Summary
In Tabory, a defendant was convicted of possession of marijuana after having been arrested while a passenger in a truck containing a substantial quantity of the drug.
Summary of this case from State v. WilliamsOpinion
19607
April 5, 1973.
Laughlin McDonald, Esq., of Columbia, for Appellant, cites: As to Appellant's being convicted by the application to him of an unconstitutional presumption of possession for sale from simple possession of marijuana in violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States: 219 U.S. 35; Prosser, Law of Torts, Section 39, at 217 (3rd Edition 1964); 268 U.S. 178; 319 U.S. 463; 382 U.S. 136; 380 U.S. 63; 395 U.S. 6; 396 U.S. 398. As to such presumption having been repealed by the 1971 Drug Act, in violation of the Sixth, Eighth and due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: Section 32-1492.1, Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended; Sections 32-1461 to 32-1495, Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended; Police Officers Handbook: South Carolina's Dangerous Drug Act, 1971, Joseph C. Coleman, Assistant Attorney General, State of South Carolina, p. 10; 18 S.C.L. (2 Dail.); Wharton's Criminal Law, Volume 1, Section 42; 52 S.C. 468, 469.70, 30 S.E. 481; 2 Rich. 418; 30 S.C. 105; 81 Mo. 60; 33 Fla. 389; 7 Colo. 384; 246 S.C. 555; Section 16-414 Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended; Act No. 265 of the South Carolina Acts and Joint Resolutions (1965); 218 S.C. 22, 61 S.E.2d 399; 175 U.S. 414; 264 Mich. 165, 249 N.W. 619; 185 A. 673, 45 A.2d 729; 39 Mary. 164, 170; 128 S.C. 192, 122 S.E. 672; 68 F. Supp. 776; 49 F. Supp. 95; 198 F.2d 52; 291 U.S. 217; 76 F. Supp. 723; 291 U.S. 608; 177 S.C. 346. As to the state criminal scheme regulating marijuana such as that embodied in the South Carolina controlled substances and dangerous drug act violating due process unless it has a basis in fact and there is a rational relationship to the prevention of some harm to society or individuals such that the state may invoke its police powers: The Marijuana Papers, XIII, XXI (1966); 2 Ga. L. Rev. 247, "Substantive Due Process and Felony Treatment of Pot Smokers: The Current Convict": 21 Vand L. Rev. 517, 520, "The Legalization of Marihauna"; 5 Crim. L. Bull. 51, "Marihuana Possession as an Aspect of the Right of Privacy."; 347 U.S. 483, 494; 380 U.S. 89; 388 U.S. 1; 334 U.S. 410; 316 U.S. 535; 377 U.S. 533, 562; 405 U.S. 330; 395 U.S. 621, 627; 383 U.S. 663; 395 U.S. 701, 704; Gianella, "Religious Liberty, Non-Establishment, and Doctrinal Development, Part I, v. Religious Liberty Guaranty," 80 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, 1423-31 (1967); Watts, "Psychodelics and Religious Experience," 56 Cal. L. Rev. 74 (1968); Finer, "Psychodelics and Religious Freedoms," 19 Hast. L.J. 667; "Free Exercise: Religion Goes to `Pot'" 56 Cal. L. Rev. 100 (1968); 40 Cal.Rptr. 69, 394 P.2d 813; 394 P.2d 815; 394 P.2d 728, 39 Cal.Rptr. 912; 267 N.C. 599, 603, 148 S.E.2d 565; 383 F.2d 851; cert. granted, 88 Sup. C. 2058; 380 U.S. 163; 398 U.S. 333; 381 U.S. 479, 484; 277 U.S. 438, 478; 116 U.S. 616; 372 U.S. 539; 357 U.S. 449; 319 U.S. 624; 357 U.S. 116; 262 U.S. 390, 399; 303 F. Supp. 958; 272 U.S. 312; 344 U.S. 183; 370 U.S. 660; Packer, "Making the Punishment Fit the Crime", 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1071; "The Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and the Substantive Criminal Law, 79 Harv. L. Rev. 635, 645-55 (1966); 356 F.2d 761; 361 F.2d 50. As to the State's depriving applicant of equal protection of the law by prohibiting to one group the use of marijuana while allowing to another group the use of alcohol, a strong and equally harmless intoxicant: 416 U.S. at 541; "The Social Aspects of Marijuana Use," 13 Vill. L. Rev., pp. 851-892; 379 U.S. 184. As to the State's depriving applicant of rights secured by the Eighth and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States by punishing possession of marijuana more severely than is justified by its interest in preventing any resulting harm: Van Alystne, "Student Academic Freedom", 2 Law in Trans. Q. 1, 28-9 (1965); 341 U.S. 123, 163; 366 U.S. 420, 462; 236 F. Supp. 405, 408; 80 Harvard L. Rev. 1463; 40 L.W. 2646; 40 L.W. 2647. As to the State's failing to prove that Tabory actually possessed narcotics, his conviction for possession for sale thereby being in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States: 257 F.2d 425, 431; 171 P.2d 950; 72 C.J.S. Section 8; Brown On personal Property, Section 10, p. 21, Special Note on Possession; Holmes, The Common Law, 206-246 (1991); Holland, Jurisprudence (13th Ed.) 194-208 (1924); and, Salmond, Jurisprudence (10th ed.) 285-317 (1947); 229 F.2d 216, 218. As to Tabory's being denied the right of confrontation by the introduction into evidence of statements made by co-defendants in violation of the Sixth and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: 230 S.C. 164, 168, 94 S.E.2d 886; 12 S.C. 89, 96-97; 380 U.S. 400; 380 U.S. 415; 390 U.S. 719; 388 U.S. 14; 391 U.S. 123; 150 U.S. 93, 98; 173 F. 54; 329 U.S. 211; 336 U.S. 440; 221 S.C. 300, 70 S.E.2d 355; cert. denied, 344 U.S. 830; 95 S.C. 387, 79 S.E. 106; 88 S.C. 229, 70 S.E. 811; 73 S.C. 236, 53 S.E. 370; 40 S.C. 328, 18 S.E. 933; 395 U.S. 250; Rule 52 (b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; 242 S.C. 528, 131 S.E.2d 705; 244 S.C. 168, 135 S.E.2d 849; 329 U.S. 173; 391 U.S. 145; 229 S.C. 519, 93 S.E.2d 873; 229 S.C. 44, 91 S.E.2d 723; 243 S.C. 238, 133 S.E.2d 320; 129 S.C. 200, 124 S.E. 81, 35 A.L.R. 1227; 133 S.C. 491, 511, 131 S.E. 603; 379 U.S. 443; 381 U.S. 129; 32 Wis.2d 559, 146 N.W.2d 441; 159 N.W.2d 618; 244 A.2d 585; 237 A.2d 309; 1 N.C. App. 127, 160 S.E.2d 121; 352 F.2d 954; 115 S.C. 333, 105 S.E. 638; 91 S.C. 562, 75 S.E. 218; 88 S.C. 401, 71 S.E. 29; 202 S.C. 9, 23 S.E.2d 820; 214 S.C. 517, 53 S.E.2d 402. As to the Testimony by State's witnesses allowed into evidence concerning statements made by Tabory and his co-defendants prior to issuance of Miranda warnings being in violation of the Fifth, Sixth and due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: 384 U.S. 486; 40 L.W. 3510. As to the introduction into evidence of Marijuana, photographs and a search warrant at Tabory's trial being in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: 338 U.S. 160, 180-181; 267 U.S. 132; 376 U.S. 364; 386 U.S. 58; 390 U.S. 234; 437 F.2d 312; 367 U.S. 642. As to the Court's erring in denying Tabory's motion for a directed verdict made at the close of the State's case and renewed at the close of all the evidence in violation of the Fourth, Sixth and due process clause of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of South Carolina: 211 S.C. 276, 44 S.E.2d 741; 8 Cr. L. 2230; 239 S.C. 376, 123 S.E.2d 512; 378 U.S. 551. As to Tabory's being denied the right to appeal including the assistance of counsel on appeal in violation of the Sixth and due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: Section 7-2, Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended; 372 U.S. 353; 351 U.S. 12; 433 F.2d 124, 129; 420 F.2d 822. As to the failure of the State to file a return to the application for post-conviction relief entitling Tabory to summary or default judgment: Section 17-606, Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended, Uniform Post-Conviction Procedure Act; 310 F. Supp. 83; 391 U.S. 54; 28 U.S.C. § 2243; 312 U.S. 546; 371 U.S. 236; 390 U.S. 335; 153 U.S. 48; 427 F.2d 527; 424 F.2d 134; 351 F.2d 39, 40; 386 U.S. 213, 226; 17 F.R.D. 183; 198; aff'd. mem., 350 U.S. 857; 352 U.S. 354; 393 U.S. 374; 383 U.S. 116; 301 F. Supp. 444; 315 F. Supp. 798; 258 F. Supp. 111.
Messrs. Daniel R. McLeod, Atty. Gen., Emmett H. Clair and Robert M. Ariail, Asst. Attys. Gen., of Columbia, for Respondent, cite: As to no error for the trial court to charge the jury with regard to the statutory presumption that possession of marijuana in excess of 28 grams is a prima facie showing that possession was for sale: 319 U.S. 463; 395 U.S. 6; 396 U.S. 398; 380 U.S. 63, 85 S.Ct. 754, 13 L.Ed.2d 658 at 664; 396 U.S. 398, 90 S.Ct. 642; 24 L.Ed.2d 610 at 617, fn 6; 17 Ariz. App. 328, 497 P.2d 835; 276 N.C. 361, 172 S.E.2d 535; 1 Cal.App.3d 563, 81 Cal.Rptr. 812; 3 Cal.App.3d 776, 83 Cal.Rptr. 916; 3 Wn. App. 491, 475 P.2d 797. As to a lack of any prejudice to the Appellant in the Court's charging the amount from the 1971 Drug Act necessary to show a prima facie presumption for sale when the Appellant was indicted and tried for violation of the statute in effect at the time the crime was committed: Act No. 1158, Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of South Carolina, 1970, p. 2528; 246 S.C. 555, 144 S.E.2d 806; 52 S.C. 468, 30 S.E. 481. As to Appellant's conviction of the statutory crime of possession of marijuana for sale not being in violation of the Sixth, Eighth, or Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution: 383 F.2d 851; 249 S.C. 605, 155 S.E.2d 916. As to Tabory's conviction being for possession and sale: 4 Mich. App. 457, 145 N.W.2d 260; 33 Mich. App. 49, 189 N.W.2d 873; 22 C.J.S. Presumption of Intention Sec. 33; 4 Misc.2d 796, 162 N.Y.S.2d 439. As to Tabory's not being denied the right of confrontation by the introduction into evidence of statements made by co-defendants: 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705; 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476; 395 U.S. 250, 89 S.Ct. 1726, 23 L.Ed.2d 284. As to testimony of State's witnesses not being in violation of the Fifth, Sixth and Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States: 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694. As to the authorities possessing sufficient probable cause to conduct a search of the U-Haul rental truck and to seize the marijuana found inside: 399 U.S. 42, 26 L.Ed.2d 419, 90 S.Ct. 1974; 437 F.2d 312. As to the trial court's properly denying Appellant's motion for a directed verdict of acquittal made at the close of the State's case and renewed at the close of all the evidence: 255 S.C. 86, 177 S.E.2d 464; State v. Wheeler, et al., Opinion No. 19533, filed December 11, 1972. As to the denial of Appellant's right to appeal his conviction being rendered moot by the docketing of the case of State v. Tabory in this Court: 433 F.2d 124. As to the Appellant's not being entitled to summary or default judgment on his Application for Post Conviction Relief as a result of the failure of the State to file a written Return to the Application: Section 17-606, Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1962, as amended; 424 F.2d 134; 495 P.2d 1139; 427 F.2d 527; 315 F. Supp. 798.
April 5, 1973.
This is an appeal from judgment and sentence after conviction of possession for sale of marihuana. South Carolina Code of Laws § 32-1492.1 (1962, as amended). The defendant's arguments for reversal are numerous and will be examined separately. A summary of the evidence is necessary to an understanding of the issues.
The defendant was a passenger in a U-Haul truck, driven by David Rubin, when it was stopped on Hilton Head Island approximately 1:00 a.m. on March 1, 1971, by officers of the sheriff's department. Also stopped was an automobile, following the truck, in which two other individuals were travelling. The vehicles were stopped pursuant to a longstanding policy of the sheriff's office to stop all U-Haul trucks traveling about Hilton Head Island at night. Rental trucks were being used in that area in the commission of burglaries and other theft crimes. After questioning the occupants of the truck and automobile, they were all taken to the Bluffton Town Hall and Jail. There is some confusion in the testimony as to the sequence of events, but a search warrant was obtained and the truck was searched. The search of the truck produced some 2600 pounds of marihuana, whereupon the defendant and the three persons with him were given the Miranda warning and arrested.
The other three persons plead guilty to criminal charges. The defendant was indicted and tried for violation of Act No. 1158, Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly, 1970, codified as Section 32-1492.1.
Prior to trial, the defendant made a motion to suppress the physical evidence against him (marihuana, photographs and a search warrant) on the grounds of lack of probable cause to stop the vehicle in which he was riding, lack of probable cause to detain him, and lack of evidence to show that he exercised any possession or control over the vehicle or its contents. The motions were denied. On the same grounds, the defendant made a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal at the close of the State's case and renewed it at the close of all the evidence; these were also denied.
Defendant first contends that the lower court erred in charging the jury that a presumption of "possession for sale" arises from the possession of marihuana in excess of one ounce (twenty-eight grams). He argues that the presumption is unconstitutional and that the conviction is invalid because it was based on the presumption. In Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969), the Supreme Court gave us the basic test by which to measure the constitutionality of criminal statutory presumptions:
". . . [A] criminal statutory presumption must be regarded as `irrational' or `arbitrary,' and hence unconstitutional, unless it can at least be said with substantial assurance that the presumed fact is more likely than not to flow from the proved fact on which it is made to depend."
In Leary, the Court also recognized a strong presumption that statutes enacted by the legislature are constitutional. It is encumbent upon those who would have the court declare the statute unconstitutional to overcome the presumption of constitutionality. Defendant argues that there is no rationale between the proved fact and the presumed fact, but there is nothing in the record before us to substantiate such contention.
Had the record substantiated such a contention, we are not convinced that a twenty-eight gram presumption as charged and not excepted to, or a five gram presumption as contained in the statute under which defendant was prosecuted, would have any prejudicial effect in this case. When the quantity of marihuana possessed is 2600 pounds, an application of a presumption based on either amount would be of such minimal effect that an error based on either presumption would be inoffensive.
Section 32-1492.1, under which defendant was convicted, provides that: "Any person having in his possession or under his control, contrary to law, . . . marihuana in an amount more than five grams, . . . shall be prima facie guilty of violation of this section."
This was the effective statutory law on March 1, 1971, the date on which the offense was committed. The judge charged the jury a twenty-eight gram presumption of prima facie guilt at the trial in July 1971, based on the 1971 Drug Act, which became effective June 17, 1971. The charge, more beneficial to the defendant, was given out of an abundance of precaution. This charge was agreed to and no exceptions to charging twenty-eight grams instead of five grams were made.
We are not at all sure that the defendant was entitled to the more beneficial charge. The 1971 Drug Act, which became effective June 17, 1971, contained a savings clause which reads in part as follows:
"Prosecution occurring prior to June 17, 1971 is not affected or abated by this article."
The defendant is not in a position to complain of having received the more advantageous charge.
Defendant also argues that the 1971 Drug Act as originally enacted South Carolina Code of Laws § 32-1510.21 et seq. (Supp. 1971), nullified the presumption contained in § 32-1492.1, under which the defendant was prosecuted. The 1971 Drug Act, by its own terms, does not apply.
Defendant next argues that the legislature has overstepped its constitutional authority by the enactment of laws regulating the possession and use of marihuana. The exceptions are obviously without merit.
The next challenge concerns the proof needed to establish possession. Defendant contends the State failed to prove possession sufficient to warrant imposition of criminal sanctions. The evidence warrants the inference that the 2600 pounds of marihuana was purchased and loaded on a boat in Jamaica. It was unloaded at Hilton Head Island and was found in the U-Haul truck in which the defendant was riding. The truck was seen empty about three hours before it was apprehended. Prest, a State's witness, testified that he discussed the loading and boating of the marihuana with defendant in Jamaica.
We recognize that proof of possession requires more than proof of mere presence, and that the State must show defendant had dominion and control over the thing allegedly possessed or had the right to exercise dominion and control over it. United States v. Bethea, 143 U.S. App. D.C. 68, 442 F.2d 790 (1971). The defendant's presence in the truck alone might not support a finding of possession but, coupled with the incriminating testimony of Prest, the State clearly made a jury issue on the question of possession.
A strong contention on trial was that the police had no probable cause to stop the truck nor to search it; this same contention is argued on appeal. It is submitted that the marihuana, photographs and search warrant should not have been admitted in evidence.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has dealt with a kindred question. In United States v. Gomori, 437 F.2d 312 (4th Cir. 1971), a warrantless search of a rental truck was upheld. The truck was stopped pursuant to instructions based on a memorandum that warned of rental trucks being used to transport stolen goods. A subsequent warrantless search was conducted. The Court concluded that there was probable cause to search:
"When an officer, on stopping a truck under circumstances which are consistent with innocence but at the same time are similar to those in which previous crimes have been committed, is told by the driver of the obviously loaded vehicle that it is empty, he has, we think, probable cause to believe that the attempted concealment is prompted by the fact that stolen or contraband goods are included in the cargo."
Because rental trucks had been used in recent burglaries on Hilton Head Island, it was a policy of the sheriff's office to investigate all rental trucks leaving Hilton Head Island at night. The U-Haul truck in which the defendant was riding was stopped pursuant to that policy. In questioning the driver, Deputy Smith asked what was in the obviously loaded truck. The driver informed the officer it was empty. Deputy Smith testified that as he walked around the truck he smelled marihuana. Under Gomori, the officer had probable cause to make a warrantless search; instead, he followed the much preferred practice of obtaining a search warrant. The exceptions as to probable cause are without merit.
During the trial, testimony was given by a State's witness to the effect that the driver told him in front of the defendant that the truck was empty. The defendant asserts that allowing such testimony into evidence was in violation of his right of confrontation. During the trial, the defendant objected to such testimony, but based his objection on his contention that the testimony was wholly inadmissible because the police had no probable cause to stop the truck. On this appeal, the defendant would now argue that the testimony was hearsay and he was denied his right to cross-examine. The State's witness did not offer testimony in court of a statement made out-of-court to show the truth of the matter asserted; such testimony was offered as evidence of the utterance and hearsay is not involved. See Player v. Thompson, S.C. 193 S.E.2d 531 (1972). The exception is without merit.
The defendant next questions at what point the Miranda warning was required. Admittedly, none of the Miranda warnings were given the defendant and the co-defendants while they were being questioned on the highway. We cannot agree with the defendant that such a warning was required.
The courts use custodial interrogation as the point at which the warning should be given. And it is generally held that the kind of interrogation that takes place during an on-the-street encounter does not require compliance with the Miranda standards. United States v. Thomas, 396 F.2d 310 (2nd Cir. 1968); United States v. Montos, 421 F.2d 215 (5th Cir. 1970); Utsler v. Erickson, 440 F.2d 140 (8th Cir. 1971). The routine questions asked the defendant and co-defendants on the highway did not require a prior Miranda warning.
The defendant also argues the lower court erred in denying his motions for a directed verdict of acquittal. For the reasons hereinabove stated, we find this exception without merit.
Inasmuch as this case comes to this Court on direct appeal from conviction, the defendant's exception concerning post-conviction relief is not appropriate.
The judgment of the lower court is
Affirmed.
MOSS, C.J. and LEWIS, BUSSEY and BRAILSFORD, JJ., concur.
The 1971 Drug Act, which became effective June 17, 1971, omitted the provision of the earlier Act raising a presumption of possession of marihuana for sale or distribution from proof of possession of a specified quantity of the substance. I question the effectiveness of the ineptly worded savings clause, Section 32-1510.66, Code Supplement for 1971, to preserve the statutory presumption which existed at the time of appellant's arrest, but not at the time of his trial in July, 1971. However, I am convinced that appellant was not prejudiced by the instruction on this presumption, because on this record the conclusion was inescapable that the possessors of 2600 pounds of marihuana possessed it for distribution. No sensible jury could have concluded otherwise. Therefore, I concur in the result.
LEWIS and BUSSEY, JJ., concur.