Opinion
S94A0547.
DECIDED MAY 31, 1994.
OCGA § 16-11-36; constitutional question. DeKalb State Court. Before Judge Johnson, pro hac vice.
Ralph T. Bowden, Jr., Solicitor, W. Cliff Howard, Leigh A. Moore, Assistant Solicitors, for appellant.
Duana R. Sanson, for appellee.
This appeal is from the trial court's dismissal of an accusation charging Burch with violating OCGA § 16-11-36. Appellee's arrest arose from a call to the police from a security guard who reported that he saw appellee climb a six-foot high, razor-wire-topped fence around an automobile dealership. Responding officers found appellee outside the dealership and arrested him notwithstanding his explanation that his car had broken down nearby and that he was returning from a restaurant where he had called for help.
16-11-36. Loitering or prowling.
(a) A person commits the offense of loitering or prowling when he is in a place at a time or in a manner not usual for law-abiding individuals under circumstances that warrant a justifiable and reasonable alarm or immediate concern for the safety of persons or property in the vicinity.
(b) Among the circumstances which may be considered in determining whether alarm is warranted is the fact that the person takes flight upon the appearance of a law enforcement officer, refuses to identify himself, or manifestly endeavors to conceal himself or any object. Unless flight by the person or other circumstances make it impracticable, a law enforcement officer shall, prior to any arrest for an offense under this Code section, afford the person an opportunity to dispel any alarm or immediate concern which would otherwise be warranted by requesting the person to identify himself and explain his presence and conduct. No person shall be convicted of an offense under this Code section if the law enforcement officer failed to comply with the foregoing procedure or if it appears at trial that the explanation given by the person was true and would have dispelled the alarm or immediate concern.
(c) A person committing the offense of loitering or prowling shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
(d) This Code section shall not be deemed or construed to affect or limit the powers of counties or municipal corporations to adopt ordinances or resolutions prohibiting loitering or prowling within their respective limits.
Appellee filed a motion to dismiss based on his contention that the statute under which he was charged is unconstitutionally vague and gives too much discretion to the arresting officer. Without detailing its rationale, the trial court granted the motion to dismiss.
The exact issues raised in this case were raised and resolved by this court in Bell v. State, 252 Ga. 267 ( 313 S.E.2d 678) (1984). We decline appellee's invitation to reconsider Bell and to hold OCGA § 16-11-36 unconstitutional. The reasoning of Bell is sound and appellee's assertions that it confers unbridled discretion on police officers are not well taken. The statute makes clear to persons of ordinary intelligence the conduct sought to be prohibited and contains sufficient safeguards to prevent unwarranted arrests and convictions. We reaffirm the holding in Bell that the statute is not unconstitutionally vague and, consequently, must reverse the trial court's dismissal of the charge against appellee.
Bullock v. City of Dallas, 248 Ga. 164 ( 281 S.E.2d 613) (1981), is inapposite for the same reason this court distinguished it in Bell: that case dealt with a municipal ordinance which provided no guidelines by which a citizen could discern whether he risked criminal responsibility, a defect from which OCGA § 16-11-36 does not suffer. Id. at 272.
Similar enactments based on Model Penal Code § 250.6 have been upheld against constitutional attacks in City of Milwaukee v. Nelson, 149 Wis.2d 434 ( 439 N.W.2d 562) (1989); Watts v. State, 463 So.2d 205 (Fla. 1985); and State v. Ecker, 311 So.2d 104 (Fla. 1975). But see State v. Bitt, 118 Idaho 584 ( 798 P.2d 43) (1990); City of Bellevue v. Miller, 85 Wn.2d 539 ( 536 P.2d 603) (1975); and City of Portland v. White, 495 P.2d 778 (Or.App. 1972), holding similar enactments to be unconstitutional.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.