Summary
In Smith, plaintiff did not raise the question of whether the owner breached a duty to place devices so as to provide proper protection.
Summary of this case from Heath v. Soloff ConstrOpinion
November 9, 1982
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Erie County, WILLIAM J. OSTROWSKI, J.
Maghran, McCarthy Flynn ( W. Donn McCarthy of counsel), for third-party defendant-appellant.
Smith, Murphy Schoepperle ( Victor A. Oliveri of counsel), for defendant and third-party plaintiff-respondent.
Paul William Beltz, P.C. ( Russell T. Quinlan of counsel), for respondent.
Plaintiff, an employee of the third-party defendant Steel Contracting Corporation and the supervisor of its three-man crew, was injured during the course of work on the roof of a building owned by defendant Hooker Chemicals Plastics Corporation. The accident happened when plaintiff fell from the roof to the ground while he was removing old sheets prior to replacing them. The roof was sloped and the old covering was too weak to stand on so the workmen were supplied with a "chicken board", which was fastened to the purlins of the roof, and with safety lines attached to their safety belts. Plaintiff's complaint alleged several causes of action arising both at common law and under various sections of the Labor Law. Immediately before the commencement of trial, however, he withdrew all except his claim based on subdivision 1 of section 240 Lab. of the Labor Law which requires that owners and contractors supply scaffolding and other devices for the safety of the workmen. With the case in this posture, the court granted partial summary judgment against Hooker in the main action and in its favor in its third-party claim over against the employer and directed an assessment of damages. The third-party defendant appeals.
A flat board with strips nailed across it for footing.
For a prior appeal in this action, see Smith v. Hooker Chem. Plastics Corp. ( 83 A.D.2d 199).
There are two versions of how this accident happened. Plaintiff claims that while he was standing on the roof, on the chicken board, he smelled gas; that he tried to pull himself to the top of the roof by the safety lines but that as he did so the lines gave way causing him to fall to the ground. The only other witness to the accident, a co-worker named Toth, was examined before trial and his version was markedly different. Toth testified that most of the work on the roof had been completed the day before, but that on the day of the accident two sheets remained to be removed; that plaintiff directed Toth to go to the roof and remove them but he refused to do so unless the safety equipment, which had been removed at the close of the work the day before, was put in place. Plaintiff did not think it necessary to replace the equipment for what he considered a five-minute job, Toth said, and since Toth would not do the work, plaintiff went up on the roof to do it himself. While he was removing one of the sheets, it started to slide, carrying plaintiff over the edge of the roof to the ground and causing him serious injuries.
Thus, by plaintiff's testimony the accident occurred because the safety devices failed; by Toth's version plaintiff fell off the roof because he declined to use the safety devices supplied to him. Third-party defendant contends that this evidence raises a question of fact requiring a trial, and so it would seem. Plaintiff contends, however, that whether his evidence or Toth's is accepted, Special Term's order was proper.
It is familiar law that summary judgment should not be granted when there is any significant doubt as to the existence of a triable issue of fact (see Rotuba Extruders v. Ceppos, 46 N.Y.2d 223, 231; Baker's Serv. v. Robinson, 85 A.D.2d 811, 812), and in determining whether a question of fact exists, the proof must be read "in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion" ( Goldstein v. County of Monroe, 77 A.D.2d 232, 236; see, also, Renda v. Frazer, 75 A.D.2d 490, 495-496). Under these rules, we must accept Toth's version of the case, that plaintiff declined to use the available safety devices, and decide whether an owner and contractor are required by section 240 not only to supply safety devices but also to insure that workers use them.
Subdivision 1 of section 240 Lab. of the Labor Law provides: "All contractors and owners and their agents * * * in the erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a building or structure shall furnish or erect, or cause to be furnished or erected for the performance of such labor, scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, slings, hangers, blocks, pulleys, braces, irons, ropes, and other devices which shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to give proper protection to a person so employed."
To sustain a cause of action based upon this section, plaintiff must prove that the statute was violated and that defendant's conduct in violating it was the proximate cause of plaintiff's damages (see Duda v. Rouse Constr. Co., 32 N.Y.2d 405, 410; Mendes v. Caristo Constr. Corp., 5 A.D.2d 268, 272, affd 6 N.Y.2d 729; see, also, Klutzz v. Citron, 2 N.Y.2d 379, 383; Lagzdins v. United Welfare Fund-Security Div. Marriott Corp., 77 A.D.2d 585). Undoubtedly an owner or contractor violates the statute and is absolutely liable to an injured worker for injuries caused by the failure to supply proper safety devices or for supplying defective ones (see Rea v. Elia Bldg. Co., 79 A.D.2d 1102). Plaintiff contends that recent decisions have gone further, however, and hold that owners and contractors are liable as insurers even if the worker refuses to use satisfactory available safety devices. He relies principally on Haimes v. New York Tel. Co. ( 46 N.Y.2d 132), Larabee v. Triangle Steel ( 86 A.D.2d 289) and Cardile v. D'Ambrosia ( 72 A.D.2d 544).
Plaintiff's counsel contends that these cases, decided before the 1969 amendment to section 240, are not applicable. The 1969 amendment, however, only changed the parties liable, the "who" not "the what" of the statute (see Monroe v. City of New York, 67 A.D.2d 89, 105; see, also, N.Y. Legis Ann, 1969, p 407). There was no other substantive change which would lessen the authority of the cases except insofar as they may have turned on the issue of who was directing the work.
In Haimes v. New York Tel. Co. ( supra) plaintiff's decedent was painting a cornice at roof level when a ladder on which he was standing toppled, throwing him 18 feet to the ground, and causing him to lose his life. Trial Term dismissed the complaint at the close of the proof. In affirming the Appellate Division's reversal and order for a new trial, the Court of Appeals ruled that under the 1969 amendment to section 240 an owner exercising no supervision or control over the work nevertheless could be held absolutely liable for failing to supply safety devices, whereas preamendment decisions had held that he could not (see Haimes v. New York Tel. Co., supra, at p 136; cf. Iuliani v Great Neck Sewer Dist., 38 N.Y.2d 885). And this was so, it held, even though the injured worker was an independent contractor. It was not necessary for the court to reach the point urged on us here and it did not do so. Nothing it said suggested that an owner or contractor may be held absolutely liable if workers refuse to use available safety devices. Larabee v. Triangle Steel ( supra) is also inapposite. In Larabee defendants were liable because they had failed to supply any safety devices.
In the remaining case plaintiff relies on, Cardile v D'Ambrosia ( 72 A.D.2d 544, supra), the jury found that defendant contractor's ladder was not defective but that the accident occurred to plaintiff because the ladder "was not 'placed and operated as to give proper protection'". (See Labor Law, § 240, subd 1.) The Appellate Division, citing Haimes ( supra) held that the owner and contractor were charged with a duty under the statute to insure proper placement of the ladder and having failed to do so, they were absolutely liable for plaintiff's injuries. Were we to rely on Cardile in this case, we would further extend that holding that owners and contractors are absolutely liable not only because of their failure to supply safety devices and see to their proper placement and operation and hold that they are also liable unless they insist that a recalcitrant worker use the devices. Whether the defendant supplied appropriate safety devices or otherwise violated the statute and thereby caused the injuries would be irrelevant; the fact of a worker's accident appearing, owners and contractors would be liable for his resulting damages. Plaintiff contends that the Legislature intended as much, that it placed an absolute duty of supplying and supervising the correct use of safety equipment upon owners and contractors when it enacted subdivision 1 of section 240 Lab. of the Labor Law. The statute does not impose such an obligation on defendants by its terms, however, and the Legislature has experienced no difficulty in the past in imposing such liability when it intended to do so. Thus section 202 Lab. of the Labor Law, pertaining to window washers and others, the statute states that "[e]very employer and contractor * * * shall comply with this section and the rules of the board and shall require his employee * * * to use the equipment and safety devices" (emphasis added). The legislature's failure to enact a similar requirement in section 240 must be interpreted as an indication that it did not intend to impose a similar absolute duty of supervision under section 240 (McKinney's Cons Law of NY, Book 1, Statutes, § 74). While the Legislature has sensibly acted to protect workers from a failure by owners or contractors to supply equipment or for supplying faulty equipment, the statutory protection does not extend to workers who have adequate and safe equipment available to them but refuse to use it. Their injuries may be compensated under the provisions of the Workers' Compensation Law.
In Haimes the court noted that evidence of the failure properly to secure the ladder plaintiff was using would only warrant a finding that the Rules of the Board of Standards and Appeals had been violated, i.e., it would be evidence of negligence, rather than proof of a violation of the statute resulting in absolute liability (see Haimes v. New York Tel. Co., supra, at p 134, n 2). Since the action was remitted for a new trial, it was unnecessary for the court to characterize the duty violated by the property owner as either resting upon proof of negligence or absolute liability.
Hooker, the third-party plaintiff, asks that the order granting it summary judgment against the third-party defendant remain in place notwithstanding this court's disposition of plaintiff's summary judgment motion. In the third-party action, it seeks to be indemnified in full for any loss it may sustain in the main action, contending that section 240 makes it only vicariously liable for plaintiff's damages. CPLR 1007 permits an indemnity claim to be pleaded prospectively in the interest of judicial economy, but the liability over cannot arise or be adjudicated until plaintiff has obtained a judgment against defendant establishing that section 240 was violated and that the violation caused plaintiff's damages (see Siegel, New York Practice, § 159, pp 201-202). Whether the indemnity owed is indemnity against liability or indemnity against loss and whether it is based upon the written contract between the parties or one implied, Hooker's cause of action cannot accrue until resolution of plaintiff's claim, and judgment may not be entered until that determination is made (see McDermott v. City of New York, 50 N.Y.2d 211; McCabe v. Queensboro Farm Prods., 22 N.Y.2d 204, 208; Martinez v. Fiore, 90 A.D.2d 483; Adams v. Lindsay, 77 Misc.2d 824, 826 [BOOMER, J.]; 28 N.Y. Jur, Indemnity, §§ 17-21). Moreover, Hooker is the only party plaintiff has sued or could sue for these injuries. To resolve its third-party claim now as a matter of law would leave the case in the awkward posture of plaintiff apparently contending directly against the third-party defendant, his employer, an action which section 11 of the Workers' Compensation Law prohibits.
The order of Trial Term should be reversed and summary judgment should be denied.
CALLAHAN, DOERR, BOOMER and MOULE, JJ., concur.
Order unanimously reversed, without costs, and motion denied.