Opinion
No. 3667
Decided February 18, 1944.
Parties — Third party may not directly attack judgment — Principle applicable to divorce decrees — Husband may not attack wife's divorce decree from former husband, when — Appeal — Assignment of error not well made, when — Sustaining demurrer to petition not final order, when.
1. An assignment of error that the trial court erred in sustaining a demurrer to defendant's petition filed in a proceeding to vacate a divorce decree is not well made where such assignment is not the subject of appeal in the defendant's notice of appeal and the court's action is not a final order, the defendant having elected to plead further, and no judgment having been entered against him in the entry journalizing the court's decision on the demurrer.
2. The general principle that third parties who are not parties or privies to the original litigation may not make a direct attack on a judgment, either at law or in equity, has application to divorce decrees.
3. Where a person, with a husband living, marries another, thereafter secures a divorce from the former husband and then goes through another marriage ceremony with the second husband, the latter is a stranger to the divorce action between the wife and former husband and has no standing as a party defendant in that action, in which he seeks by petition filed therein, denominating himself a defendant, to have the divorce decree declared void on the alleged ground that it was procured by false allegations in the petition and perjured testimony, and that the court was without jurisdiction.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Franklin county.
Mr. Waymon B. McLeskey, for appellee.
Messrs. Hamilton Kramer, for appellant.
This is an appeal on questions of law from a judgment dismissing the amended petition of defendant, Francis H. McFarland, appellant herein, after the court had sustained a demurrer to such amended petition.
Four errors are assigned which may be epitomized as error in sustaining the demurrer to the petition of defendant McFarland, and error in sustaining the demurrer to the amended petition of such defendant. The first error assigned is not well made for two reasons (1) It is not the subject of appeal in the notice filed by defendant; (2) the sustaining of the demurrer to the petition was not a final order because defendant elected to plead further and no judgment was entered against him in the entry journalizing the sustaining of the demurrer. Holbrook v. Connelly, 6 Ohio St. 199; Krause v. Stichtenoth, 15 C.C., 199, 8 C.D., 291; National Guarantee Finance Co. v. Russell, 25 Ohio Law Abs., 483; Hendrickson v. Galbreath, 27 Ohio Law Abs., 422; Robbins v. City National Bank Trust Co., 29 Ohio Law Abs., 647; Liesman, Admx., v. Brookville, 32 Ohio Law Abs., 343; Davies v. Columbia Gas Elec. Corp., 34 Ohio Law Abs., 473, 37 N.E.2d 675.
The fact pattern and questions of law presented by the second assignment of error on this appeal are unusual. The action was instituted by petition filed by defendant McFarland to vacate a divorce decree granted to plaintiff from her husband, Ellis Suiter, on September 30, 1921, to which original action the defendant McFarland was not a party. His petition to vacate was filed on June 2, 1942, and the amended petition was filed on June 5, 1943.
Defendant's petition, in part, alleges that the plaintiff was married to Ellis Suiter on June 14, 1915; that she married the defendant McFarland on December 1, 1917, at which time she represented to the defendant that she was an unmarried woman, whereas, in truth and in fact, she was still married to Ellis Suiter; that on August 1, 1921, plaintiff filed her petition for divorce in the Common Pleas Court of Franklin county, Ohio, in which she made affidavit that she had been continuously for more than three years last past a bona fide resident of Columbus, Franklin county, Ohio; that such allegation was false and untrue and plaintiff was a resident of the state of Pennsylvania and had at no time been a bona fide resident of Columbus; and that on September 30, 1921, such court, not knowing the true facts and being misled and deceived by the false and untrue allegations of the petition and the evidence offered in support thereof, rendered a decree of divorce to the plaintiff from the defendant based upon the false and perjured allegations and the testimony of plaintiff and others. The petition alleges that such decree of divorce is void and should be vacated and set aside and that the petition should be dismissed because of the fraud practiced by the plaintiff upon the Common Pleas Court, and for the further reason that the court had no jurisdiction over the persons of the parties or of the subject matter, or to hear and determine the cause or to render final decree.
The trial judge sustained the demurrer for the reason that defendant McFarland was a stranger to the divorce action and had no standing as a party to seek the action of the court in vacating the divorce decree.
After the demurrer to the petition had been filed defendant filed an amended petition wherein he alleged that he did not become aware of the divorce proceedings between the plaintiff and her former husband until November 1, 1941, and that "on October 1, 1921, said Florence Fricker Suiter persuaded and induced this party defendant to go through another alleged marriage ceremony at Wellsburg, West Virginia, under the pretense that they would make a completely fresh start," to which amended petition the second demurrer was filed and sustained.
The briefs are voluminous and discuss many aspects of the law related to the questions presented by the appeal. The plaintiff's brief presents a keen and scholarly analysis of all phases of the questions presented and upon the substantive question the argument is arranged under several headings, as follows:
A. Divorce decree not subject to attack by anybody.
B. If decree subject to attack, it cannot be done by defendant, McFarland.
C. If defendant can attack this judgment, his petition is insufficient for that purpose.
D. The claim of defendant is barred by the statute of limitations.
E. Defendant has not sought equitable relief.
F. If defendant had sought equitable relief it would not have availed him anything.
G. The mischief of endless litigation.
H. This court is not concerned with the evidence on the merits.
All of these propositions are fully and ably briefed. Defendant McFarland's brief, likewise, is comprehensive and, in the main, is devoted to the claim that he is a proper party to invoke the proceeding to vacate the divorce decree and that the amended petition states a cause of action because it pleads facts which, if true, establish that the court which granted the decree of divorce to the plaintiff was without jurisdiction either of the parties or of the subject matter. We briefly advert to some of the propositions presented by the appeal although not in the order set forth in the briefs.
E. Defendant has not sought equitable relief.
This conclusion, in our judgment, is sound. The proceeding here is statutory and based upon our sections of the Code relating to relief after judgment, particularly parts 4 and 10, Section 11631, General Code, although as to part 10 the allegations of the amended petition are insufficient because there is no averment that plaintiff has been convicted of the perjury charged.
D. The claim of defendant is barred by the statute of limitations.
The proceeding is not barred by any statute of limitation because of the averment in the amended petition that defendant did not become aware of the divorce proceedings until November, 1941. Obviously, if the defendant did not know of his rights until the time set forth, then the amended petition does not affirmatively disclose the bar of the statute, although it is difficult to reconcile the averment that the defendant, McFarland, knew nothing of the divorce proceedings until November, 1941, with his further statement that on October 1, 1921, one day after the divorce decree, plaintiff persuaded him to go through another alleged marriage ceremony (the second) at Wellsburg, West Virginia, etc.
We do not consider or discuss the question whether the divorce decree here under consideration may not be attacked by anybody, or the purely jurisdictional question, for the reason that, at this time, there is pending in this court on appeal a case wherein both of these questions are presented for determination. At the time that this latter appeal was argued orally, it was agreed by counsel and the court that the decision in this court would be withheld until the Supreme Court had passed upon the case of Slapp v. Slapp, No. 29655, which is now pending in that court and which, it is agreed, may be dispositive of that appeal. This decision will be germane to the jurisdictional question presented on this appeal.
We, therefore, confine this decision to the one question, namely, is the defendant McFarland a proper party to the proceeding wherein he seeks to set aside the divorce decree granted to the plaintiff in 1921. We are satisfied that he is not such proper party and that he is a stranger to the record in the divorce case.
At the outset it will be observed that the original action was in divorce wherein the wife sued the husband for dissolution of the marital union. Upon the face of the proceedings and upon the judgment entry the proceedings are regular and all essentials of jurisdiction of parties and subject matter appear. No property rights were involved, nor does the decree do more than to dissolve the marital relation and to divorce the parties thereto. The divorce action in its nature is personal. There is nothing in the divorce proceedings nor in the defendant McFarland's amended petition which would give application to the doctrine of privity of title. The defendant McFarland had no right which he could have asserted at the time of the decree, nor did he then stand, nor has he since stood, nor does he now stand in the relation of either the plaintiff or the defendant in the original action nor has he succeeded to the rights of either. On October 1, 1921, he married the plaintiff for the second time when, if the divorce decree was valid, they assumed the marital status. As a result of this status he had no interest adverse to the defendant in the divorce suit and certainly none adverse to the plaintiff. This status, which it must be assumed he then desired to exist and acted upon, could only be maintained if the divorce decree was supported. Insofar as the amended petition discloses there was no change in defendant McFarland's relationship to his wife, the plaintiff in the divorce suit, until, as appears in his affidavit in support of his motion to vacate the decree, it is stated that he was separated from his wife on numerous occasions and that "in November, 1941, he was brought to Pittsburg, Pa., on the charge of wife abandonment which charge was on the instigation of Florence Suiter McFarland." The information which we have taken from the affidavit, of course, may not properly be considered in testing the amended petition on demurrer but the factual development therein set forth is illustrative of the adverse interest which the facts would develop between defendant McFarland and the plaintiff. This is not the type of adverse interest which is contemplated in making one, other than the original parties, a necessary or proper party to this suit.
It is a well recognized rule that third parties who are not parties or privies to the original litigation may not make a direct attack on a judgment either at law or in equity. 1 Freeman on Judgments (5 Ed.), 521, 528, 636, 637, 639, and this principle is given full application to divorce decrees.
The subject is fully annotated in a note to Kirby v. Kent ( 172 Miss. 457, 160 So. 569), in 99 A.L.R., 1309, wherein the annotator states the general rule to be in divorce cases:
"That strangers to the record have no standing on which to base an application to vacate a judgment."
The annotation cites 9 Ruling Case Law, 455, and cases from six states and England in support of the rule, and, although there are some contrary decisions cited, they are based upon the proposition that the parties were not strangers to the judgment sought to be set aside because privies to one of the original parties, or rights of heirship or paternity were involved. 17 American Jurisprudence, 390; 27 Corpus Juris Secundum, 813.
The following cases support the proposition that the defendant McFarland is a stranger to the divorce proceeding: Tyler v. Aspinwall, 73 Conn. 493, 47 A. 755, 54 L.R.A., 758; Brokaw v. Brokaw, 99 Ind. App. 385, 192 N.E. 728; State, ex rel. Breuner, v. Superior Court, 166 Wn. 502, 7 P.2d 604.
In Kinnier v. Kinnier, 45 N.Y. 535, 6 Am. Rep., 132, it was held:
"The former husband of the defendant, a resident of Massachusetts, went to Illinois expressly to procure a divorce from her, commenced an action there in the proper court for that purpose, and she having appeared and permitted, by collusion with him, a decree of divorce to be granted against her, subsequently married the plaintiff here. Held, in an action here, brought to annul the last marriage on the ground of the defendant's former marriage being still in force, that a complaint stating the above facts was insufficient, and a demurrer thereto must be sustained."
Defendant McFarland urges that this case may not be given application because it was an independent proceeding, whereas here it is brought in the same action. The authority has application because of the principle involved, the defendant's rights here being predicated largely upon the same statement of facts as those found in the cited case.
To like effect is Ruger v. Heckel, 85 N.Y. 483, which has application, not because it is like the instant case in all particulars, but because of the basis of the judgment found in the opinion of the court at page 484. It is true that, as a premise to the judgment rendered in that case, the court found that the court which granted the divorce decree had jurisdiction of the parties and the subject matter. In Hall v. Hall, 123 N.Y. Supp., 1056, 139 App. Div. 120, in the tenth paragraph of the syllabus, it is held:
"Since a stranger to a judgment can impeach it collaterally for fraud only when it injuriously affects him, where a man married a woman with knowledge that she had a former husband, and believed that she had obtained a divorce from him, the fact that the divorce was voidable on the ground of her fraud did not authorize him to sue to annul the marriage until after the former husband had avoided the divorce for fraud."
In Sorensen v. Sorensen, 220 N.Y. Supp., 242, 219 App. Div. 344, it was held that plaintiff who lived with his wife for twenty-one years with full knowledge of her divorce decree, could not attack its validity on jurisdictional grounds. At page 246 of the opinion it is said that the holding against the plaintiff "does not proceed upon the theory of estoppel, but upon the ground that the attack on the decree must be made by the parties to it, and cannot be made by the plaintiff, a second husband, claiming such decree, of which he had full cognizance, to be invalid." (Emphasis ours.)
One of the latest cases on the subject is Thomas v. Lambert, 187 Ga. 616, 1 S.E.2d 443, which holds that:
"A person not party to divorce decree and not in relation with either of parties as to property right involved is not entitled to make direct attack on decree in divorce case itself or by independent equity suit in same court, where decree is not void on its face."
That is a well considered opinion touching many phases of this case which, in its entirety, can be profitably read. Many other cases are cited, but we make no further reference to them.
We do not consider at length other cases cited or discussed by defendant McFarland because they are so interrelated to the jurisdictional question, which we do not pass upon, as to make it almost impossible to discuss them without expressing an opinion on the jurisdictional phase of the case. We are cited particularly to the second paragraph of the syllabus in Smith v. Smith, 23 Ohio Opinions, 283, 9 Ohio Supp., 49, opinion by Judge Bell now of the Supreme Court:
"Where a court has no jurisdiction of the parties or the subject matter, a judgment may be directly or collaterally attacked at any time or place by any one affected thereby."
This pronouncement is, by reason of the eminence of the writer of the opinion entitled to much weight. The syllabus is taken from an expression found in the opinion. The qualification which distinguishes the application of the pronouncement to this case is the language "by any one affected thereby," which must be construed as "affected" within the application of legal principles.
We hold that in this case even though the court had no jurisdiction to grant the decree which, of course, is not decided, the defendant McFarland did not stand in such relationship to the original suit as to be a proper party to institute the proceeding to set aside and vacate the decree. If the decree is void because granted without jurisdiction of the parties or of the subject matter, then in any proceeding to which the defendant McFarland is a proper party, the invalidity of the decree may be asserted or it may be disregarded altogether because it is without effect in law.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
BARNES, P.J., and GEIGER, J., concur.