Opinion
No. State 29.
Argued February 4, 1971. —
Decided March 30, 1971.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Rock county: CLARENCE G. TRAEGER, County Judge of Dodge County, Presiding. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
For the appellant there were briefs by E.L. Nash of Janesville, Frank X. Kinast of Beloit, Cleland P. Fisher of Janesville, and George E. Smith, Jr., of Janesville, attorneys, and John W. Roethe of Edgerton of counsel, and oral argument by Mr. Roethe and Mr. Fisher.
For the respondent the cause was argued by Robert D. Martinson, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief were Robert W. Warren, attorney general, William A. Platz, assistant attorney general, and Robert J. Ruth, district attorney of Rock county.
On March 5, 1969, defendant, a Janesville attorney, was in the courtroom of the Rock county courthouse in Janesville, preparatory to representing a client at a preliminary hearing on a charge of sodomy. Two of the witnesses for the state were Officer Norman E. Pierce and Captain Gerald Dilley of the Rock county sheriff's department.
Shortly before 2 p.m. an altercation occurred between the officers and defendant Smith. There is some dispute with respect to what was said:
Officer Pierce testified that he was seated by himself at the front of the courtroom when defendant entered, sat down at the counsel table and then turned to Pierce and asked: "Are you the complainant in this matter?" When he did not respond, defendant then said: "Did you give my client a blow job?"
Shortly thereafter, Captain Dilley entered the courtroom and sat next to Officer Pierce. According to both officers, defendant then asked Captain Dilley if he had given defendant's client "a blow job." Thereafter several proceedings on entirely different matters were conducted by Judge BOYLE. After these, and prior to the preliminary of defendant's client, the defendant again turned to Officer Pierce and asked "Are you the complainant?" The officers then jumped to their feet and Officer Pierce, by his own admission at trial, told defendant that if defendant again said what he had previously said to him "1 would knock him on his ass." Captain Dilley then told defendant to keep a civil tongue in his head.
Defendant denied use of this language toward the officers, stating that he said "they must have done a snow job to get this particular statement," referring to the obtaining of a written confession from his client.
The preliminary of defendant's client was then held, conducted by a court commissioner, George Blakely. At this preliminary Captain Dilley testified and was cross-examined by defendant. At the conclusion of the hearing, the two officers approached defendant and advised him he was under arrest for disorderly conduct. Defendant refused to go along with the officers and when the officers advanced toward him, he indicated he would resist. A scuffle ensued, defendant's right arm was handcuffed and he was dragged off to the county jail, with defendant verbally protesting the arrest and asking to be arraigned and to post bond. The officers did not have a warrant during the incident, which took place in full view of the county judge, the court commissioner, the court reporter, the assistant district attorney, and defendant's client. Defendant was subsequently charged with disorderly conduct and resisting arrest.
Later that afternoon defendant was arraigned on these charges in Rock county court, the Honorable MARK FARNUM presiding, at which time a complaint was served on defendant which read:
"Norman Pierce being duly sworn says that on the 5th day of March, 1969, at the city of Janesville, in said county of Rock and state of Wisconsin
" Count One
"The said George Edward Smith, Jr. did unlawfully, in a public place, engage in indecent and otherwise disorderly conduct, under circumstances tending to cause a disturbance, contrary to section 947.01(1) of the Wisconsin Statutes; and
" Count Two
"That on the 5th day of March, 1969, . . . did unlawfully and knowingly resist an officer while such officer was doing an act in his official capacity and with lawful authority, contrary to section 946.41(1) of the Wisconsin Statutes; all against the peace and dignity of the state of Wisconsin and prays that the said George Edward Smith, Jr. may be arrested and dealt with according to law."
Objections were then made "to the form and the substance of this complaint" and that it "[did] not recite facts sufficient to establish" the offenses. These objections were not ruled upon. A motion was made for the immediate release of defendant, which motion was denied. The matter was then continued to March 11, 1969, and to March 13, 1969. On this date a motion to quash was made, the scope and effect of which is disputed on this appeal. Objections to the sufficiency of the complaint were made later in circuit court on a request for a bill of particulars prior to the commencement of the trial; further objections to the sufficiency of the complaint were made at the conclusion of the state's presentation, at the conclusion of the trial and in motions after verdict.
Defendant entered a plea of not guilty on March 13, 1969, in Rock county court, the Hon. CLARENCE TRAEGER presiding. The case was then transferred to circuit court for trial and defendant advised that court would convene in ten minutes. When defendant appeared, Circuit Judge ARTHUR LUEBKE, Rock county circuit judge, disqualified himself and County Judge TRAEGER was appointed acting circuit judge. Defendant then requested the court to set a date ten days hence to hear motions prior to trial, but this request was denied. Trial was set for April 10, 1969, with pretrial motions to be heard on that date before trial.
Trial was held before a jury on April 10, and 11, 1969, and defendant was found guilty as charged. Defendant was fined $75 on the disorderly conduct charge; on the charge of resisting arrest, defendant was fined $500 and sentenced to one year in the county jail, with sentence stayed and defendant placed on probation for six months; fines were to be paid within twenty days, and defendant was to be confined in the county jail for four nights from 6 p.m. until 6 a.m. during the first thirty days. Defendant was also ordered to pay all costs, including the legal fees of the special prosecutor. After the fines were paid, a stay was granted pending appeal.
The first issue presented on this appeal is whether the complaint is sufficient on both counts. In order to reach this issue we must first determine whether, as the state contends, defendant waived his objections to the sufficiency of the complaint. We think not. Defendant was arraigned before Judge FARNUM at 5:50 p. m. on the day of his arrest. At this proceeding the complaint was read to defendant, and the record notes that defendant had been given a written copy thereof. Defendant then entered an objection "to the form of the complaint and the substance of the complaint, "citing Massen v. State, which requires objections of this nature to be entered at the earliest possible stage.
(1969), 41 Wis.2d 245, 163 N.W.2d 616.
The court then asked:
" Court: You mean because it's a barebones complaint in the common vernacular, rather than the lengthy factual affidavit?
" Mr. Kinast: Yes, it does not recite facts sufficient to establish —
"[Interruption by the prosecutor.]"
After some discussion of bail:
" Mr. Kinast: So that it is clear on the record that there has been an objection to the form and the substance of the process by which the defendant is brought here before the court and is now appearing, I make this objection once again informally. Now, then and I move at this time for the immediate release of the defendant. As I understand it, Judge, that motion is about to be denied, assuming that the court wants to get on with the —
" Court: Well, yes, the court will deny the motion on the grounds that it's made for the immediate release of the defendant. . . ."
After further discussion of whether to set bond, defense counsel stated:
" Mr. Kinast: Judge, as I understand it, then, I keep harping on this, for the record the motion of counsel to release the defendant from custody on the grounds that the process and pleadings, substance and form, do not support the jurisdiction of the court, is denied?
" Court: Yes, right."
Thereafter the case was continued until March 11, 1969, to be heard before Judge BOYLE, under the assumption that there would be a substitute judge. No plea was entered. At the close of the proceeding, another defense counsel stated:
" Mr. Fisher: There is no waiver here of our right to renew our motions.
" Court: Absolutely not.
"Mr. Fisher: Showing probable cause on the complaint.
"Court: Absolutely not."
At the hearing on March 11, 1969, before Judge BOYLE, the court advised defendant and counsel that he had referred the matter to the court administrator, and that Judge CLARENCE TRAEGER of Dodge county had been assigned to hear the matter on March 13, 1969. Any motions were to be made at that time.
At the hearing on March 13, 1969, before Judge TRAEGER, defendant entered a not guilty plea and requested a 12-man jury trial. At this hearing defendant moved to:
a. Quash the arrest made without a warrant on the grounds that (1) "there was no probable cause for such arrest in that . . . the officers had no reasonable grounds to believe . . ." that defendant could not later be apprehended or that personal or property damage was likely (relying on sec. 954.03(1), Stats.); and (2) defendant was privileged from arrest since he was representing his client at a judicial proceeding in the courtroom;
This statute was repealed by the New Criminal Code: ch. 255, sec. 55, Laws of 1969.
b. "quash the complaint and warrant issued for the reason that at the time of said arrest . . ." defendant was "privileged from arrest" under the circumstances. (Emphasis added.)
c. "Quash the complaint and warrant for there was no showing of probable cause made before any court or magistrate prior to or at the issuance of the said complaint and warrant for the arrest of the defendant for there was no showing that the arresting officers had reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant . . . if he had committed a misdemeanor . . ." could not later be apprehended or that personal or property damage would result if defendant were not immediately arrested. The affidavit also appears to challenge the arrest.
The state argues that this motion and affidavit challenge only the arrest, and that a failure to challenge the sufficiency of the complaint and the court's jurisdiction to proceed further, constitutes a waiver. The trial court (Judge TRAEGER) obviously construed this motion as a challenge to the arrest as did the state. Defendant requested a formal hearing on the motion but in no way objected to the court's interpretation of it. Defendant made no further objection to the sufficiency of the complaint before entering his plea.
Although the motion to. quash entered before Judge TRAEGER on March 13, 1969, clearly appears to challenge the arrest of defendant, this does not dispose of the objections entered at defendant's initial appearance before Judge FARNUM on March 5, 1969. These objections were directed to the "form and substance" of the complaint, and to the "jurisdiction of the court." A motion to release defendant on these grounds was denied. The question is whether this was an adequate challenge to the sufficiency of the complaint. We think so.
Judge FARNUM apparently viewed the challenge to the complaint as based on sufficiency grounds and denied defendant's motion. There would be no reason, then, for requiring defendant to raise the matter again. The defendant has not waived his objections to the form and substance of the complaint.
As to the sufficiency of the complaint, we must examine both counts as against the challenge. The entire court is unanimously satisfied that the complaint as to the disorderly conduct charge (count one) fails because it does not state probable cause, i.e., it omits the essential facts constituting the offense charged.
State v. Williams (1970), 47 Wis.2d 242, 253, 177 N.W.2d 611.
Despite the fact that the state conceded on oral argument that the entire complaint was deficient, if the court reached that question, the majority of the court are of the view that the complaint is not insufficient insofar as the charge of resisting arrest (count two) is concerned. That count reads:
"That on the 5th day of March, 1969, at the city of Janesville, in said county of Rock and state of Wisconsin, the said George Edward Smith, Jr., did unlawfully and knowingly resist an officer while such officer was doing an act in his official capacity and with lawful authority, contrary to section 946.41(1) of the Wisconsin statutes; all against the peace and dignity of the state of Wisconsin and prays that the said George Edward Smith, Jr., may be arrested and dealt with according to law."
A majority of the court conclude that with respect to this type of offense, the charge as stated in statutory language is sufficient and that no further facts are necessary. A minority of three of the court, including the writer of this opinion, Mr. Justice HEFFERNAN, and one other member, consider count two of the complaint insufficient for the identical reason the complaint is deemed insufficient under the count for disorderly conduct. The court therefore concludes that the complaint is insufficient as to count one but sufficient as to count two.
The second issue presented on this appeal concerns defendant's conviction under the resisting arrest count: whether the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that the arrest for a misdemeanor committed in the officers' presence was lawful.
The common-law rule with respect to warrantless arrests for misdemeanors committed in an officer's presence is that the offense must constitute a breach of the peace.
5 Am. Jur. 2d, Arrests, p. 718, sec. 28.
Wisconsin case law is to the effect, however, that a misdemeanor need not constitute a breach of the peace in order to justify an arrest without a warrant when the offense is committed in the officer's presence. The cases cited by the defendant which contain language to the contrary all involve offenses not committed in the officer's presence, a fact this court noted in Radloff v. National Food Stores, Inc.
Stittgen v. Rundle (1898), 99 Wis. 78, 74 N.W. 536, cited with approval in Gunderson v. Struebing (1905), 125 Wis. 173, 104 N.W. 149, and Allen v. State (1924), 183 Wis. 323, 197 N.W. 808.
(1963), 20 Wis.2d 224, 237a, note 2, 121 N.W.2d 865, 123 N.W.2d 570.
Other cases involving a warrantless arrest for a misdemeanor committed in the officer's presence have consistently upheld the authority of the officer in such situations:
In Hawkins v. Lutton, which involved the arrest, without a warrant, of an inmate of a disorderly house, the court, in upholding the arrest, stated:
(1897), 95 Wis. 492, 70 N.W. 483.
". . . The [officers] . . . had a right at common law to arrest all persons who were guilty of a breach of the peace, or other violation of the criminal laws, in their presence; but in all such cases the arrest must be made at the time of the offense, or immediately after its commission." (Emphasis added.)
Id. at pages 498, 499. It should perhaps be noted that this case involved a breach of the peace, however, since the police officers "had heard the disturbance and disorderly conduct from the outside of the house . . ." ( id. at page 499), although this comment was directed to whether the offense was committed in the officers' presence.
In Edwards v. State, however, there was clearly no breach of the peace involved. There the police entered an apartment where they found the defendant and another engaged in an act of sodomy. In upholding the arrest without a warrant the court noted:
(1926), 190 Wis. 229, 208 N.W. 876.
"It is too well settled to require the citation of authority that an officer may arrest one committing a crime in his presence, whether it be a misdemeanor or a felony."
Id. at page 231.
In Mantei v. State the court reaffirmed its holding in Edwards, although it subsequently held that the search incident to this legal arrest went beyond permissible limits under the particular circumstances involved.
(1932), 210 Wis. 1, 245 N.W. 683.
Id. at page 4.
Similarly, Gray v. State and State ex tel. Tessler v. Kubiak upheld searches incident to legal arrests, which arrests were without warrants for misdemeanors committed in the officer's presence. Both of these decisions did not even question the legality of the arrests.
(1943), 243 Wis. 57, 9 N.W.2d 68 (vagrancy, search led to charge of burglary).
(1950), 257 Wis. 159, 42 N.W.2d 496 (operation of motor vehicle without a driver's license, search led to charge of burglary).
Sec. 954.03(1), Stats. authorizing arrest without a warrant, which was in force at the time defendant was arrested, provided:
" Arrest without warrant. (1) WHEN LAWFUL. An arrest by a peace officer without a warrant for a misdemeanor or for the violation of an ordinance is lawful whenever the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed a misdemeanor or has violated an ordinance and will not be apprehended unless immediately arrested or that personal or property damage may likely be done unless immediately arrested. This subsection is supplemental to s. 62.09 (13) and shall not in any way limit any powers to arrest granted by that section."
Sec. 62.09(13), Stats., applies to city police officers.
The defendant and the state are in dispute over the meaning of this statute. The state contends that this section, sec. 954.03(1), Stats., applies only to misdemeanors not committed in the officer's presence. In an attorney general's opinion, the following is stated:
45 Op. Atty. Gen. (1956), 289.
"In order to determine whether an arrest should be made without a warrant for a misdemeanor not committed in his presence in a specific case, these tests [of sec. 954.03(1), Stats.] must be applied to the specific fact situation."
Id. at page 290.
This opinion is entitled to great weight especially in view of the fact that the legislature declined to make any revision in the law in this respect until 1969 when the statute was repealed in a major revision of the Criminal Procedure Code. We conclude in Wisconsin an officer is permitted to make an arrest for any misdemeanor committed in his presence and without regard to whether the violation constitutes a breach of the peace.
See Union Free High School Dist. v. Union Free High School Dist. (1934), 216 Wis. 102, 106, 256 N.W. 788. See also: Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co. v. Public Service Comm. (1960), 9 Wis.2d 606, 616, 617, 101 N.W.2d 798; State ex tel. West Allis v. Dieringer (1957), 275 Wis. 208, 219, 220, 81 N.W.2d 533.
We have considered all of the other arguments advanced by the defendant pointing to alleged errors of the trial court in connection with the conviction on the resisting-arrest charge and find them without merit.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed as to conviction on resisting arrest count, and reversed as to conviction on disorderly conduct count.
WILKIE and HEFFERNAN, JJ, dissent in part.