Opinion
NO. 02-14-00464-CR
07-30-2015
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE v. CASEY WELBORN APPELLEE
FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 4 OF DENTON COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. CR-2013-07913-D
MEMORANDUM OPINION
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
I. INTRODUCTION
The State of Texas appeals the trial court's order granting appellee Casey Welborn's motion to suppress the results of a blood draw performed pursuant to a warrant. In one issue, the State argues that the trial court abused its discretion by suppressing the evidence "because the one instance of the incorrect date in the affidavit supporting the search warrant for blood was a clerical error that was explained by . . . parol evidence." Because we conclude that the trial court erroneously applied the law, we will reverse and remand.
II. BACKGROUND
During his 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. shift that spanned the dates of September 1, 2013, to September 2, 2013, Carrollton Police Officer William Trim wrote an affidavit for a search warrant to draw blood from Welborn. Trim's pursuit of a search warrant stemmed from him having pulled over Welborn's vehicle, allegedly because Trim had witnessed it swerving in and out of a single lane of traffic. By Trim's account, further field-sobriety tests led him to believe that Welborn was driving while intoxicated.
In his "Affidavit for Search Warrant for Blood," there appear two different dates for the stop. In the first paragraph, Trim wrote that Welborn committed the offense of DWI "on or about the 02 day of September, 2013." Later, in paragraph five of the affidavit, Trim wrote that the stop occurred "[o]n, Sunday, September 1, 2013, at approximately 0352 hours." Yet again, at the end of the affidavit, Trim signed that he swore to the facts alleged "on this the 2 day of September, 2013." Trim also had this page notarized.
After presenting the affidavit to a magistrate, the magistrate issued a "Search Warrant for Blood." The warrant incorporated Trim's affidavit, commanded the seizure of Welborn, and authorized a compelled blood draw from her person. The warrant states that it was "[i]ssued at 5:30 o'clock A.M. on this the 2nd day of September, 2013" and was signed by the magistrate.
Later, Welborn filed a motion to suppress the results of the blood draw. In her motion and at the suppression hearing, Welborn argued that because Trim's affidavit stated that his stop of her vehicle occurred on "Sunday, September 1, 2013, at approximately 0352 hours," and that because the warrant was signed by the magistrate "at 5:30 o'clock A.M. on this the 2nd day of September, 2013," there was a twenty-six hour period between her detention and the issuance of the warrant. Thus, Welborn argued, under the court of criminal appeals's decision in Crider v. State, the results of the blood draw should be suppressed. 352 S.W.3d 704, 707-08 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (holding that, due to alcohol's dissipation from bloodstream, the lack of specific time in search-warrant affidavit, which left possible twenty-five hour period between arrest and issuance of warrant, vitiated probable cause to uphold warrant).
At the suppression hearing, Trim testified that the September 1, 2013 date was a "clerical error" and that he stopped Welborn's vehicle at 3:52 a.m. on September 2, 2013. The trial court granted Welborn's motion to suppress. In its findings of fact, the trial court found that Trim's testimony was "credible and truthful" and that the "September 1, 2013" date found in his affidavit was a "clerical error." In its conclusions of law, however, the trial court stated that it "relied on Crider" in making its determination to suppress the results of the blood draw. The State now appeals.
III. DISCUSSION
In the determinative part of its sole point, the State argues that the trial court erred by granting Welborn's motion to suppress because the "one instance of the incorrect date in the [warrant's] supporting . . . affidavit . . . was a clerical error." And, the State argues, because the clerical error was explained through parol evidence and because the trial court found the parol evidence to be true, the trial court should not have concluded that the results of the blood draw performed on Welborn should be suppressed. We agree with the State.
Welborn did not submit briefing in this case. --------
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The police may obtain a defendant's blood for a DWI investigation through a search warrant. Beeman v. State, 86 S.W.3d 613, 616 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 18.01(j) (West 2015); State v. Johnston, 305 S.W.3d 746, 750-51 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. struck). A search warrant cannot issue unless it is based on probable cause as determined from the four corners of an affidavit. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 18.01(b) (West 2015) ("A sworn affidavit . . . establishing probable cause shall be filed in every instance in which a search warrant is requested."); Nichols v. State, 877 S.W.2d 494, 497-98 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, pet. ref'd).
When reviewing a magistrate's decision to issue a warrant, we apply the deferential standard of review articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2331 (1983). Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 60 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Swearingen v. State, 143 S.W.3d 808, 810-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Under that standard, we uphold the probable cause determination "so long as the magistrate had a 'substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing]' that a search would uncover evidence of wrongdoing." Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S. Ct. at 2331 (citing Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 271, 80 S. Ct. 725, 736, (1960), overruled on other grounds by U.S. v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 100 S. Ct. 2547, (1980)); see Swearingen, 143 S.W.3d at 810.
When reviewing the trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress when the trial court made explicit fact findings, as here, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, supports those fact findings. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818-19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We then review the trial court's legal ruling de novo unless its explicit fact findings that are supported by the record are also dispositive of the legal ruling. Id. at 818.
"[T]he Fourth Amendment strongly prefers searches to be conducted pursuant to search warrants." State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Therefore, "purely technical discrepancies in dates or times do not automatically vitiate the validity of search or arrest warrants." Green v. State, 799 S.W.2d 756, 759 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The two objectives of the law concerning search warrants are to ensure there is adequate probable cause to search and to prevent a mistaken execution against an innocent third party. Id. at 757. These objectives are not furthered by rigid application of the rules concerning search warrants. Id. at 759. To avoid providing protection to those whose appeals are based not on substantive issues of probable cause, but rather, on technical default by the State, we review technical discrepancies under the totality of the circumstances test enunciated by United States Supreme Court in Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S. Ct. at 2331; Green, 799 S.W.2d at 758. Due to the nature of these technical defects, parol evidence, in the form of explanatory testimony, may be used to cure the defect. Id. at 760.
B. The Clerical Error Did Not Vitiate Search Warrant's Validity
In one part of Trim's affidavit, he wrote that that the stop and the events giving rise to the stop and arrest of Welborn occurred on September 1, 2013. Nevertheless, Trim explained at the suppression hearing that the September 1, 2013 date was an error and that the stop actually occurred on September 2, 2013. The trial court found this testimony to be true and specifically found that the September 1, 2013 date was a "clerical error." Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's findings, these findings of fact are supported by the record. See Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818-19.
The trial court, however, relied on the court of criminal appeals's decision in Crider in reaching its legal conclusion that this clerical error vitiated the magistrate's search warrant. In Crider, the court held that an affidavit in support of a search warrant that left a possible twenty-five hour gap between the officer's stop of Crider and the magistrate's signing of the search warrant for blood failed to contain "sufficient facts within its four corners to establish probable cause that evidence of intoxication would be found in appellant's blood at the time the search warrant was issued." Crider, 352 S.W.3d at 711.
Crider, however, is distinguishable from the facts of the present case because here "there exists a discrepancy in dates" instead of containing no date at all. Green, 799 S.W.2d at 760; Crider, 352 S.W.3d at 711. In instances such as this case, "parol evidence to explain the error on the face of the instrument" may be considered in determining whether the issuing magistrate had a substantial basis in issuing its warrant. Green, 799 S.W.2d at 761; see Rougeau v. State, 738 S.W.2d 651, 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (upholding warrant because evidence showed affidavit dated January 6, 1977, instead of January 6, 1978, was clearly typographical error), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1029 (1988), overruled on other grounds by Harris v. State, 784 S.W.2d 5, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); Lyons v. State, 503 S.W.2d 254, 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973) (upholding warrant when evidence was introduced to show that the police officer mistakenly typed "March" instead of "July" on the affidavit); Martinez v. State, 285 S.W.2d 221, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 1955) (upholding warrant when testimony was offered that "December" was mistakenly written on warrant affidavit instead of "January").
We hold that because the trial court found, through parol evidence, that the September 1, 2013 date was a "clerical error" and because it found that the correct date was September 2, 2013, the trial court should have legally concluded that the clerical error did not vitiate the search warrant. See Schornick v. State, No. 02-10-00183-CR, 2010 WL 4570047, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 4, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that trial court did not err by denying motion to suppress when trooper testified that erroneous date on affidavit was a clerical error). Accordingly, we sustain the State's sole issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having sustained the State's sole issue, we reverse the trial court's order and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
/s/ Bill Meier
BILL MEIER
JUSTICE
PANEL: DAUPHINOT, WALKER, and MEIER, JJ. DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: July 30, 2015