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holding that unemployment claimants that failed to exhaust the statutory remedies set forth in the Labor and Employment article are "precluded from judicial review"
Summary of this case from Robinson v. Mayor's Office City of Balt.Opinion
[No. 88, September Term, 1979.]
Decided December 27, 1979.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT — Statutory Administrative Remedies Must Be Exhausted Before Litigant May Seek Declaratory Relief. pp. 643-645
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW — Exhaustion Of Administrative Remedies — Court May Raise On Its Own Motion Issue Of Exhaustion Of Statutory Administrative Remedies — Parties May Not Circumvent Doctrine Of Exhaustion Of Administrative Remedies. pp. 643-645
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION — Award Of Weekly Benefit — Claimant Must Exhaust Administrative Remedies Before Seeking Judicial Review — Parties May Not Agree To By-Pass Administrative Remedies — Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.) Art. 95A, § 7. Where claimants were dissatisfied with amount of award of weekly unemployment compensation benefits failed to exhaust statutory administrative remedies, the Court, sua sponte, held that the trial court should have dismissed an action for declaratory judgment, even though the Secretary, Department of Human Resources agreed that there should be judicial intervention. Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.) Art. 95A, § 7. pp. 645-646
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION — Benefit Claims — Board Of Appeals Of Employment Security Administration Has Final Administrative Authority To Decide Contested Benefit Claims — Practice Of Agency's Executive Director In Cases Of Benefit Claims Is Not Binding On Board Of Appeals — Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.) Art. 95A, § 3, 95A, § 11(a)(1), 12, 7. pp. 646-647
APPEAL — Dismissal On Procedural Grounds — Court May Comment On Merits Of Case In "Exceptional Circumstances" — Such Comments, If Any, Are Dicta. pp. 647-648
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION — Increase In Weekly Benefit Amount — Applies To Continued Claims Filed On Or After Effective Date Of Statute Increasing Benefit Amount — Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.) Art. 94A, § 3(b)(1). Although dismissing an appeal for failure of claimants to exhaust administrative remedies, the Court commented, as dicta, that Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.) Art. 95A, § 3(b)(1), as amended, increasing the weekly benefit amount effective July 1, 1978, applied to all claims, including continued claims, filed on or after that date. p. 648
J.A.A.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Baltimore City (ARABIAN, J.), pursuant to certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals.
Action by Luther Wilson, James Brown, Jacqueline Montague and John Downey against the Secretary, Department of Human Resources and the Employment Security Administration (the "ESA") seeking a judgment declaring that the ESA had unlawfully refused to pay proper weekly benefits for unemployment compensation, and other relief. From a summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, the ESA appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. Certiorari was granted prior to consideration by that court.
Judgment of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City vacated and case remanded to that court with instructions to dismiss. Costs to be paid by appellants.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and DIGGES, ELDRIDGE, ORTH, COLE and DAVIDSON, JJ.
Submitted on previous argument (No. 21, Sept. Term, 1979) by Carolyn I. Polowy, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Stephen H. Sachs, Attorney General, and Joel J. Rabin, Assistant Attorney General, on the brief, for appellants.
Amicus curiae brief of International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, U.A.W., Bernard G. Link, Regional Attorney, on the brief.
Amicus curiae brief of Maryland Chamber of Commerce, Inc., J. Cookman Boyd, Jr., and Rob Ross Hendrickson on the brief.
Amicus curiae brief of Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Benjamin L. Brown, City Solicitor, William Hughes, Associate Solicitor, Glenn M. Grossman and William R. Phelan, Jr., Assistant City Solicitors, on the brief.
Submitted on previous argument (No. 21, Sept. Term, 1979) by Gordon S. Berman, with whom was Dennis W. Carroll on the brief, for appellees.
Maryland's Unemployment Insurance Law, Md. Code (1957, 1979 Repl. Vol.), Art. 95A, effective 10 December 1936, was designed to protect the health, morals and welfare of the citizens of Maryland by preventing economic insecurity and easing the burdens of involuntary unemployment and economic distress. To accomplish this purpose, benefits are paid to individuals who have become unemployed through no fault of their own, and who are otherwise eligible.
Allen v. Core Target City Youth Program, 275 Md. 69, 75, 338 A.2d 237, 241 (1975); Md. Code, Art. 95A, § 2.
The amount of the benefits is determined by a procedure contained in Art. 95A, § 3.
Section 3(b)(1) provides in pertinent part:
"(b) Weekly benefits. — (1) Weekly Benefit Amount. An individual's `weekly benefit amount' shall be determined by applying the total of wages paid him for insured work in that calendar quarter of his base period in which such total wages were highest to . . . [a] `schedule of benefits' set forth [in § 3(b) (1)]."
§ 20(a) provides:
"`Base period' means the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters immediately preceding the commencement of the benefit year as defined in subsection (q) of this section."
§ 20(q) provides in pertinent part:
"`Benefit year' with respect to any individual, means the one-year period beginning with the first day of the first week with respect to which the individual first files a claim for benefits in accordance with this article. . . ."
Section 3 (d) provides in pertinent part:
"(d) Duration of benefits. — Any otherwise eligible individual shall be entitled during any benefit year to a total amount of benefits equal to twenty-six (26) times his basic weekly benefit amount. . . ."
In order to receive benefits, claimants file an "initial claim" and each week thereafter file a "continued claim."
COMAR 07.04.02.01F defines an "initial claim" as "the first claim in a new benefit year."
COMAR 07.04.02.01E defines a "continued claim" as "one of a series of claims for benefits following either an initial or an additional claim."
Before 1 July 1978, the maximum weekly benefit amount provided in § 3(b)(1) was $89 per week. Effective 1 July 1978, § 3(b)(1) was repealed and reenacted "for the purpose of increasing the weekly benefits of unemployment insurance. . . ." 1978 Md. Laws, ch. 806 at 2350. The only change, insofar as here relevant, was to increase the maximum weekly benefit amount to $106.
On 17 April 1978, before the amendment became effective, the Executive Director of the Employment Security Administration (ESA) told Mr. Gordon S. Berman, an attorney from Legal Aid Bureau, Inc., that all claimants who filed claims for weekly benefits after 1 July 1978 would be eligible to receive the increased weekly benefit amount provided by § 3(b)(1) as amended. He indicated that not only would any claimant who filed an initial claim after 1 July 1978 be eligible to receive the increased weekly benefit amount provided by § 3(b)(1) as amended, but also that any claimant who had filed an initial claim before 1 July 1978 but who, because his benefit year extended beyond that date, filed continued claims for weekly benefits after 1 July 1978, would be eligible to receive the increased weekly benefit amount.
Appellants Wilson, Brown, Downey and Montague (claimants) filed initial and continued claims for benefits before 1 July 1978. They were each determined to be eligible for a maximum $89 weekly benefit amount. After 1 July 1978, they filed continued claims, yet still were determined to be eligible for no more than $89 a week. Claimants did not appeal from any determination upon any continued claim made after 1 July 1978.
Wilson's benefit year began 14 May 1978. Brown's benefit year began 11 June 1978. Downey's and Montague's benefit years began 18 June 1978.
On 7 August 1978, Mr. Berman, in a letter to the Executive Director of ESA, asked whether he had reversed his previous position that claimants whose initial claims were filed before 1 July 1978, but who filed continued claims after that date, would be eligible for the increased weekly benefit amount provided by § 3(b)(1) as amended. In a letter dated 11 August 1978, the Executive Director acknowledged that he had indeed reversed his position because his previous opinion "was counter to the legal opinion and administrative practice of preceding Executive Directors." He stated that only claimants who filed initial claims after 1 July 1978 would be eligible for the increased weekly benefit amount.
On 30 August 1978, in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, claimants filed a bill of complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief, seeking a declaration that the ESA had unlawfully refused to pay proper weekly benefits for continued claims filed after 1 July 1978, as well as an order requiring the ESA to pay claimants any money wrongfully withheld since that date. On 9 January 1979, the trial court granted claimants' motion for summary judgment. The ESA appealed. We issued a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals before consideration by that Court.
On 7 June 1979, after oral argument, this Court dismissed the appeal because it was not taken from a final, appealable order. Md. Rule 835(a) (1). See Md. Code (1974) § 12-301 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. On 9 July 1979, the trial court issued a declaration and decree. It declared that the increased weekly benefit amount provided in § 3(b)(1) as amended was equally applicable to initial and continued claims filed after 1 July 1978. It ordered that the claimants be compensated in accordance with the increased weekly benefit amount provided in § 3(b)(1) as amended for all claims filed after 1 July 1978. Again, the ESA appealed. On 17 October 1979, we issued a writ of certiorari to the Court of Special Appeals before consideration by that Court. Because the claimants did not exhaust their administrative remedies before seeking declaratory relief from the trial court, we shall direct the trial court to dismiss.
Ordinarily, where a statutory administrative remedy is provided, it will be deemed to be exclusive. White v. Prince George's County, 282 Md. 641, 649, 387 A.2d 260, 265 (1978); Schneider v. Pullen, 198 Md. 64, 68, 81 A.2d 226, 228 (1950). More particularly, the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act, Md. Code (1974) § 3-409(b) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article expressly provides:
"If a statute provides a special form of remedy for a specific type of case, that statutory remedy shall be followed in lieu of a proceeding under this subtitle."
This Court has consistently held that because, under the Declaratory Judgment Act, statutory administrative remedies are exclusive, the administrative procedures established must be exhausted before a litigant may seek declaratory relief from a trial court. Soley v. State Comm'n on Human Relations, 277 Md. 521, 526-27, 356 A.2d 254, 257 (1976); Tawes v. Williams, 179 Md. 224, 228, 17 A.2d 137, 139 (1940).
In Soley, 277 Md. at 526, 356 A.2d at 257, this Court articulated the underlying rationale for this requirement. There, Judge Levine said for the Court:
"The rule requiring exhaustion of administrative or statutory remedies is supported by sound reasoning. The decisions of an administrative agency are often of a discretionary nature, and frequently require an expertise which the agency can bring to bear in sifting the information presented to it. The agency should be afforded the initial opportunity to exercise that discretion and to apply that expertise. Furthermore, to permit interruption for purposes of judicial intervention at various stages of the administrative process might well undermine the very efficiency which the Legislature intended to achieve in the first instance. Lastly, the courts might be called upon to decide issues which perhaps would never arise if the prescribed administrative remedies were followed."
Thus, this Court recognized that when the Legislature enacts a comprehensive remedial scheme in which a claim is to be determined by an administrative agency and reviewed in an administrative appeal before judicial review is available, it establishes, as public policy, that such a procedure produces the most efficient and effective results. In order to effectuate this public policy, trial courts generally should not act until there has been compliance with the statutory comprehensive remedial scheme. For the same reasons, an appellate court, on its own motion, ordinarily will raise the issue of exhaustion of statutory administrative remedies, even though not raised by the parties. Maryland-Nat'l Capital Park Planning Comm'n v. Washington Nat'l Arena, 282 Md. 588, 594, 386 A.2d 1216, 1222 (1978); Commission on Medical Discipline v. Bendler, 280 Md. 326, 327, 329-30, 373 A.2d 1232, 1232-34 (1977). See also Eastgate Assocs. v. Apper, 276 Md. 698, 701, 350 A.2d 661, 663 (1976); Harford Sands, Inc. v. Levitt Sons, Inc., 27 Md. App. 702, 706, 343 A.2d 544, 546 (1975). Indeed, because the parties cannot, by agreement, cause an appellate court to act contrary to public policy, such a court will consider this question even though all of the parties desire judicial intervention. See Eastgate Assocs. v. Apper, 276 Md. at 700, 350 A.2d at 663; Price v. Hobbs, 47 Md. 359, 378 (1877); Harford Sands, Inc. v. Levitt Sons, Inc., 27 Md. App. at 706, 343 A.2d at 546. Accordingly, we have, on our own motion, raised the issue of exhaustion of statutory remedies here.
Article 95A, § 7, Claims for Benefits, provides a comprehensive remedial scheme for the orderly processing of unemployment compensation claims. Section 7(b) provides the mechanism for filing claims. Section 7(c) requires an examiner to determine promptly "whether and in what amount claimant is entitled to benefits for the week with respect to which the determination is made." Section 7(c)(ii) establishes that a determination is final unless an administrative appeal is pursued. Section 7(d) requires that notice of a determination be sent to a claimant. Section 7(e) grants an initial appeal to a referee. Section 7(f) authorizes a right of appeal from the referee's decision to the ESA's Board of Appeals (Board). Section 7(g) details the procedure that the Board is to follow. Finally, § 7(h) provides that:
COMAR 07.04.02.03B sets forth the procedure for filing an initial claim. COMAR 07.04.02.03D sets forth the procedure for filing continued claims.
"Any party aggrieved by a decision of the Board of Appeals may secure judicial review thereof by appeal to the circuit court of the county or the Superior Court of Baltimore City, as the case may be. . . . An appeal may be taken from the decision of [those courts] to the Court of Special Appeals. . . ."
These provisions, when read together, establish that a claimant who is dissatisfied with a determination of his weekly benefit amount, made with respect to either an initial or continued claim, has a remedy, in the form of administrative appeals, which must be exhausted before judicial review can be secured.
Here, the parties agree that there should be judicial intervention. While the parties recognize that § 7 provides an administrative remedy, they agree that that remedy is not effective. They rely upon the fact that the ESA, "in keeping with [an] historic practice," established by its executive directors, has never applied statutory benefit increases to claimants who filed an initial claim before the effective date of the statute, and continued claims thereafter. They conclude that in view of the ESA's historic practice, "no remedy would have been available to these individuals without a general change in ESA's practice."
The members of the Board are appointed by the Secretary of Human Resources with the approval of the Governor. Art. 95A, § 11(a)(2); Art. 41, § 205. The Board has the responsibility for making the ultimate decisions on claims concerning weekly benefit amounts. § 7(f). In making these decisions, the Board performs quasi-judicial functions. Maryland Bd. of Registration for Professional Eng'rs Professional Land Surveyors v. Armacost, 286 Md. 353, 355-56, 407 A.2d 1148, 1150-51 (1979); § 7(g). It gives notice, holds hearings, subpoenas witnesses, takes evidence and establishes a record for the purpose of ascertaining the substantial rights of the parties. § 7(g). It makes findings of fact and draws conclusions of law. § 7 (f). Upon judicial review, courts are limited to considering questions of law decided by the Board. The Board's findings of fact, if supported by evidence, are conclusive. Memco v. Maryland Employment Security Admin., 280 Md. 536, 541, 375 A.2d 1086, 1090 (1977); Brown v. Maryland Unemployment Compensation Bd., 189 Md. 233, 237, 55 A.2d 696, 698 (1947); § 7 (h). There can be no question but that within the ESA, only the Board has final authority to determine the applicability of the law to facts involved in claims for weekly benefit amounts.
The Executive Director is appointed by the Secretary of Human Resources with the approval of the Governor. Art. 95A, § 11(a) (1); Art. 41, § 205. He is responsible for administering the Unemployment Insurance Law. § 12(a). He promulgates rules and regulations, employs personnel, controls expenditures, makes reports § 12 (a), and performs a myriad of other administrative functions. § 12. He does not, however, perform final quasi-judicial functions with respect to claims for weekly benefit amounts.
Here, the question sought to be resolved was whether Art. 95A, § 3(b)(1) as amended, applied to continued claims filed after 1 July 1978. This question concerns the applicability of the law to facts involved in claims for weekly benefit amounts. Only the Board, acting in its quasi-judicial capacity, has final authority to determine this question. The "historic practice" established by the Executive Director and relied upon by the parties, is not, therefore, determinative. Thus, there is nothing to show that the available administrative remedy is not effective.
The claimants failed to exhaust the effective, available statutory remedy set forth in Art. 95A, § 7 before seeking declaratory relief from the trial court. They therefore are precluded from securing judicial review. Accordingly, we shall direct the trial court to dismiss.
Generally, when a court dismisses an appeal, it will not comment on the merits of the case. Under "exceptional circumstances," however, a court, in dicta, may express its views. Eastgate Assocs. v. Apper, 276 Md. at 705, 350 A.2d at 665. See e.g., Hawkins v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 250 Md. 146, 148, 242 A.2d 120, 122 (1968).
The question of the applicability of amendments which provide an increased maximum weekly benefit amount to unemployed persons involves a matter of public importance. This question has frequently arisen in the past. It is possible that because of the ESA's acknowledged, long-standing administrative practice, amendments to the statute may have been consistently misapplied. As a result, many unemployed persons may have been deprived of increased benefits to which they were entitled. Given present economic conditions, the same question is likely to recur. Under these exceptional circumstances, we deem it appropriate to express our views on the merits, as dicta.
The language of Art. 95A, § 3(b)(1) as amended, when read in context, is clear and unambiguous. The legislative intent is plain. The increased maximum weekly benefit amount, enacted for the purpose of easing the burdens of involuntary unemployment and economic distress, is applicable to all claims, including continued claims, filed on or after 1 July 1978, the effective date of the amendment.
Judgment of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City vacated and case remanded to that court with instructions to dismiss.
Costs to be paid by appellants.