Opinion
Appellate Case No. 2010-154507 Opinion No. 5016
08-01-2012
The South Carolina Public Interest Foundation and Edward D. Sloan, Jr., individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Respondents, v. Greenville County, Herman G. Kirven, Jr., Judy Gilstrap, Eric Bedingfield, Jim Burns, Scott Case, Joseph Dill, Cort Flint, Lottie Gibson, Mark Kingsbury, Xanthene Norris, Robert Taylor, and Toney Trout, Appellants.
Boyd B. Nicholson, Jr. and Bonnie A. Lynch, both of Haynsworth Sinkler Boyd, PA, of Greenville, for Appellants. James G. Carpenter and Jennifer J. Miller, both of Carpenter Law Firm, PC, of Greenville, for Respondents.
Appeal From Greenville County
John C. Few, Circuit Court Judge
D. Garrison Hill, Circuit Court Judge
REVERSED
Boyd B. Nicholson, Jr. and Bonnie A. Lynch, both of Haynsworth Sinkler Boyd, PA, of Greenville, for Appellants.GEATHERS , J.: Respondents, South Carolina Public Interest Foundation and Edward D. Sloan, Jr. (collectively, SCPIF), brought this declaratory judgment action against Appellants, Greenville County and the individual members of Greenville County Council (Council) (collectively, the County), challenging the County's establishment of the "County Council Reserves" account as an unlawful delegation of legislative authority. The County seeks review of the trial court's order granting summary judgment to SCPIF, arguing that the account in question is lawful and SCPIF's current action is barred by res judicata. The County also seeks review of a second order granting SCPIF's request for attorney's fees and costs. We reverse.
James G. Carpenter and Jennifer J. Miller, both of Carpenter Law Firm, PC, of Greenville, for Respondents.
FACTS/PROCEDURAL HISTORY
For its 1994-95 fiscal year, the County established an account in its annual operating budget entitled "County Council Reserves." Funds in this account were set aside to enable Council to address "special community needs not normally falling with [sic] the operational purview of County government" and to "provide for nonrecurring community requests." In 1996, Council adopted a resolution limiting the use of the Council Reserves account to "infrastructure purposes such as flooding and drainage, roads, lights, sewer, and public buildings and grounds." In 1996, Edward D. Sloan, Jr. (Sloan), filed an action against the County challenging the legality of the Council Reserves account, beginning with fiscal year 1994-95. Sloan's Third Amended Complaint listed donations from the County to several private organizations and political subdivisions spanning "from 1994 through September, 1997." The complaint, which set forth eleven causes of action, took issue with the use of Council Reserves for non-county matters. The complaint also cited perceived procedural irregularities in the continued use of Council Reserves without Council voting on each expenditure or appropriation. The complaint sought a declaration that establishing the Council Reserves account and disbursing public funds as described in the complaint violated "the applicable statutes, Constitutions, ordinances, and policies." The complaint also sought preliminary and permanent injunctions against the County's "appropriation, expenditure, disbursement, and donation of public funds from the 1996-97 'Council Reserves' in violation of the S.C. Constitution and Code and the Greenville County Codes [sic] regarding procedures for appropriation and expenditures." Sloan subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment. In his supporting memorandum, Sloan explained his allegation that the Council Reserves account violated section 7-81 of the County of Greenville, South Carolina Code of Ordinances (Greenville County Code) as follows:
[Section 7-81(b) requires that] all "requests for county funds will be submitted to council for review during the regular county budget process . . . ." Rather than the entire council reviewing "requests for county funds" that are "submitted for council review during the regular county budget process," individual council members receive requests throughout the year and respond to them by submitting individual requisitions to the clerk of county council . . . .(emphases added). The summary judgment motion and supporting memorandum requested, among other relief, an order enjoining Council's appropriations of public funds to entities when: (1) the appropriations were not made by County Council as a whole, but rather by individuals in violation of section 7-81(a) of the Greenville County Code, and (2) the requests were not submitted to Council during the regular county budget process, in violation of section 7-81(b) of the Greenville County Code. On February 10, 1998, the circuit court conducted a bench trial on stipulated facts. The circuit court subsequently issued an order concluding that the County was entitled to judgment in its favor, with one exception not relevant to this case. Sloan did not appeal this order. Subsequently, on August 2, 2005, the County passed an ordinance adopting its budget for the 2006-07 fiscal year. Included in the operating expenses for the County Council Division of the Legislative and Administrative Services Department were line items for the Council Reserves, which included a separate line item for each Council member. Each individual Council member's routine expenses were funded from these line items. The line items were also available to fund costs "associated with special, non-recurring community requests for infrastructure purposes" and for "contributions to local governments in Greenville County for community projects." More specifically, these expenses and costs, designated as "Council District Expense," were described by the County as follows:
The circuit court addressed in a separate order a proposed disbursement to the Crestwood Forest Village Committee. The court found that this proposed disbursement was in violation of Council's guidelines for use of Council Reserves.
Funds for a Council Member to address:
•Cost of general business supplies such as pens, paper, stationary, . . . ;In 2006, SCPIF filed the present action, challenging the Council Reserves account, a/k/a the "Council District Expense" account, within the County's 2006-07 budget. In its complaint, SCPIF specifically challenged "[c]osts associated with special, non[-]recurring community requests for infrastructure purposes[.]" The complaint's sole cause of action states, "Council's delegation of legislative power to an individual member . . . is unconstitutional and illegal, as explained in a South Carolina Attorney General opinion dated November 13, 2003[.]" SCPIF attached a copy of the November 13, 2003 Attorney General opinion to its complaint as an exhibit. The opinion addressed the use of separate funds created by the Florence County Council for each individual district of Florence County, to be spent for "road paving or infrastructure improvements" at the discretion of the council member for each respective district. The opinion concluded, "[A] court would likely conclude that the delegation of discretion to individual members of county council to determine how these funds are spent is unconstitutional." In footnote 2, the Attorney General stated, "The constitutional principle of separation of powers applicable to state government by Article I, § 8 of the [South Carolina] Constitution has been held inapplicable to local political subdivisions of the State[,]" and "County Councils typically exercise the powers of all three branches of government." Nevertheless, the Attorney General concluded, "the legislative and discretionary decision-making authority may not be delegated." In its complaint, SCPIF sought injunctive relief as well as a declaration that Council's "delegation of [its] discretionary spending authority" was "illegal, invalid, and unconstitutional[.]" The County submitted a motion to dismiss, and the parties submitted cross-motions for summary judgment. In its motion to dismiss, the County asserted that the present action was barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel. However, at the motions hearing, the County expressly waived its collateral estoppel defense. Relying on Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591 (1948), the circuit court concluded that the action was not barred by res judicata by reasoning that the County's different fiscal years were comparable to the different tax years at issue in Sunnen. The circuit court also ruled that the creation of the Council Reserves account constituted an illegal delegation of legislative authority by Council to its individual members. However, the court declined to base its ruling on constitutional grounds, stating: "Plaintiffs have alleged a Constitutional basis for the legal proposition that County Council may not delegate legislative authority. However, Defendants' concession that County Council may not delegate legislative authority makes it unnecessary to decide whether this prohibition is based on the Constitution or not." In a separate hearing, the circuit court received evidence on SCPIF's attorney's fees, pursuant to section 15-77-300 of the South Carolina Code (Supp. 2011). The court subsequently issued an order granting SCPIF's request for $60,084.15 in fees and costs incurred through January 31, 2010. The court also allowed SCPIF to "file an affidavit addressing fees incurred after January 31, 2010." This appeal followed.
•Cost of special documents, incentives and awards given either to the public or county employees . . . ;
•Cost of periodicals, professional journals, and reference books;
•Cost of per diem and mileage involved in the conduct of county business;
• Costs associated with community functions, conferences and training seminars . . . ;
• Costs associated with special, non recurring [sic] community requests for infrastructure purposes such as:
• Flooding• Contributions to local governments in Greenville County for community projects; . . . .
• Roads
• Lights
• Sewer and drainage
• Public buildings and grounds
• Infrastructure related studies
The complaint indicates that this account has been "variously known as the Council District Expense Fund, Council Reserves, Discretionary Funds, or the Slush Fund." Likewise, in its appellate brief, the County indicates that several years after creating the Council Reserves account, it began using the name "Council District Expense" for the account. For the remainder of this opinion, we refer to the account as "Council Reserves."
Attorney General opinions are persuasive but not binding authority. Charleston Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Harrell, 393 S.C. 552, 560-61, 713 S.E.2d 604, 609 (2011); Anders v. S.C. Parole and Cmty. Corr. Bd., 279 S.C. 206, 209-10, 305 S.E.2d 229, 231 (1983).
Article I, § 8 states: "In the government of this State, the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of the government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other, and no person or persons exercising the functions of one of said departments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other."
In a case brought by a party contesting "state action," section 15-77-300 authorizes an award of attorney's fees to the prevailing party, other than the State or a political subdivision of the State, under certain circumstances.
The County timely filed a Notice of Appeal following each of the two orders issued by the circuit court; the appeals were consolidated.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
1. Did the circuit court err in concluding that the present action was not barred by res judicata? 2. Did the circuit court err in concluding that the creation of the Council Reserves account unlawfully delegated legislative authority to Council members in their individual capacities? 3. Did the circuit court err in awarding attorney's fees and costs to SCPIF?
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary Judgment This court reviews the grant of a summary judgment motion under the same standard applied by the trial court pursuant to Rule 56(c), SCRCP. Jackson v. Bermuda Sands, Inc., 383 S.C. 11, 14 n.2, 677 S.E.2d 612, 614 n.2 (Ct. App. 2009). Rule 56(c), SCRCP, provides that summary judgment shall be granted when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." "The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite the disposition of cases not requiring the services of a fact finder." Matsell v. Crowfield Plantation Cmty. Servs. Ass'n, Inc., 393 S.C. 65, 70, 710 S.E.2d 90, 93 (Ct. App. 2011) (citing George v. Fabri, 345 S.C. 440, 452, 548 S.E.2d 868, 874 (2001)). In the present case, the circuit court noted in its order: "The parties agree that the case presents questions of law to be decided on undisputed facts." Neither party challenges this statement on appeal. Therefore, this court need not determine whether there are genuine issues of fact. The court need only concern itself with the resolution of questions of law. Attorney's Fees In a case brought by a party who is contesting state action, a court may award attorney's fees to the prevailing party, unless the prevailing party is the State or any political subdivision of the State, if (1) the court finds that the agency acted without substantial justification in "pressing its claim against the party[;]" and (2) the court finds that there are no special circumstances that would make the award of attorney's fees unjust. S.C. Code Ann. § 15-77-300 (Supp. 2011). An appellate court may not disturb such an award unless the appellant shows that the trial court abused its discretion in considering the applicable factors. Heath v. Cnty. of Aiken, 302 S.C. 178, 182, 394 S.E.2d 709, 711 (1990).
LAW/ANALYSIS
I. Res Judicata
The County maintains the circuit court erred in concluding that the present action was not barred by res judicata. Specifically, the County argues that the circuit court's reliance on Sunnen was misplaced because: (1) Sunnen involved an assertion of collateral estoppel, also referred to as issue preclusion, rather than res judicata, also referred to as claim preclusion; (2) after Sunnen was decided, the United States Supreme Court limited the reach of Sunnen; and (3) Sloan could have asserted (and in fact, did assert) a claim challenging the legality of the Council Reserves account in the prior action. We agree.
A. The Sunnen Decision In the present case, the circuit court relied on the reasoning of Sunnen in concluding, "Because the 'Council District Expense Fund' appears in each annual budget for Greenville County, the enactment of each budget creates separate legal claims." The circuit court further stated:
As the United States Supreme Court has explained in the context of federal income taxes levied on an annual basis,In Sunnen, the United States Supreme Court held,
'[e]ach year is the origin of a new liability and a separate cause of action.' Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591, 598 (1948). The same reasoning applies here. The fact that Mr. Sloan might have, or even did, challenge the legality of an identical line item in a previous budget does not bar Plaintiffs from the causes of action brought in this case.
[W]here a question of fact essential to the judgment is actually litigated and determined in the first tax proceeding, the parties are bound by that determination in a subsequent proceeding even though the cause of action is different. And if the very same facts and no others are involved in the second case, a case relating to a different tax year, the prior judgment will be conclusive as to the same legal issues which appear, assuming no intervening doctrinal change. But if the relevant facts in the two cases are separable, even though they be similar or identical, collateral estoppel does not govern the legal issues which recur in the second case.333 U.S. at 601 (emphases added) (citation omitted). The Court concluded: "Before a party can invoke the collateral estoppel doctrine[,] . . . the legal matter raised in the second proceeding must involve the same set of events or documents and the same bundle of legal principles that contributed to the rendering of the first judgment." Sunnen, 333 U.S. at 601-02 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Therefore, the County is correct in asserting that Sunnen addressed collateral estoppel rather than res judicata. Further, the County is correct that after Sunnen was decided, the United States Supreme Court limited its application. The County asserts that in Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 161 (1979), the Court limited the reach of Sunnen by noting only major changes in the law would require departure from the doctrine of collateral estoppel. While we have reservations about the County's interpretation of Montana, the Court unequivocally limited the reach of Sunnen in United States v. Stauffer Chemical Co., 464 U.S. 165 (1984):
[T]he government's argument essentially is that two cases presenting the same legal issue must arise from the very same facts or transaction before an estoppel can be applied. Whatever applicability that interpretation may have in the tax context, see [Sunnen] (refusing to apply an estoppel when two tax cases presenting the same issue arose from 'separable facts'), we reject its general applicability outside of that context.464 U.S. at 172 n.5 (emphasis added). Based on the foregoing, the circuit court erred in applying the principles set forth in Sunnen to the present case.
"Res judicata bars relitigation of the same cause of action while collateral estoppel bars relitigation of the same facts or issues necessarily determined in the former proceeding." Pye v. Aycock, 325 S.C. 426, 436, 480 S.E.2d 455, 460 (Ct. App. 1997). In Beall v. Doe, this court distinguished the two concepts as follows:
The doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel are, of course, two different concepts. A final judgment on the merits in a prior action will conclude the parties and their privies under the doctrine of res judicata in a second action based on the same claim as to issues actually litigated and as to issues which might have been litigated in the first action. Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, on the other hand, the second action is based upon a different claim and the judgment in the first action precludes relitigation of only those issues actually and necessarily litigated and determined in the first suit.281 S.C. 363, 369 n.1, 315 S.E.2d 186, 190 n.1 (Ct. App. 1984) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
B. Application of Res Judicata "Res judicata bars subsequent actions by the same parties when the claims arise out of the same transaction or occurrence that was the subject of a prior action between those parties." Judy v. Judy, 393 S.C. 160, 172, 712 S.E.2d 408, 414 (2011) (citation omitted). "Under the doctrine of res judicata, a litigant is barred from raising any issues which were adjudicated in the former suit and any issues which might have been raised in the former suit." Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). "Res judicata's fundamental purpose is to ensure that no one should be twice sued for the same cause of action." Yelsen Land Co. v. State, 397 S.C. 15, 22, 723 S.E.2d 592, 596 (2012) (citation and quotation marks omitted). "The doctrine [of res judicata] flows from the principle that public interest requires an end to litigation and no one should be sued twice for the same cause of action." Duckett v. Goforth, 374 S.C. 446, 464, 649 S.E.2d 72, 81 (Ct. App. 2007) (emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also S.C. Dep't of Soc. Servs. v. Basnight, 346 S.C. 241, 248, 551 S.E.2d 274, 278 (Ct. App. 2001) ("'The doctrine of res adjudicata (or res judicata) in the strict sense of that time-honored Latin phrase had its origin in the principle that it is in the public interest that there should be an end of litigation and that no one should be twice sued for the same cause of action.'" (quoting First Nat'l Bank of Greenville v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 207 S.C. 15, 24, 35 S.E.2d 47, 56 (1945))). "The doctrine of collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, on the other hand, rests generally on equitable principles." Town of Sullivan's Island v. Felger, 318 S.C. 340, 344, 457 S.E.2d 626, 628 (Ct. App. 1995) (citing Watson v. Goldsmith, 205 S.C. 215, 31 S.E.2d 317 (1944)). In Watson, our supreme court contrasted the origin of the doctrine of collateral estoppel with the origin of res judicata:
Estoppel rests generally on equitable principles, which res judicata does not, but upon the two maxims which were its foundation in the Roman law, nemo debet bis vexari pro eadem causa (no one ought to be twice sued for the same cause of action) and interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium (it is the interest of the state that there should be an end of litigation[])[.] . . . Res judicata is rather a principle of public policy than the result of equitable considerations, which [the] latter estoppel is.205 S.C. at 221-22, 31 S.E.2d at 319-20 (citations omitted); see also First Nat'l Bank of Greenville, 207 S.C. at 24, 35 S.E.2d at 56-57 (citing Watson) (contrasting the origins of res judicata and collateral estoppel). In the present case, there is no dispute that the 1996 action involved the same parties or their privies—Sloan brought the 1996 action; and, along with the foundation he chaired (SCPIF), he brought the present action. However, SCPIF maintains that in the 1996 action, the circuit court neither ruled on nor could have ruled on the County's 2006 and 2007 appropriations and expenditures. SCPIF argues that res judicata does not bar its challenge to these specific appropriations because "the allegations arise from different fiscal years." We find this argument unavailing. In the present action, SCPIF's complaint challenges the legality of the practice underlying these expenditures, i.e., maintaining the Council Reserves account in the County's budget, a practice continuing from year to year since the 1994-95 fiscal year. Likewise, the Third Amended Complaint in the 1996 action challenged this same practice with regard to multiple fiscal years: "In the last three budgets, [the County] has not 'distinctly state[d] [each] public purpose' for which Council Reserves funds would be spent." (emphasis added).
In determining whether allegations arising from different fiscal years must be brought in the same action, the Restatement (Second) of Judgments is instructive:
(1) When a valid and final judgment rendered in an action extinguishes the plaintiff's claim pursuant to the rules of merger or bar . . . the claim extinguished includes all rights of the plaintiff to remedies against the defendant with respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the action arose.Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 (1982 & Supp. 2012) (emphases added). The plaintiffs claim is extinguished even when the plaintiff is "prepared in the second action (1) [t]o present evidence or grounds or theories of the case not presented in the first action, or (2) [t]o seek remedies or forms of relief not demanded in the first action." Id. at § 25 (emphasis added). Here, Sloan's 1996 claim that the practice of maintaining the Council Reserves account in the County's budget was illegal was grounded on an alleged violation of section 7-81 of the Greenville County Code. The assertion of this ground effectively challenged the Council Reserves account as an illegal delegation of legislative authority. See Greenville County Code § 7-81 (requiring the appropriation of public funds to be made only by Council as a body); Gregory v. Rollins, 230 S.C. 269, 274, 95 S.E.2d 487, 490 (1956) ("It is fundamental that the appropriation of public funds is a legislative function."). The circuit court, in the 1996 action, addressed section 7-81 and concluded that Sloan had not carried his burden of showing any illegal acts on the part of the County. In the present action, SCPIF bases its claim challenging the legality of the Council Reserves account on the ground that it is "unconstitutional." Even assuming arguendo that the unconstitutionality theory was neither raised nor ruled on in the 1996 action, the theory could have been brought in the prior action challenging the legality of the Council Reserves account. Hence, both the claim and this theory of relief are barred in the present action. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments §§ 24, 25 (1982 & Supp. 2012) (applying claim preclusion "with respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the [first] action arose" even when the plaintiff is prepared to present a theory in the second action not presented in the first action). In Judy, our supreme court addressed the question of whether a claim should have been raised in a prior action and stated:
(2) What factual grouping constitutes a "transaction", and what groupings constitute a "series", are to be determined pragmatically, giving weight to such considerations as whether the facts are related in time, space, origin, or motivation, whether they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit conforms to the parties' expectations or business understanding or usage.
Res judicata bars subsequent actions by the same parties when the claims arise out of the same transaction or occurrence that was the subject of a prior action between those parties. Under the doctrine of res judicata, "[a] litigant is barred from raising any issues which were adjudicated in the former suit and any issues which might have been raised in the former suit."393 S.C. at 172, 712 S.E.2d at 414 (quoting Plum Creek Dev. Co. v. City of Conway, 334 S.C. 30, 34, 512 S.E.2d 106, 109 (1999)) (emphasis added). The court also explained the term "cause of action" for res judicata purposes:
[F]or purposes of res judicata, "cause of action" is not the form of action in which a claim is asserted but, rather the cause for action, meaning the underlying facts combined with the law giving the party a right to a remedy of one form or another based thereon.Id. (emphases added) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Here, SCPIF's claim challenging the County's inclusion of the Council Reserves account in its budget, constitutes the "same transaction or occurrence" that was the subject of the prior case, i.e., inclusion of the Council Reserves account in the County's annual budget. Although the budget years and dollar amounts differ, the " cause for action," as defined in Judy, is the same in both the 1996 action and the present action. In both actions, Sloan has sought a judicial remedy for the inclusion of the Council Reserves account in the County's annual budgets. Our application of res judicata to bar SCPIF's present action does not prevent another person, who has the requisite standing and is not in privity with Sloan, from filing an action challenging the Council Reserves account, as might have been the case had Sloan's action been certified as a class action. As to Sloan, he has already had his day in court. Therefore, the public interest would not be served by allowing him, or his privies, to have another bite at the apple. Our supreme court's recent discussion of res judicata in Judy acknowledged that there are certain circumstances in which the policy underlying the doctrine of res judicata is outweighed by a more compelling policy; there, the court looked to the Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26 for guidance on those circumstances in which courts should decline to apply res judicata. 393 S.C. at 168 n.5, 712 S.E.2d at 412 n.5 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1)(a)-(c) (1982 & Supp. 2011)); see also Wright v. Marlboro Cnty. Sch. Dist., 317 S.C. 160, 165, 452 S.E.2d 12, 15 (Ct. App. 1994) (holding that the public policy considerations which form the basis for application of res judicata do not apply where an administrative tribunal must be asked to judge allegations of its own wrongdoing and its own retaliation in response to a report of that wrongdoing); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1)(a)-(f) cmts. a-j (1982 & Supp. 2012) (discussing exceptions to the general rule against claim splitting). Nonetheless, in Judy, the court did not find any of these exceptions applicable to the plaintiff's filing of a claim for waste in circuit court after having raised a waste claim in his probate court pleadings. 393 S.C. at 168-74, 712 S.E.2d at 412-15. Likewise, we find none of these exceptions applicable to SCPIF's present claim. The parties have not cited, nor have we found, any binding authority applying any of these exceptions to a case with facts similar to this case. Here, the record shows no procedural anomalies, and any person having standing who is not in privity with Sloan may file his own claim challenging the Council Reserves account. While the potential adverse impact on the public interest has been recognized as a reason to depart from the doctrine of collateral estoppel, the parties have not cited, nor have we found, any binding authority recognizing a comparable exception for res judicata. Rather, the doctrine of res judicata itself is a doctrine founded upon the objective of preserving and protecting the public interest. See, e.g., Duckett, 374 S.C. at 464, 649 S.E.2d at 81 ("The doctrine [of res judicata] flows from the principle that public interest requires an end to litigation and no one should be sued twice for the same cause of action."). Previous opinions of this court have addressed circumstances in which it was inappropriate to apply the doctrine of res judicata. In Mr. T v. Ms. T, the plaintiff filed a paternity action naming his ex-wife as a defendant and alleging that she committed fraud in leading him to believe he was the biological father of her children. 378 S.C. 127, 130-32, 662 S.E.2d 413, 415-16 (Ct. App. 2008). The plaintiff also sought relief from the parties' prior decree of divorce, which had incorporated the parties' settlement agreement and had found that two children were born of the marriage. Id. at 130-32, 662 S.E.2d at 414-16. The family court had found that the plaintiff's paternity action was barred by "res judicata/collateral estoppel." Id. at 131, 662 S.E.2d at 415. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the family court erred in this regard. Id. at 132, 662 S.E.2d at 415-16. This court reversed the family court's dismissal of the case and remanded the case for further development of the record. Id. at 139, 662 S.E.2d at 419. Also, in Johns v. Johns, this court held a consent order's finding that the parties had a common-law marriage should not be given res judicata effect because the marriage was bigamous and South Carolina's policy of not recognizing bigamous marriages had been expressed in a statute declaring them to be void. 309 S.C. 199, 201-03, 420 S.E.2d 856, 858-59 (Ct. App. 1992). Likewise, in Jennings v. Dargan, this court held that an order approving a settlement regarding paternity and child support was void and thus did not have a preclusive effect against the child in her action for support because the record did not indicate the family court had complied with statutes requiring a finding that the settlement was in the best interest of the minor and requiring review and approval of the settlement. 308 S.C. 317, 320-21, 417 S.E.2d 646, 647-48 (Ct. App. 1992). The court acknowledged the policy respecting finality of judgments but stated that the policy expressed in the cited statutes (protecting minors) was the overriding concern. Id. We find these opinions to be consistent with the requirement that a judgment must be "valid" in order to preclude a second action concerning the same transaction, and this requirement is already built into the doctrine of res judicata. See Basnight, 346 S.C. at 248-49, 551 S.E.2d at 278 (citing Griggs v. Griggs, 214 S.C. 177, 184, 51 S.E.2d 622, 626 (1949)) ("Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment on the merits rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, without fraud or collusion, is conclusive as to the rights of the parties and their privies." (emphasis added)); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24(1) (1982 & Supp. 2012) (conditioning the extinguishment of the second claim on the validity and finality of the prior judgment); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1) cmt. j (1982 & Supp. 2012) (discussing the defendant's fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake as a factor contributing to the prior judgment). Therefore, these three cases do not necessarily represent exceptions to res judicata, but rather they demonstrate circumstances in which res judicata does not apply. In each of the these cases, there existed a specific, compelling, and logical reason for not applying the doctrine of res judicata. No such reason has been presented in the present case. Further, in keeping with the principles of judicial restraint and adherence to precedent, we are reluctant to create a new "public interest" exception that will swallow the rule of res judicata. Such an exception could be used in any case in which the court expresses moral indignation over the outcome, regardless of the plaintiff's failure to demonstrate truly extraordinary circumstances justifying a departure from res judicata. Rather than seeking to create new public policy, this court best fulfills its mission by enforcing those policies already in existence as expressed by the legislature or our state's highest court.
Neither SCPIF's pleadings nor its appellate brief cite any specific constitutional provision supporting the general assertion that the Council Reserves account is unconstitutional. Further, at oral argument, counsel did not articulate any specific constitutional provision on which SCPIF may rely for its assertion.
See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 28(5) (1982 & Supp. 2012) (referencing the "public interest" exception to collateral estoppel).
We see no injustice in this dichotomy because the reach of issue preclusion is broader than that of claim preclusion. Unlike claim preclusion, issue preclusion can affect the outcome of a different, unrelated claim and can also affect a party in a second action with an unrelated third party. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 (1982 & Supp. 2012) ("When an issue of fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, and the determination is essential to the judgment, the determination is conclusive in a subsequent action between the parties, whether on the same or a different claim."); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 29 (1982 & Supp. 2012) ("A party precluded from relitigating an issue with an opposing party, in accordance with §§ 27 and 28, is also precluded from doing so with another person unless the fact that he lacked full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the first action or other circumstances justify affording him an opportunity to relitigate the issue.").
Based on the foregoing, the circuit court erred in holding that the present action was not barred by res judicata.
II. Attorney's Fees
The County asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding attorney's fees to SCPIF. We agree. In a case brought by a party who is contesting state action, a court may award attorney's fees to the prevailing party under certain circumstances. S.C. Code Ann. § 15-77-300 (Supp. 2011). Because the present action is barred by res judicata, SCPIF does not qualify as the prevailing party. Therefore, we reverse the award of attorney's fees and costs.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we reverse the orders granting summary judgment and attorney's fees and costs to SCPIF. REVERSED.
Because this action is barred by res judicata, we decline to address the merits of SCPIF's challenge to the Council Reserves account. See, e.g., Duckett, 374 S.C. at 464, 649 S.E.2d at 81 (holding that res judicata flows from the principle that public interest requires an end to litigation); see also Futch v. McAllister Towing of Georgetown, Inc., 335 S.C. 598, 613, 518 S.E.2d 591, 598 (1999) (stating an appellate court need not address an issue when a decision on a prior issue is dispositive).
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