Summary
holding that evidence that defendant raped victim was relevant to show intent for abduction with intent to defile and noting that "[w]here a course of criminal conduct is continuous and interwoven, consisting of a series of related crimes, the perpetrator has no right to have the evidence `sanitized' so as to deny the jury knowledge of all but the immediate crime for which he is on trial"
Summary of this case from George v. AngeloneOpinion
44732 Record No. 831609.
November 30, 1984.
Present: All the Justices.
Code Sec. 18.2-47 supersedes the Common law and does not require asportation for abduction; evidence sufficient to prove intent to abduct for conviction of statutory burglary under Code Sec. 18.2-91; evidence of rape in Tennessee admissible to show intent or motive of defendant on Virginia charge under Code Sec. 18.2-48 of abduction with intent to defile.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Statutory Burglary — Statutory Construction — Entering Dwelling House With Intent to Commit Felony, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-91) — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Presumed that Unlawful Entry Made for Unlawful Purpose.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Statutory Burglary — Statutory Construction — Entering Dwelling House With Intent to Commit Felony, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-91) — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Specific Intent With Which Unlawful Entry Made Inferable from Facts and Circumstances.
(3) Criminal Procedure — Statutory Burglary — Statutory Construction — Entering Dwelling House With Intent to Commit Felony, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-91) — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Evidence Sufficient that Defendant Intended to Accomplish Purpose by Force or Intimidation.
(4) Criminal Procedure — Statutory Burglary — Statutory Construction — Entering Dwelling House With Intent to Commit Felony, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-91); Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Evidence Sufficient to Support Intention to Detain Prospective Victim.
(5) Criminal Procedure — Kidnapping — Common Law Rule — Requires Asportation of Victim from One Place to Another.
(6) Criminal Procedure — Abduction — Statutory Construction — Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Terms Abduction and Kidnapping Synonymous in Statute.
(7) Criminal Procedure — Abduction — Statutory Construction — Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Statute Supersedes the Common Law on Subject.
(8) Criminal Procedure — Abduction — Statutory Construction — Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Prohibited Acts, Being Cast in the Disjunctive, Each Suffices to Support Conviction.
(9) Criminal Procedure — Abduction — Statutory Construction — Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Conviction of Abduction Can be Obtained Without Asportation Under Statute.
(10) Criminal Procedure — Statutory Burglary — Statutory Construction — Entering Dwelling House With Intent to Commit Felony, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-91); Abduction and Kidnapping Defined, Etc. (Code Sec. 18.2-47) — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Requisite Elements for Abduction Being Present, Evidence Sufficient to Support Conviction of Statutory Burglary With Intent to Commit Abduction.
(11) Criminal Procedure — Evidence — Other Offenses — Fact Finder Entitled to All Relevant and Connected Facts Including Those of Other Offenses to Show Motive, Method and Intent.
(12) Criminal Procedure — Evidence — Other Offenses — General Rule Excluding Evidence of Other Crimes Extends Only to Unrelated Crimes When Evidence is Offered to Show Accused is of Such Character that May Have Perpetrated Offense Charged.
(13) Criminal Procedure — Evidence — Other Offenses — Rape — Committed in Tennessee — Properly Admitted When Trial Court Cautioned Jury that Evidence Was to be Considered Solely to Show Intent or Motive for Offense Charged.
Scott, who had previously chained Susie Amburgy in an abandoned house and who had threatened to kill her after she escaped, broke into Susie's apartment while she was away and detained at gunpoint Susie's sister, Loretta Kennedy, and two of Susie's friends. Scott told the sister and two friends that he intended to kill Susie when she came home, to kill whoever accompanied her, and then to kill himself. Having kept his captives in the living room for about an hour at gunpoint, Scott then locked them in a closet, but later took Loretta Kennedy to an apartment in Bristol, Tennessee, and raped her. At his trial Scott testified that he intended to wait until Susie returned, make her sit on the couch and then shoot himself in her presence. He was convicted of statutory burglary while armed with a deadly weapon with intent to commit abduction (Code Sec. 18.2-91); abduction with intent to defile (Code Sec. 18.2-48); displaying a firearm while committing abduction (Code Sec. 18.2-53.1); and two counts of abduction (Code Sec. 18.2-47). On appeal, the defendant raises a question concerning the sufficiency of the evidence of intent to commit abduction as an element of the statutory burglary charge and also alleges it was error to admit evidence that he had actually raped Kennedy after transporting her to Tennessee on the charge of abduction with intent to defile.
1. When an unlawful entry is made into the dwelling of another, the presumption is that the entry is made for an unlawful purpose.
2. The specific intent, with which such an entry is made may he inferred from the surrounding facts and circumstances.
3. Scott, having previously abducted Amburgy and chained her in an abandoned house, then broke into her apartment at night, at a time he knew she was away, and waited for her with a loaded firearm. From these circumstances the Jury could conclude that whatever Scott's purpose, he intended to accomplish that purpose by force or intimidation.
4. Scott's intention clearly comes within the meaning of Code Sec. 18.2-47. He intended, according to his account, to deprive Amburgy of her personal liberty to the extent necessary to compel her to sit on a couch while he shot himself in her presence. This necessarily involving an intention to detain Amburgy for the length of time necessary for his purpose.
5. The common law element of kidnapping requires asportation of the victim from one place to another.
6. Code Sec. 18.2-47 provides that the terms "kidnapping" and "abduction" are to be synonymous.
7. Code Sec. 18.2-47 supersedes the common law.
8. Because Code Sec. 18.2-47 casts its several prohibited acts in the disjunctive, each is independently sufficient to support a conviction.
9. The physical detention of a person, with the intent to deprive him of his personal liberty, by force, intimidation, or deception, without any asportation of the victim from one place to another, is sufficient to support a conviction under Code Sec. 18.2-47.
10. All the requisite elements of abduction being present, the evidence was sufficient to support Scott's conviction of statutory burglary with intent to commit abduction.
11. The fact-finder is entitled to all of the relevant and connected facts, including those which followed the commission of the crime being tried as well as those which preceded it even though these facts may show the defendant guilty of other offenses, these facts often being relevant to show motive, method and intent.
12. The general rule excluding evidence of "other crimes" extends only to evidence of crimes unrelated to those on trial, offered solely for the purpose of showing that the accused was a person of such character as to be a likely perpetrator of the offense charged.
13. If the evidence of other conduct is connected with the present offense, or tends to prove any element or fact in issue at trial, the evidence should be admitted whether or not it tends to show the defendant guilty of another crime.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Bristol. Hon. Charles B. Flannagan, II, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
David H. Frackelton (Widener Frackelton, on brief), for appellant.
Julia Krebs-Markrich, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In a jury trial, Busky Wilson Scott was convicted of statutory burglary while armed with a deadly weapon with intent to commit abduction, Code Sec. 18.2-91, abduction with intent to defile, Code Sec. 18.2-48, displaying a firearm while committing abduction, Code Sec. 18.2-53.1, and two counts of abduction, Code Sec. 18.2-47. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for abduction with intent to defile and a total of 42 years for the other offenses. The trial court suspended the terms of years, effective on parole from the life sentence. Scott's appeal presents two questions: whether the evidence was sufficient to prove intent to commit abduction as an element of the statutory burglary charge, and whether it was error to admit evidence, on the charge of abduction with intent to defile, that he had actually raped the victim, after transporting her to Tennessee. We find no error in the trial court's rulings on these questions.
The essential facts are undisputed. Scott had been engaged in a stormy relationship with Susie Amburgy for over two years, having stayed with her in her apartment in Bristol, Virginia, from time to time. The relationship deteriorated in the summer of 1982, culminating in Scott's chaining Susie in an abandoned house and threatening to shoot her. She extricated herself from this predicament, but thereafter received a telephone call from Scott in which he said he would kill her "before he'd ever let another man have [her]."
During the evening of July 9, 1982, Susie left her apartment with her sister, Loretta Kennedy, and two friends, Frieda Kendall and Billy Wayne Malcolm, to go to a nightclub in Bristol, Tennessee. The sister and two friends left Susie at the nightclub at about 1:30 a.m., and returned to Susie's apartment. Scott, who had broken in through a bedroom window, was waiting there. He stepped out of a closet and confronted them with a pistol in one hand and a piece of glass in the other. He told them he had been watching them from a hill behind the building and that he had been "setting there watching the house for days and days and days just waiting." He told Loretta Kennedy that he had been "watching the apartment for four days and nights, and that every time [they] went in and out that he had a gun at [their] backs." He told them that his intention was to kill Susie when she came home, to kill whoever accompanied her, and then to kill himself.
Scott kept the three captive in the living room about an hour, pointing the cocked pistol at them, waiting for Susie's return. He then herded them into a closet and locked the door. They could hear him moving around the apartment "tearing things." About 5:30 a.m., he ordered Loretta Kennedy out of the closet. At gunpoint, he took her to his car and drove her to an apartment in Bristol, Tennessee. He took her inside and, she testified, told her "he thought of a way he was going to get back at Susie . . . through me . . . she knew the sun set and rose in me, and that's how he could hurt her was through me." Scott then raped Loretta Kennedy and allowed her to leave. She made her way back to Susie's apartment in Virginia, where she reported the rape to the police. They found her "in very bad shape. She was incoherent."
At trial, Scott testified in his own behalf. Asked why he broke into Susie's apartment, he said, "I was going to wait till she come in, and I was going to set her down on the couch. I was just going to set her down . . . I was going to sit down beside of her and shoot myself . . . I just wanted her to see me blow my brains out." He said that he did not expect to encounter the other three people in the apartment.
The defendant argues that statutory burglary under Code Sec. 18.2-91, of which he was convicted, is a specific-intent crime, Taylor v. Commonwealth, 207 Va. 326, 150 S.E.2d 135 (1966), and that proof of the intent is as necessary as proof of the act itself. Ridley v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 834, 252 S.E.2d 313 (1979). He points out that the Commonwealth elected to proceed on the theory that his entry was made with the specific intent to commit abduction, and that the only proof of any such intent at the time of the entry was his own testimony. This, he argues, was insufficient to support an inference that he intended to abduct anyone. We do not agree.
The testimony of the three victims, and the surrounding circumstances, might have supported the theory that Scott entered the apartment with intent to commit murder. Scott, however, was not charged with that offense, which is defined by Code Sec. 18.2-90. The Commonwealth argues on appeal that the evidence might support the inference that Scott entered with the intent to do what he actually did: seize and detain the victims. This theory is untenable because there is no evidence that he had any reason to expect them to appear. We shall, therefore, confine our consideration to the question whether the evidence supports the inference that he entered with intent to abduct Susie Amburgy.
[1-2] When an unlawful entry is made into the dwelling of another, the presumption is that the entry is made for an unlawful purpose. Ridley, 219 Va. at 836, 252 S.E.2d at 314. The specific purpose, meaning specific intent, with which such an entry is made may be inferred from the surrounding facts and circumstances. Tomkins v. Commonwealth, 212 Va. 460, 461, 184 S.E.2d 767, 768 (1971). Thus, the jury was entitled to draw on all the circumstances shown by the evidence to determine what Scott's intent actually was when he entered the apartment.
Scott was obsessed with jealousy. He had previously abducted Susie Amburgy and chained her in an abandoned house. He had threatened to kill her "rather than let another man have [her]." He broke into her apartment at night, at a time he knew she was away, and awaited her with a loaded firearm. From these circumstances the jury was free to conclude that, whatever his purpose, he intended to accomplish it by force or intimidation, not by mere gentle persuasion. If his statement of intention is accepted as unvarnished truth, his purpose was to "set her down on the couch" and make her watch him "blow [his] brains out." This frightful prospect, if carried out by force or intimidation, necessarily involves a detention and a deprivation of personal liberty.
Code Sec. 18.2-47 provides, in pertinent part, "Any person, who, by force, intimidation or deception, and without legal justification or excuse, seizes, takes, transports, detains or secretes the person of another, with the intent to deprive such person of his personal liberty . . . shall be deemed guilty of abduction . . . (emphasis added). The defendant's announced intention, therefore, clearly comes within the language of the statute. He intended, according to his account, to deprive Susie Amburgy of her personal liberty to the extent necessary to compel her to sit on a couch while he shot himself in her presence, an ordeal which, the jury might reasonably conclude, no normal person would willingly endure. This necessarily involves an intention to detain her for the length of time necessary for his purpose. The question remains whether mere detention is enough.
[5-6] In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 872, 275 S.E.2d 592 (1981), we analyzed Code Sec. 18.2-47 in the light of the common-law elements of kidnapping, which required asportation of the victim from one place to another. See People v. Adams,
389 Mich. 222, 205 N.W.2d 415 (1973). Our statute provides that the terms "kidnapping" and "abduction" are to be synonymous. In Johnson, a defendant appealed a conviction of abduction with intent to defile. The evidence was that he entered a woman's apartment, seized her from behind, kissed her and made sexual advances to her, holding her 10 to 15 seconds. When she resisted and screamed, he released her and left. We noted the absence of evidence of asportation, and observed:
At some point, unless the General Assembly acts first, this court must decide whether the legislature, in enacting Sec. 18.2-47, intended the mere seizure and detention of a victim without legal excuse, and unaccompanied by any asportation, to constitute the separate crime of abduction. However, the case under review is not a proper vehicle for such a decision.
Johnson, 221 Va. at 879, 275 S.E.2d at 596. We reversed Johnson's conviction of abduction with intent to defile because the evidence did not support a finding that Johnson intended either to defile his victim or to deprive her of her personal liberty. Rather, the evidence was consistent with an intent to persuade her to engage in consensual sexual intercourse with him. This view was strengthened by his sudden abandonment of his purpose at the first sign of resistance. The question of the sufficiency of detention, without asportation, as an element of abduction, remains open, and is now squarely presented. The General Assembly has made no change in the abduction laws since Johnson was decided.
"Defile" has the same meaning as "sexually molest." Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 615, 292 S.E.2d 798 (1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1228 (1983).
[7-10] The Supreme Court of North Carolina was faced with a similar task of statutory construction in State v. Fulcher, 294 N.C. 503, 243 S.E.2d 338 (1978). Fulcher had been convicted of, among other things, two counts of "kidnapping" for entering a motel room, tying the two female occupants' hands with tape, and forcing them to lie on a bed and commit sexual acts. The court noted that kidnapping, at common law, had required asportation of the victim from one place to another as an essential element of the crime, an element lacking in the Fulcher case. The North Carolina legislature, however, had enacted Gen. Stat. Sec. 14-39(a), effective the year before Fulcher's offense. It provided, in pertinent part, "Any person who shall unlawfully confine, restrain or remove from one place to another, any other person . . . without the consent of such person, shall be guilty of kidnapping if such confinement, restraint, or removal is for the purpose of. . . (emphasis added). The court concluded that it was controlled by the legislative intent, which could best be ascertained by examining the state of the law prior to the enactment, and contrasting it with the statutory language the legislature had chosen. This contrast made apparent a legislative intent to change the common law. Fulcher's conviction was affirmed, based upon detention alone, without asportation. Id., at 520, 243 S.E.2d at 350.
We find the foregoing reasoning persuasive, and hold that Code Sec. 18.2-47 supersedes the common law. We shall construe it according to its plain meaning and evident intent. Because it casts its several prohibited acts in the disjunctive, each is independently sufficient to support a conviction. Accordingly, the physical detention of a person, with the intent to deprive him of his personal liberty, by force, intimidation, or deception, without any asportation of the victim from one place to another, is sufficient. Because Scott's announced intent when breaking into the Amburgy apartment, coupled with inferences properly drawn from the surrounding circumstances, included all of the requisite elements of abduction, the evidence was sufficient to support his conviction of statutory burglary with intent to commit abduction.
We recognize, as we did in Johnson, that in rape, robbery, and assault cases there is usually some detention, and often a seizure, of the victim. The constitutional problems which may be created by such an overlapping of crimes are, however, not before us for decision in this case.
Scott also contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence that, after abducting Loretta Kennedy from the apartment in Virginia, he then committed rape upon her in Tennessee. He argues that this evidence of a crime outside the court's jurisdiction so inflamed the jury that he was, in effect, punished for the Tennessee crime as well as that for which he was on trial, as shown by the maximum penalty he received. We disagree.
Where a course of criminal conduct is continuous and interwoven, consisting of a series of related crimes, the perpetrator has no right to have the evidence "sanitized" so as to deny the jury knowledge of all but the immediate crime for which he is on trial. The fact-finder is entitled to all of the relevant and connected facts, including those which followed the commission of the crime on trial, as well as those which preceded it; even though they may show the defendant guilty of other offenses. Harris v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 742, 180 S.E.2d 520 (1971); Williams v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 724, 160 S.E.2d 781 (1968); Timmons v. Commonwealth, 204 Va. 205, 129 S.E.2d 697 (1963); Rees v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 850, 127 S.E.2d 406 (1962); Walker v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. (1 Leigh) 574, 576-77 (1829). See also Tuggle v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 493, 503, 323 S.E.2d 539, 545 (1984) (this day decided). Evidence of such connected criminal conduct is often relevant to show motive, method, and intent. Indeed, it may be the only way in which such matters may be shown, as was the case here. Even where another crime is not inextricably linked with the offense on trial, it may nevertheless be proved if it shows the conduct and feeling of the accused toward his victim, his motive, intent, plan or scheme, or any other relevant element of the offense on trial. Kirkpatrick v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 269, 176 S.E.2d 802 (1970).
[12-13] The general rule excluding evidence of "other crimes" extends only to crimes which are unrelated to those on trial, and which are offered solely for the purpose of showing that the accused was a person of such character as to be a likely perpetrator of the offense charged. Kirkpatrick, 211 Va. at 272, 176 S.E.2d at 805. If the evidence of other conduct is connected with the present offense, or tends to prove any element or fact in issue at trial, it should be admitted, whether or not it tends to show the defendant guilty of another crime. Day v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 907, 914, 86 S.E.2d 23, 26 (1955). See also C. Friend, The Law of Evidence in Virginia Sections 152-53 (2d ed. 1983).
Here, the court properly cautioned the jury that Scott was not on trial for any offenses in Tennessee, but that the evidence was to be considered "solely for the purpose of showing intent or motive with respect to the charge which is before the court today. And the evidence should not be considered for any other purpose." We find no error in the rulings of the trial court and the convictions will be
Affirmed.