about that product's superior quality are provably false and thus not mere ‘puffery.’ " Opp'n at 9. Plaintiffs cite Vigil v. Gen. Nutrition Corp. , No. 15-CV-00079-JM-DBHx, 2015 WL 2338982 (S.D. Cal. May 13, 2015) and In re Bang Energy Drink Mktg. Litig. , No. 18-cv-05758-JST, 2020 WL 4458916 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2020) in support of this proposition. In Vigil , the district court found the defendant's statement that its male supplement "[f]ormulated with premium ingredients to provide maximum potency" was not nonactionable puffery because the statement at issue arguably promised customers that the supplement was capable of having some kind of effect on male potency when viewed in context with other statements on the product label. 2015 WL 2338982, at *8–9 ("If Plaintiff can prove that Staminol is totally incapable of doing so, this statement is provably false to the extent that it makes that representation, or at least contributes to the likelihood that the packaging is deceptive as a whole."). In Bang Energy , the court found that the defendant's use of the term "Super Creatine" was an actionable misrepresentation because the defendant used it to qualify an ingredient about which it made specific claims and was therefore capable of being proven true or false. 2020 WL 4458916, at *8–9. Neither of these cases support Plaintiffs’ contention because they concerned statements that were capable of being proven true or false. The Court finds no reason to alter its earlier finding that the statements that the laptops are "revolutionary," "groundbreaking," offer "breakthrough performance," and contain "the best Mac display ever" are subjective and immeasurable assertions and thus constitute nonactionable puffery. Dkt. No. 55 at 17.
Turning to the new allegations in the TAC, the Court first addresses the allegation that "APPLE's promotional campaign for the MacBook Pros stressed that the new display screens are the best in the computer industry." TAC ¶ 17. The Court perceives this allegation as an attempt to plead an actionable statement akin to those in Beyer v. Symantec Corp. , 333 F. Supp. 3d 966 (N.D. Cal. 2018). The Court previously rejected Plaintiffs’ comparison to Beyer , finding that "the statement that the MacBook Pro display is ‘the best Mac display ever’ does not imply Apple's adherence to industry best practices," as it only compares the display to other Macs. Dkt. No. 55 at 16–17. This additional allegation does not support Plaintiffs’ case, however, as the TAC does not contain any actual examples of or quotations from Apple making such a representation. The only example of Apple's promotional campaign that Plaintiffs provide is the October 2016 press release , which says nothing about the new MacBook Pro display being the best in the computer industry. Plaintiffs do not address this inconsistency in their opposition brief. See Opp'n. The Court thus finds no factual basis for such an allegation.
Judicial notice of the October 2016 press release is proper, as the release is incorporated in the complaint. TAC ¶ 17 n.2; Khoja , 899 F.3d at 998.
With respect to the statement about the Retina display, the Court previously held that this statement was the only actionable statement from the 2016 MacBook Pro advertisement cited in the SAC, because it consisted of more specific statements about the objective characteristics of the MacBook Pro display capable of being proven false. Dkt. No. 55 at 17. However, the Court noted that Plaintiffs had not alleged that those statements were false:
Nothing about this Alleged Defect relates to the thickness, brightness, or color gamut of the MacBook display touted in the quoted advertisement. Because Plaintiffs do not allege that the statements in the advertisements are false or that they would lead a reasonable consumer to draw inaccurate conclusions about the reliability of useful life of the display, the court dins that these statements are not affirmative misrepresentations sufficient to support Plaintiffs’ fraud claims.
Id. The TAC asserts that the advertisement's "representations about the purportedly exceptional brightness and quality of the MacBook Pro displays, however, are ultimately false," and that the Alleged Defect is "the complete opposite of the bright, clear, sharp display APPLE represents it to be." TAC ¶ 24. But those allegations still say nothing about the thickness, brightness, or color gamut of the MacBook display. Moreover, Apple argues, Plaintiffs have not alleged any facts suggesting that these statements were false at the time they were made or at the time of sale. Mot. at 8–9 (citing In re Sony Grand Wega KDF-E A10/A20 Series Rear Projection HDTV Television Litig. , 758 F. Supp. 2d 1077, 1090 (S.D. Cal. 2010) ). Plaintiffs do not directly address this issue in their opposition brief and do not point to any facts suggesting otherwise. Opp'n at 9.
Last, with respect to the new allegation that Apple represents its products as lasting for a minimum of four years, the Court finds that the TAC's allegations mischaracterize Apple's statement. The webpage cited as the source of the statement is entitled, "Additional Questions: More answers to your questions about Apple and the environment," and it appears in the "Environment" section of Apple's website. Apple Inc., Environment – Answers – Apple , Apple.com, https://www.apple.com/environment/answers/ (last visited July 17, 2021). The relevant portion of the webpage reads:
Judicial notice of the webpage is proper, as the statement appearing on the page is incorporated in the complaint. TAC ¶ 16; Khoja , 899 F.3d at 998.
2. How does Apple conduct its Product Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Assessment?
Apple uses five steps when conducting a product life cycle assessment (LCA):
...
2. To model customer use, we measure the power consumed by a product while it is running in a simulated scenario. Daily usage patterns are specific to each product and are a mixture of actual and modeled customer use data. For the purposes of our assessment, years of use, which are based on first owners, are modeled to be four years for macOS and tvOS devices and three years for iOS, iPadOS and watchOS devices. Most Apple products last longer and are often passed along, resold, or returned to Apple by the first owner for others to use. More information on our product
energy use is provided in our Product Environmental Reports.
Id. A review of this webpage reveals that the purported four-year lifespan representation concerns modeling assumptions Apple made for the purposes of engaging in an environmental assessment of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from Apple products. Id. Using a particular model for environmental assessment purposes is not equivalent to guaranteeing a product lifespan of four years without repair. It is simply not plausible that a consumer considering whether to purchase a MacBook Pro would seek technical information about the laptop's specifications from the portion of Apple's website addressing frequently asked questions about its environmental practices. Moreover, the Court cannot reasonably infer that Plaintiffs actually viewed the environmental questions webpage and relied on it. The TAC alleges that each plaintiff "saw advertisements and marketing materials on APPLE's website in which APPLE represented the MacBook had the best display to date." TAC ¶¶ 36, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 77. The environmental questions webpage cannot be fairly described as an advertisement or marketing material, and it says nothing at all about the MacBook in particular, much less that it had "the best display to date."
Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not stated any fraud claims based on affirmative misrepresentations.
2. Fraud by omission
Plaintiffs’ fraudulent concealment and various Deceptive Trade Practice Claims all stem from the contention that Apple failed to disclose the Alleged Defect in the MacBook Pros. "To state a claim for fraudulent omission, the omission must be contrary to a representation actually made by the defendant, or an omission of a fact the defendant was obliged to disclose." In re Apple Inc. Device Performance Litig. (In re Apple II) , 386 F. Supp. 3d 1155, 1175 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). "When a defect does not relate to an unreasonable safety hazard, a defendant has a duty to disclose when (1) the omission is material; (2) the defect is central to the product's function; and (3) at least one of the following four factors is met: the defendant is the plaintiff's fiduciary; the defendant has exclusive knowledge of material facts not known or reasonably accessible to the plaintiff; the defendant actively conceals a material fact from the plaintiff; or the defendant makes partial representations that are misleading because some other material fact has not been disclosed." Id. at 1176.
Apple now contends that no duty to disclose exists where the defect arises only after expiration of the warranty period, and that such an omission is not material (and thus not actionable) as a matter of law except when the defect poses a safety hazard. Mot. at 12–17. The Court's previous ruling did not address this warranty argument, which Apple made only obliquely with respect to the fraud by omission claims. See Dkt. No. 33 at 14–19.
Apple moved for leave to file a motion for reconsideration of the Court's prior order granting in part and denying in part Apple's motion to dismiss the SAC, arguing that the Court committed manifest error by not considering the warranty argument in analyzing Plaintiffs’ fraudulent omission claims. Dkt. No. 59. In view of the operative TAC and the fact that the Court is now considering what would presumably be Apple's same arguments on the issue, the motion for leave to file a motion for reconsideration is DENIED as moot.
As the Ninth Circuit and other courts in this District have acknowledged, "[t]he state of the law on the duty to disclose under California law is in some disarray." In re Apple Inc. Device Performance Litig. (In re Apple I) , 347 F. Supp. 3d 434, 458 (N.D. Cal. 2018). In 2012, the Ninth Circuit concluded based on California state law that in the absence of affirmative misrepresentations, a plaintiff must "allege that the design defect caused an unreasonable safety hazard." Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co. , 668 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co. , 144 Cal. App. 4th 824, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (2006) ); see also Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co. , 851 F.3d 1015, 1026 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Wilson as "holding that where a defendant has not made an affirmative misrepresentation, a plaintiff must allege the existence of an unreasonable safety hazard"). However, in 2015, the California Court of Appeal appeared to suggest that a plaintiff pursuing a fraudulent omission claim need not always plead an unreasonable safety hazard. See Rutledge v. Hewlett-Packard Co. , 238 Cal. App. 4th 1164, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 411 (2015) (allowing consumer-protection claims to proceed even without "defects related to safety concerns"). More recently, in 2018, the Ninth Circuit recognized this tension in the cases but declined to decide whether the safety-hazard requirement applies in all circumstances. See Hodsdon v. Mars , 891 F.3d 857, 861–62 (9th Cir. 2018) ("While the recent California cases do cast doubt on whether Wilson ’s safety-hazard requirement applies in all circumstances, we have no occasion in this case to consider whether the later state-court cases have effectively overruled Wilson .").
However, the Ninth Circuit does not appear to have directly addressed the question of whether a duty to disclose exists when the alleged defect arises only after a limited warranty period expires. The last direct word from the Ninth Circuit on the subject appears in Wilson , which states that "California federal courts have generally interpreted Daugherty as holding that ‘[a] manufacturer's duty to consumers is limited to its warranty obligations absent either an affirmative misrepresentation or a safety issue.’ " 668 F.3d at 1141 (quoting Oestreicher v. Alienware Corp. , 322 F. App'x 489, 493 (9th Cir. 2009) ). Plaintiffs contend that Rutledge and Hodsdon have rejected Wilson ’s strict "safety hazard" pleading requirement altogether in omission cases, and that the expiration of a limited warranty period is otherwise irrelevant. Opp'n at 2–6.
The Court disagrees with Plaintiffs’ reading of Rutledge and Hodsdon . In Rutledge , the California Court of Appeals stated:
HP argues Degenshein and class members similar to him do not have a claim for fraudulent concealment under the UCL, because they received notebooks with inverters that functioned for the duration of the one-year warranty, and were not damaged by HP's alleged failure to disclose the fact of the faulty inverter. However, a claim for fraudulent business practices reflects the UCL's focus on the defendant's conduct, rather than the plaintiff's damages, in service of the statute's larger purpose of protecting the general public against unscrupulous business practices. The question under the UCL is related to HP's conduct in failing to disclose the faulty inverter, not on whether the notebook's computer functioned for one-year. HP's argument that the expiration of the warranty period precludes a claim for fraudulent concealment under the UCL is incorrect.
238 Cal. App. 4th at 1175, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 411. As Apple correctly observes, the individual Rutledge plaintiff mentioned above experienced the defect prior to the warranty expiration, and the plaintiff who only experienced the defect after the warranty period expired adequately alleged reliance on an affirmative representation. Id. at 1171, 1176, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 411 ("Degenshein experienced problems with his display screen blacking out shortly before the expiration of his one-year warranty ...."). Rutledge does not appear to stand for the proposition that the expiration of the warranty period is irrelevant to a materiality analysis. Indeed, the Ninth Circuit expressly acknowledged that one possible reading of Rutledge is that "there is a duty to disclose defects that go to the central function of the product and which arise during the warranty period. " Hodsdon , 891 F. 3d at 863 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs’ proposed application of Rutledge would run afoul of longstanding public policy against disregarding a warranty's limits. See, e.g. , Williams , 851 F.3d at 1029 ("[T]he fact that the alleged defect concerns premature, but usually post-warranty, onset of a natural condition raises concerns about the use of consumer fraud statutes to impermissibly extend a product's warranty period."); In re Apple II , 386 F. Supp. 3d at 1178 ("California law is clear that its consumer fraud statutes cannot be used to extend a product's warrant[y]."); Collins v. eMachines, Inc. , 202 Cal. App. 4th 249, 257, 134 Cal.Rptr.3d 588 (2011) ("To allow a CLRA claim in these circumstances would be to supplant warranty law; failure of a product to last forever would become a defect and a manufacturer would no longer be able to issue limited warranties.") (internal quotation and citation omitted).
District courts within the Ninth Circuit—including the Northern District of California—discussing the issue post- Rutledge and - Hodsdon have repeatedly held that "a manufacturer has a duty to disclose any defects that fall within the warranty period, whether relating to safety or to costly repairs, that would have caused the consumer to not purchase the [product] if they had been disclosed." Baranco v. Ford Motor Co. , 294 F. Supp. 3d 950, 960 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (quoting Apodaca v. Whirlpool Corp. , No. 13-00725 JVS (ANx), 2013 WL 6477821, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2013) ) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Sloan v. Gen. Motors LLC , 287 F. Supp. 3d 840 (N.D. Cal. 2018), order clarified , No. 16-CV-07244-EMC, 2018 WL 1156607 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2018), and on reconsideration , 438 F. Supp. 3d 1017 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (same); In re Apple II , 386 F. Supp. 3d at 1178–79 (alleged defect was not material where plaintiffs did not allege that it occurred on devices still under warranty); Zuehlsdorf v. FCA US LLC , No. EDCV181877JGBKKX, 2019 WL 2098352, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2019) (noting that "different rules [apply] to claims based on defects that manifest during the warranty period versus after the warranty period"); Loo v. Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. , No. 819CV00750VAPADSX, 2019 WL 7753448, at *10 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2019) (acknowledging different materiality standard based on warranty status). But if the defect arises outside of the warranty period, however, then the manufacturer only has a duty to disclose "safety issues." Baranco , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 960 ; Sloan , 287 F. Supp. 3d at 869 ("With respect to defects that manifested only after the warranty period, Plaintiffs must allege that the defect poses an unreasonable safety hazard."). "The purpose of this limitation in the post-warranty context is to ensure that durational limits on express warranties are not rendered meaningless." Baranco , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 960 ; Sloan , 287 F. Supp. 3d at 869.
Here, Plaintiffs do not allege that the defect arose before the expiration of the warranty period. See TAC ¶¶ 37, 43, 48, 53-54, 58-59, 63-64, 68, 73-74, 78-79. Consequently, Apple only had a duty to disclose safety issues. Baranco , 294 F. Supp. 3d at 960 ; Sloan , 287 F. Supp. 3d at 869 ; see also Hodsdon , 891 F. 3d at 863. Plaintiffs have not alleged that the Alleged Defect presented any particular safety hazard. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not adequately stated a claim as to the omission-based Deceptive Trade Practice Claims and fraudulent concealment claim.
B. UCL Claim
1. "Unfair" prong
"Under the unfairness prong of the UCL, a practice may be deemed unfair even if not specifically proscribed by some other law." In re Carrier IQ, Inc. , 78 F. Supp. 3d 1051, 1115 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (internal citation omitted). California courts have developed at least two tests for "unfairness" within the meaning of the UCL: "(1) the tethering test, which requires that the public policy which is a predicate to a consumer unfair competition action under the unfair prong of the UCL must be tethered to specific constitutional, statutory, or regulatory provisions" and "(2) the balancing test, which examines whether the challenged business practice is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially injurious to consumers and requires the court to weigh the utility of the defendant's conduct against the gravity of the harm to the alleged victim." Herskowitz v. Apple Inc. , 940 F. Supp. 2d 1131, 1145–46 (N.D. Cal. 2013).
With respect to the tethering test, Plaintiff Taleshpour alleges that Apple's conduct is unfair because it violates California public policy of "requiring a manufacturer to ensure that goods it places on the market are fit for their ordinary and intended purposes." TAC ¶ 96. In other words, he pleads that Apple's conduct violated the public policy legislatively declared in the CLRA. For the reasons described above, however, the Court finds that Taleshpour has not stated a claim under the CLRA and therefore has not alleged any violation of public policy. See supra Section III.A.
With respect to the balancing test, Taleshpour argues that he pleads facts sufficient to state a claim based on Apple's purported representation that MacBook Pro laptops have a minimum lifespan of four years. Opp'n at 10–11 (citing TAC ¶¶ 97, 100). Under the balancing test, an act or practice is "unfair" if "the consumer injury is substantial, is not outweighed by any countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition, and is not an injury the consumers themselves could have reasonably avoided." Tietsworth v. Sears , 720 F. Supp. 2d 1123, 1137 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (quoting Daugherty , 144 Cal. App. 4th at 839, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 ) (internal quotation marks omitted). This test typically requires a fact intensive inquiry, not conducive to resolution at the motion to dismiss phase. See In re MacBook Keyboard Litig. , No. 5:18-cv-02813-EJD, 2019 WL 1765817, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2019). As discussed above, the Court finds the allegations concerning the alleged four-year lifespan are not plausible. See supra Section III.A.1.
Moreover, a "[f]ailure to disclose a defect that might shorten the effective life span of a component part to a consumer product does not constitute a ‘substantial injury’ under the unfair practices prong of the UCL where the product functions as warranted throughout the term of its express warranty." In re Sony Grand Wega , 758 F. Supp. 2d at 1091 ; see also Clemens v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. , 534 F.3d 1017, 1026–27 (9th Cir. 2008) ; Daugherty , 144 Cal. App. 4th at 838–39, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118. Taleshpour did not experience the Alleged Defect until well after the one-year limited warranty expired. TAC ¶¶ 35, 37.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Taleshpour has not adequately pled a substantial injury and thus does not state a claim under the unfair prong of the UCL. 2. "Unlawful" prong
Plaintiffs’ claim under the unlawful prong of the UCL is based on their CLRA claim. TAC ¶ 94. Because Plaintiffs failed to state a viable claim under the CLRA, they have also "failed to state a claim under the ‘unlawful’ prong of the UCL." In re MacBook Keyboard Litig. , 2019 WL 1765817, at *8–9 (citing McKinney v. Google, Inc. , No. 5:10-CV-01177 EJD, 2011 WL 3862120, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2011) ). Accordingly, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ UCL claim brought under the unlawful prong.
C. New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act Claim
Apple provides additional argument as to why Plaintiff Stewart fails to state a claim under the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act ("NJCFA"). Mot. at 19–20. To state an actionable NJCFA claim, a plaintiff must allege facts establishing three elements: (1) unlawful conduct by the defendant; (2) an ascertainable loss on the part of the plaintiff; and (3) a causal relationship between the defendant's unlawful conduct and the plaintiff's ascertainable loss. Duffy v. Samsung Elecs. Am., Inc. , No. CIV. 06-5259 (DRD), 2007 WL 703197, at *6 (D.N.J. Mar. 2, 2007) ; see also Int'l Union of Operating Eng. Local No. 68 Welfare Fund v. Merck & Co., Inc. , 192 N.J. 372, 929 A.2d 1076, 1086 (2007).
Apple first contends that Plaintiffs have not alleged unlawful conduct. Plaintiffs disagree, relying in part on their allegations regarding Apple's representation of a four-year lifespan. Opp'n at 12–13. For the reasons described above, those allegations are not plausible. See supra Section III.A.1. Moreover, "unless a defendant manufacturer knows with certainty that a product will fail, it does not violate the NJCFA by failing to inform its consumers of the possibility of failure." Dawson v. General Motors LLC , 2019 WL 3283046, at *5–6 (D.N.J. July 22, 2019) ; see also Priano-Keyser v. Apple Inc. , No. 19-09162 (KM)(MAH), 2019 WL 7288941, at *8 (D.N.J. Dec. 30, 2019) (noting that "[t]o support a [NJ]CFA cause of action for fraud in the context of a warranted defect, a plaintiff must show that the manufacturer was not in good faith insuring against a risk, but that it actually knew with certainty that the product at issue or one of its components was going to fail") (internal quotation marks omitted); Mickens v. Ford Motor Co. , 900 F. Supp. 2d 427, 442 (D.N.J. 2012) ("In cases ... where an allegedly defective product was covered by a warranty, [a] claim that a defect may, but has not, manifested itself until after the expiration of the warranty period cannot form the basis of a claim under the [NJ]CFA. Rather, a plaintiff must sufficiently allege that the defendant manufacturer knew with certainty that the product at issue or one of its components was going to fail.") (emphasis original; internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the TAC does not contain any allegations that Apple knew with certainty that the Alleged Defect would manifest.
Apple also argues that Plaintiffs are unable to allege ascertainable loss, because "failure of a product after its warranty is not an ascertainable loss under the NJCFA." Mot. at 20 (citing Duffy , 2007 WL 703197, at *8 ; Nobile v. Ford Motor Co. , No. 10-1890 (PGS), 2011 WL 900119, at *5–6 (D.N.J. Mar. 14, 2011) ). "[A] plaintiff cannot demonstrate ‘ascertainable loss’ under the NJCFA where the allegedly defective [ ] component outperforms its warranty period." Davidson v. Apple, Inc. , No. 16-cv-4942-LHK, 2017 WL 3149305, at *16 (N.D. Cal. Jul. 25, 2017) (quoting In re Porsche Cars N.A., Inc. , 880 F. Supp. 2d 801, 857 (S.D. Ohio 2012) ) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Mickens , 900 F. Supp. 2d at 442 ("[W]here an allegedly defective product was covered by a warranty, [a] claim that a defect may, but has not, manifested itself until after the expiration of the warranty period cannot form the basis of a claim under the [NJ]CFA."). Here, Plaintiff Stewart did not experience the Alleged Defect until well after the warranty period ended and therefore cannot plead an ascertainable loss. TAC ¶¶ 66, 68; Davidson , 2017 WL 3149305, at *16 ("Plaintiffs cannot state a claim under the NJCFA because the only New Jersey Plaintiff experienced the touchscreen defect after the expiration of the 1-year Limited Warranty period.").
Accordingly, the Court dismisses the NJCFA claim.
D. Leave to Amend
While leave to amend generally is granted liberally, the Court has discretion to dismiss a claim without leave to amend if amendment would be futile. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. , 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008) ; Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc. , 518 F.3d 1042, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008) ("Dismissal without leave to amend is proper if it is clear that the complaint could not be saved by amendment.").
With respect to the fraud claims based on affirmative representations, the Court finds that leave to amend would be futile and prejudicial to Apple, given that Plaintiffs have amended their complaint three times already. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ'g , 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008) ("The decision of whether to grant leave to amend nevertheless remains within the discretion of the district court, which may deny leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of amendment.’ ") (citing Foman v. Davis , 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962) ). With respect to the fraud claims based on fraud by omission, the Court grants Plaintiffs leave to amend to plead a safety hazard arising out of the Alleged Defect. The Court further grants Plaintiffs leave to amend the NJCFA claim to plead facts suggesting that Apple knew with certainty that the Alleged Defect would occur.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Apple's motion to dismiss with limited leave to amend. Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint by August 2, 2021 .