Opinion
No. 508834/2017
01-29-2024
Joseph Ruiz, Plaintiff, v. Anthony Armstrong, LISA PERLSTEIN, DANIELLE GIUNTA, and NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Defendants.
Attorneys for Plaintiff The Landau Group Attorneys for Defendants The NYC Law Dept., Labor & Employment Div.
Attorneys for Plaintiff
The Landau Group
Attorneys for Defendants
The NYC Law Dept., Labor & Employment Div.
Katherine A. Levine, J.
Recitation, as required by CPLR 2219(a), of the papers considered in the review of this motion:
| Papers/Numbered | |
| Notice of Motion and Motion to Dismiss with Accompanying Memorandum, Affidavits and Exhibits | 1 |
| Memorandum of Law in Opposition | 2 |
| Memorandum of Law in Reply | 3 |
| Supplemental Brief in Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss | 4 |
Plaintiff Joseph Ruiz ("plaintiff" or "Ruiz") was terminated from his position as teacher at the Nathaniel Hawthorne Middle School ("Hawthorne") on May 23, 2015. He claims that the various defendants employed by the NYC Department of Education ("DOE") and the DOE itself violated the New York State Human Rights Law ("SHRL") and the New York City Human Rights Law ("CHRL") by subjecting him to a hostile work environment and then engaging in discrimination by terminating him because of his national origin race. He also claims that he was subjected to selective enforcement in violation of the due process clause of the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution and that the defendants committed various other torts. Defendants now move to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211 (a)(7) for failure to state a cause of action.
Defendants hereinafter will sometimes collectively be referred to as either "DOE" or defendants.
This case had a number of procedural twists before the court including plaintiff's motion for a default judgment and defendant's subsequent motion to dismiss for statute of limitations which precluded this court from even considering the instant motion to dismiss pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7). By decision dated September 28, 2020, this court set forth the procedural history, including the DOE's removal of the case to federal court, the parties stipulation to remand the case back to state court, defendants failure to answer the original or amended complaint which led to plaintiff's motion for a default judgment, and defendant's subsequent motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to CPLR §3211(a)(5) based upon the statute of limitations and 3211(a)(7). This court ultimately vacated the default judgment based upon its finding that defendants had a reasonable excuse for failing to answer the amended complaint and had set forth potentially meritorious defenses.
The court also found, and defendants conceded that CPLR §3211(e) precluded defendants from bringing a motion to dismiss based upon statute of limitations since such defense had to be brought before or at the time the answer was required to be served and any defense based upon 3211(a)(5) is waived unless raised in a timely motion or in the responsive pleading. The case therefore proceeded solely on the §3211(a)(7) motion.
In support of his hostile work environment claim, Plaintiff asserts that his supervisors constantly harassed him over minor instances that did not warrant discipline, and that they repeatedly called him for counseling regarding performance concerns. He claims that many of these allegations were "absurd and discriminatory" although not once did plaintiff allege that his supervisors mentioned his national origin. On October 2, 2014, plaintiff met with Assistant Principal ("A.P.") Richard Schaefer and defendant A.P. Lisa Perlstein ("Perlstein") concerning his telling his class that he had spent the night with his girlfriend at the hospital after introducing her to fried food, since he was not supposed to share personal information with his students. By letter dated October 7, 2014, A.P. Schaefer memorialized his criticisms of Ruiz and instructed him that he should not share his personal experiences with the class and should maximize his classroom instruction time Schaefer concluded that Ruiz had used poor judgment and that failure to comply with these expectations could be considered an act of insubordination.
On November 14, 2014, Perlstein called Ruiz into a meeting to discuss Ruiz's failure to notify a math teacher two weeks in advance of an IEP meeting and failure to complete and input students progress reports into the ESIS system. Perlstein also told Ruiz that he needed to fill out bi-monthly progress reports and that failure to do so would be considered insubordination. Perstein followed this meeting up with a letter dated November 18th which stated that Ruiz's actions were unacceptable and continued to demonstrate a lack of professional growth, that Ruiz was in danger of receiving an adverse rating as well as a recommendation for discontinuance of his services. On December 19, 2014, plaintiff met with defendant Principal Anthony Armstrong ("Armstrong") regarding a safety concern over allowing a parent into the school building contrary to security protocols, for which Ruiz was subsequently disciplined at the end of January. In January, Armstrong determined that Ruiz had failed to take daily attendance and again threatened Ruiz with discipline and an adverse rating; the principal also retroactively disciplined Ruiz for failing to turn in grades for progress reports in November. On or about January 30, 2015 Armstrong sent a letter t Ruiz memorializing the December 19th meeting and order Ruiz to set up a meeting with the Dean to review safety protocols. Armstrong again warned Ruiz that he was in danger of receiving an adverse rating for the year, being fired, and having his license terminated, It is important to note, that the complaint does not assert that any of the defendants referred to his national origin/race during these meetings.
Ruiz also contends that in December 2014 Armstrong conducted a 15 minute informal observation in lieu of conducting an Annual Professional Performance review ("APPR") and rated Ruiz as "ineffective" in every category and then incorrectly categorized this informal observation as an APPR. The APPR is supposed to be a summative end of year conference consisting of a mandatory face-to-face meeting between a teacher eligible to advance to tenure and the principal and/or other evaluator. The purpose of this collaborative conversation is to review feedback and ratings from being observed, and to identify successes, areas for improvement, and next steps toward the teacher's continued professional growth.
Armstrong rated Ruiz's teaching performance as "ineffective" for the 2014-15 school year and then did not conduct the "sham APPR" until March 2015. Plaintiff claims that defendants unfairly denied him a timely AARP and then violated the collective bargaining agreement by giving him an APPR so late in the game as to destroy his ability to appeal it. the APPR to him so late is a violation of the CBA and destroyed his ability to appeal it. The DOE, however, contends that the AARP could only occur between April 24th and June 2, 2015, but that since it discontinued plaintiff 's employment on May 23, 2015, the conference could not be held.
Ruiz claims that he was eligible for tenure in or about June 2015, However, as a result of the letters in his file, ineffective ratings, and the alleged sham APPR, the DOE discontinued Ruiz's services in May 2015 and denied him tenure. In "stark contrast" to these actions, Ruiz asserts that he was peer evaluated and interviewed on or about 10 occasions, which were "very positive"' and that he always received an effective rating. Peer evaluations are part of the "new rating system" and that the peer evaluators are composed of former principals and vice principals supplied by the DOE and that the evaluations were spaced out every three months.
Plaintiff claims his workplace was "permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult" that was sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to alter his working conditions and create a hostile working environment. His claim for hostile work environment is based on Armstrong's and Perlstein's constant harassment of and singling him out for reprimand over petty incidents, that their actions were "grounded in hate and superiority," and that he was treated less well than one Melissa Zinker, a white female special education probationary teacher. However, he did not point to one comment made by either Armstrong or Perlstein that referred to his nationality or race; i.e. his membership in a protected class.
Although it is somewhat unclear whether plaintiff alleges that actions following his discontinuance sounded in discrimination, hostile work environment, or retaliation or all of them, plaintiff challenges the series of "unfortunate events" which stemmed from the unlawful discontinuance of his employment. His appeal of his ineffective rating and discontinuance resulted in three further adverse employment actions: in November 2015 his nomination to become a substitute teacher was canceled, he was disqualified from becoming a police officer, and he was denied all job opportunities in many school districts. He also claims that Perlstein stymied his ability to become a police officer by making false statements about his work performance to the New York City Police Department ("NYPD"), After his discontinuance he was denied access an online software program and t the DOE did this "fraudulently, and in retaliation for [his] filing an appeal." In addition to his claim of hostile work environment, plaintiff asserts that these actions constituted separate torts of intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraudulent misrepresentation and concealment, defamation, and tortuous interference with business relationship.
Plaintiff claims that the DOE retaliated against him, in violation of the State and City HRLs for appealing his discontinuance and that the DOE decision upholding his discontinuance was retaliatory and based on "misrepresented facts. He asserts that the decision upholding his discontinuance "effectively destroyed any chance of [him] ever teaching in NYC and greatly impaired his ability to procure employment as a teacher any where else. He also raises a number of other procedural and substantive challenges to the appeal process. Because, as set forth below, these actions subsequent to his termination are a continuum the discriminatory treatment and hostile work environment plaintiff endured while working at Hawthorne, these claims rise and fall with this court's ruling on whether defendants violated the City and State HRL in the first instance.
As will be discussed herein, all of Ruiz's complaints concerning any actions defendant DOE did or did not take on his appeal of his discontinuance should have been brought pursuant to CPLR Article 78. whose statute of limitations has long since past. Therefore this decision will only briefly discuss the viability of these claims
Plaintiff claims that defendants' negative employment actions constituted discrimination based upon national origin and race discrimination in violation of the State and City HRL as he was the only male Hispanic teacher at the school, and one of four Hispanic teachers at the school, and was among a small handful of teachers who were not from Long Island, or raised in New York City. He recalls times when "he felt singled out due to his origin and race." Out of roughly 75 teachers at Hawthorne, there is currently (as of date of complaint in 2017) only one Hispanic and one African American teacher: minority representation being less than three percent of the staff. Of the four Hispanic teachers at the school in 2014-15, one left, and Ruiz and another teacher were let go."Shockingly, Ruiz was replaced by a white female teacher - Stephanie Kushner, from Long Island and she, upon information and belief, was not subjected to the same or similar treatment that Ruiz had received as a probationary teacher. He also claims that he was treated less favorably than a "similarly situated white female" special education teacher - Melissa Zinker" whose services were not discontinued although she allegedly also received letters to the file and is currently teaching at Hawthorne. He contrasts these biased actions with those of the allegedly neutral peer evaluators who found that he was an effective teacher.
Discussion
On a motion to dismiss under CPLR § 3211(a)(7), the court must consider "whether the pleading states a cause of action, not whether the proponent of the pleading has a cause of action"" Leon v Martinez, 84 N.Y.2d 83, 87-88 (1994); Polite v. Marquis Marriot Hotel, 195 A.D.3d 965, 966-967 (2d Dept. 2021); Morales v. Triborough Podiatry, P.C., 184 A.D.3d 754, 755 (2d Dept. 2020); Thompson Bros. Pile Corp. v Rosenblum, 121 A.D.3d 672, 673(2d Dept. 2014); Reaves v New York City Dept. of Educ., 2020 NY Slip Op 32480(U 2020 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 3626) (N.Y. Sup. Ct. June 3, 2020); Krause v. Lancer & Loader Group, LLC, 40 Misc.3d 385, 391 (Sup. Ct.,N.Y. Co. 2013). The court must accept the complaint's allegations as true, afford them a liberal construction and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor and "determine only whether the facts as alleged fit within any cognizable legal theory. Nonnon v. City Of New York, 9 N.Y.3d 825827 (2007); Kassapian v City of New York, 155 A.D.3d 851, 853, (2d Dept. 2017); Harris v. IG Greenpoint Corp., 72 A.D.3d 608, 609 (1st Dept. 2010). Pepler v. Coyne, 33 A.D.3d 434, 435 (1st Dept. 2006); Artis v Random House, Inc., 34 Misc.3d 858, 863 (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co. 2011). However, allegations consisting of bare legal conclusions, as well as factual claims inherently incredible or flatly contradicted by documentary evidence are not entitled to such consideration O'Neill v. Wilder, 2022 NY Slip Op 02425 (2d Dept. 2022); Polite, supra, 195 A.D.3d at 967); Biondi v Beekman Hill House Apt. Corp., 257 A.D.2d 76, 81 [1st Dept 1999)..
The court is not concerned with determinations of fact or the likelihood of success on the merits. Reaves, supra at 6 quoting Detmer v Acampora, 207 A.D.2d 477 (2d Dept 1994). Whether the complaint will later survive a motion for summary judgment or the plaintiff will ultimately be able to prove its claims "plays no part in the determination of a prediscovery CPLR 3211 motion to dismiss" Kasspian, supra 155 A.D.3d at 853; Shaya B. Pac., LLC v Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker, LLP, 38 A.D.3d 34, 38 (2006). In reviewing a CPLR § 3211 (a) (7) motion to dismiss, the court may not rely on facts alleged by defendants to defeat the claims "unless the evidence demonstrates the absence of any significant dispute regarding those facts and completely negates the allegations against the moving defendants." Harris, supra, 72 A.D.3d at 609 ; See, Lawrence v. Graubard Miller, 11 N.Y.3d 588, 595 (2008); Artis, supra, 34 Misc.3d at 863.
Race and National Origin Discrimination against all Defendants
Employment discrimination cases are reviewed under notice pleading standards, so that a plaintiff need not plead specific facts establishing a prima facie case of discrimination "but need only give 'fair notice' of the nature of the claim and its grounds." Vig v New York Hairspray Co., L.P., 67 A.D.3d 140, 145 (1st Dept 2009); Taylor v. Baylar, 2020 N.Y. Slip op 33610U, 2020 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 9626 (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co. 2020) ; Krause v Lancer & Loader Group, LLC, 40 Misc.3d 385, 965 N.Y.S.2d 312 (Sup Ct, N.Y. County 2013). Therefore, in determining a motion to dismiss the court does not consider whether a plaintiff can ultimately establish its allegations. Melamed v Americare Certified Special Serv., Inc., 2014 NY Slip2 Op 33296(U), 2014 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 5512 at 16-17 (Sup. Ct., Kings Co. 2014) citing EBC I Inc., v. Goldman Sachs, 5 N.Y.3d 11, 19 (2005). Although "a complaint may be in artfully drawn or illogical,' the court must deem it to allege "whatever can be implied from its statements 'by fair and reasonable intendment' " Me lamed, supra, 2014 NY Slip Op 33296(U) at 17 citing Shield v. School of Law. Hofstra Univ., 77 A.D.2d 867, 868 (2d Dept. 1980). The court's inquiry is limited to determining whether the complaint states any cause of action, not whether there is evidentiary support for it. Krause, supra, 40 Misc.3d at 391 citing to Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 N.Y.2d 633, 635-636[1976). Pleadings under the City HRL in particular must be construed broadly in favor of discrimination plaintiffs. Morales 184 A.D.3d at 755.
The Second Circuit's analysis of the deminimus pleading burden placed upon a plaintiff at the motion to dismiss phase, in an employment discrimination case, is controlling in the instant manner. In Littlejohn v City of N.Y. 795 F.3d 297(2d Cir. 2015), the Court analyzed what standard governed a motion to dismiss an employment discrimination case under leading Supreme Court precedent, and concluded that in order to withstand a motion to dismiss,"a complaint in an employment discrimination lawsuit need not contain specific facts establishing a prima facie case of discrimination under the framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas." Id at 307-08 citing to Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 508, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002). McDonald Douglas established that a plaintiff could establish a prima facie case of discrimination with out evidence to show discriminatory motivation if he showed that he was "1) a member of a protected class; (2)was qualified for employment in the position; (3) suffered an adverse employment action; and had (4) some minimal evidence suggesting an inference that the employer acted with discriminatory motivation," 411 U.S. 792, 802, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973); See, St. Mary's Honor Ctr.,v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506-07 (1993); Texas Dept. Of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-54 (1981). After satisfying these requirements, a presumption of discriminatory intent arises in the plaintiff's favor at which point the burden of production shifts to the employer in a summary judgement motion to provide a non discriminatory reason.
Plaintiff sues under both the State and City HRLs. Claims of race and national origin discrimination under the State HRL are analyzed under the same standard as claims under Title VII. Hyek v. Fireld Support Servic. Inc., 461 Fed.Appx. 59, 60 (2d Cir. 2012); Powell v Delta Airlines, 145 F Supp.3d 189, 201 (S.D.N.Y 2015). See, Vargas v. Morgan Stanley, 438 Fed.Appx. 7, 9 (2d Cir. 2011); Forrest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3d 295, 305 (2005). Claims under the City HRL, on the other hand, must be construed independently and more liberally from their similar state and federal counterparts, Ellis v. Century 21 Dept. Stores, 975 Supp.2d 244, 265 fn 15 (E.D.N.Y. 2013). Mihalik v. Credit Agreicole Cheuvreux N.A. Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2013), 715 Williams v. NYC Hous. Auth. 61 A.D.3d 62, 66 (1st Dept. 2009). The independent analysis must be targeted to take into consideration the "uniquely broad and remedial purposes" of the City HRL, Ya-Chen Cen v. CUNY, 805 F.3d 59, 72, 76 (2d Cir. 2015); Bailey v. Bklyn Hosp Ctr, supra t See, Albunio v City of New York, 16 N.Y.3d 472, 477-478 (2011)(Title VII analysis considered" a floor below which the City [HRL] fall, rather than a ceiling above which the law cannot rise." Mihalek v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. AM. Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84790 at (S.D.N.Y 2011) citing to Williams, supra, 61 A.D.3d at 66-67. In 2019 the State Legislature amended the State HRL to establish that its provisions should be construed liberally even if federal civil rights laws with similarly worded provisions have been construed narrowly . Deveaux v. Skechers USA, Inc. 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63356 (S.D.N.Y 2020). The effect of this amendment is to render the standard for claims loser to the NYCHRL. Syeed v. Bloomberg L.P. 568 F.Supp.3d 314, 343 (S.D.N.Y 2021); Wellner v. Montefiore Med. Ctr, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 147844 (S.D.N.Y 2019). However, these amendments only apply to claims that accrue on or before...10/11/2019) Id.
As this standard governed what a plaintiff needed to show to establish a prima facie case to avoid summary judgment, it would be "incongruous to require a plaintiff, in order to survive a motion to dismiss" to plead facts additional to what he might ultimately need to succeed on the merits if direct evidence of discrimination is discovered. " Littlejohn, supra 795 F.3d at 311 citing to Swierkierwicz, supra, 534 U.S. at 522-12. Since the discrimination complaint, by definition, arises in the first stage of litigation, the complaint "also benefits from the temporary presumption and must be viewed in light of the plaintiff's minimal burden to show discriminatory intent. Littlejohn, supra 797 F.3d at 311 citing to Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 511-12.
Thus, at the motion to dismiss phase, a plaintiff does not need to prove discrimination or even allege facts establishing every phase of the McDonnell Douglas prima facie case, but must allege that "give plausible support to the reduced requirements that arise under McDonnell Douglas in the initial phase of the Title VII litigation" Littlejohn, supra at 311 -12; See, Alvarez v. N.Y.C. Dept. Of Educ., 2021 U.S. Dist LEXIS 73056 (S.D.N.Y 2021 at 20-21; Felix v Metro Transp. Auth., 2017 U.S. Dist. Lexis (S.D.N.Y 2017)(plaintiff must have minimal support for the proposition that the employer was motivated in part by discrimination). The requirements for establishing a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas do not apply to the pleading standard on a motion to dismiss." Powell v. Delta, supra, 145 F.Supp. Ed at 196(second alteration in original) (quoting Swierkiewicz, supra, 534 U.S. at 511). "Rather, because "a temporary "presumption" of discriminatory motivation" is created under the first prong of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, a plaintiff "need only give plausible support to a minimal inference of discriminatory motivation." Vega v. Hempstead U.F.S.D., 801 F.3d 72, 84 (2d Cir. 2015) quoting Littlejohn, supra. 795 F.3d at 307, 312.
There is no dispute that as a Hispanic, plaintiff is a member of a protected class due to either his race and national origin. Village of Freeport v. Barrella, 814 F.3d 594, 607 (2d Cir. 2016); Vega v. Hempstead U.F.S.D., 801 F.3d at 88-89 (plaintiff's Hispanic ethnicity was a motivating factor in the employment decisions ); Felix, supra; Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg'l Transp. Auth., 743 F.3d 11, 15-16 & n.3, 23 (2d Cir. 2012) ; Santiago-Mendez v City of New York, 136 A.D.3d 428, 428 (1st Dept. 2016) ; Valentin v Fox Bus. Network, 2016 NY Slip Op 30372(U), 2016 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 699, *12 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. 2016) race). A number of courts have addressed the confusion or uncertainty as to whether Hispanic" is better characterized as a race or a national origin, and have ultimately concluded it is a non issue. In Village of Freeport v. Barrella, 814 F.3d 594, 607 (2d Cir. 2016) the Second Circuit found that Title VII "protected characteristics" or "protected classes"-are not mutually exclusive; that under Title VII "race" encompasses ethnicity;" that claims based on race and national origin "may substantially overlap or even be indistinguishable depending on the specific facts of a case " and that "a claim of discrimination based on Hispanic ethnicity or lack thereof may also be cognizable under the rubric of national-origin discrimination, depending on the particular facts of each case". See, Alonzo v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 25 F.Supp.2d 455, 459 (S.D.N.Y 1998) ( Alonzo's claims of racial discrimination are reasonably related to his claims of national origin discrimination as they fall within the reasonable scope of EEOC investigation); Serrano v. N.Y. State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178939 (N.D.N.Y. 2013) (since Plaintiff asserted an EEOC national origin charge and described herself as Hispanic, the national origin charges are reasonably related to racial claims). See also U.S. v. Brennan, 650 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 2011) (considering "Hispanic" to be a national origin).
The fourth requirement - some minimal evidence suggesting an inference that the employer acted with discriminatory motive can be satisfied by a showing that an employer replaced a terminated employee with an individual outside the employee's protected class. Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 312-313 (2d Cir. 2015). See, Zimmerman v. Assocs. First Capital Corp. 251 F.3d 376, 381 (2d Cir. 2001) ("[T]he mere fact that a plaintiff was replaced by someone outside the protected class will suffice for the required inference of discrimination at the prima facie stage of the Title VII analysis."); Fleming v. MaxMara USA, Inc, 2010371 Fed.Appx. 115 (2d Cir. 2010); Murphy v. City of Newburgh; 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165548, *1 (S.D.N.Y 2018) (Plaintiff's replacement by DeMora, who is not African American, is sufficient to make out a prima facie case of racial discrimination); Dabney v. Christmas Tree Shops, 958 F.Supp.2d 439, 451-52 (S.D.N.Y 2013) (Plaintiff has provided no admissible evidence that comments by other employees that Christmas Tree Shops treats black employees differently than white employees are true.
It is well-settled, however, that "the mere fact that a plaintiff was replaced by someone outside the protected class will suffice" to establish the required inference of discrimination at the prima facie stage.); Zimmermann v. Assocs. First Capital Corp.., 251 F.3d 376, 381 (2d Cir. 2001). Thus, Plaintiff's replacement by Williams, who is white, is sufficient to make out a prima facie case of racial discrimination) Henderson v Montefiore Med. Ctr, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39585 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) ("the mere fact that a plaintiff was replaced by someone outside the protected class will suffice."); Grella v. St. Francis Hosp., 149 A.D.3d 1046, 1048 (2d Dept. 2017) (fact that employee was replaced by a substantially younger employee gave rise to inference of discrimination sufficient to make a prima facie case of age discrimination); de la Cruz v. NYC Human Res. Admin, 82 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1996)(plaintiff satisfies the fourth prong of the prima facie case since as Puerto Rican he is a member of the protected class, and he was replaced by a black female)
The fact that Stephanie Kushner, a "white female from Long Island" allegedly replaced plaintiff as a teacher following his termination gives rise to an inference of discrimination since she was outside plaintiff's protected class. He also claims that Melissa Zinker, a white special education who was similarly situated, was not terminated. Additionally, plaintiff avers that out of the roughly 75 teachers at Hawthorne, only one is Hispanic and one is black. In discrimination cases, "[s]tatistics are valuable , Baldwin v Cablevision Sys. Corp., 61 A.D.3d 961 (1st Dept. 2009)(disparity that within a course of a year the number of black officials and managers at Cablevision dropped at more than five times the rate as that of white officials and managers (41.6% versus 8.1%) could support an inference that the personnel reductions at Cablevision were affected by considerations of race, and suffices to raise a triable issue on the discriminatory termination claim). While statistical analysis is rarely "sufficient to defeat summary judgment, it can provide circumstantial evidence of an inference of discrimination in support of a prima facie case, Zito v. Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, 869 F.Supp.2d 378, 395-96 (S.D.N.Y. 2012); Hudson v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 2014 NY Slip Op 31048(U) 2014 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1881(Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. 2014).As such, plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to meet the fourth prong and withstand a motion to dismiss under with the State or City HRLS.
Hostile Work Environment against All Defendants
A hostile work environment claim is "distinct from a disparate treatment claim" and requires a showing that the workplace is "permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter" the plaintiff's working conditions and create an "abusive working environment. " Littlejohn, supra, 795 F.3d at 320-21; Demoret v. Zegarelli, 451 F.3d 140, 149 (2d Cir. 2006); Gurley v David H Berg & Assocs, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20546 (S.D.N.Y. 2022); George v. Prof'l Disposables Int'l, Inc., 2016 U.S. Dist.LEXIS 72912 (S.D.N.Y.2016). To establish a hostile work environment under Title VII and the NYSHRL, a plaintiff must plead facts showing "that the complained of conduct (1) is objectively severe or pervasive - that is, creates an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive; (2) creates an environment that the plaintiff subjectively perceives as hostile or abusive; and (3) creates such an environment because of the plaintiff's [protected characteristic]." Shkoza v. NYC Health & Hosps. Corp., 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 181153 (S.D. N.Y. 2021) . See, Gorzynski v. JetBLue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 102 (2d Cir. 2010); Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106, 113 (2d Cir. 2007)(Title VII); Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 148 (2d Cir. 2003) (ADEA); Tolbert v. Smith, 790 F.3d 427, 439 (2d Cir. 2015) (NYSHRL); Pall v Roosevelt Union Free Sch. Dist., 144 A.D.3d 1004, 1005 (2d Dept. 2016).
A plaintiff must show not only that he subjectively perceives the conduct to be abusive and hostile but that the working environment was "objectively" hostile and abusive. George v Prof'l Disposables, supra, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72912; Monachino v Bair, 769 F.Supp.2d 431 442 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). Whether an environment is hostile or abusive can be determined only by looking at all circumstances, including 'the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance. Forrest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3 N.Y.3d 295, 305 (2004); Reaves, supra at 11; Bilitch v. New York City Health & Hosps. Corp., 194 A.D.3d 999, 1003 (2d Dept. 2021).
At the motion to dismiss stage, to state a claim for a hostile work environment, a plaintiff must show that the harassment was of such quality or quantity that "a reasonable employee would find the conditions of her employment altered for the worse." Patane v. Clark, 508 F.3d 106 (2d Cir. 2007); Levy v NYC Health & Hosp., 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44703 (S.D.N.Y. 2023).A hostile work environment claim will be dismissed under the SHRL pursuant to CPLR 3211(a)(7) where a plaintiff's facts fall short of alleging that the "workplace was permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult that was sufficiently severe or pervasive" so as to alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working environment. Torres v Louzoun Enterprises, Inc., 105 A.D.3d 945 (2d Dept. 2013); Gookool v. Laser, 2014 N.Y. Slip Op 50906(U), 43 Misc.3d 1232(A) (Sup Ct. Suffolk CO. 2014). See, Lucenti v. Potter, 432 F.Supp.2d 347, 362 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) ("Allegations of even constant reprimands and work criticism by themselves are not sufficient to establish a hostile environment claim.").
Finally, "it is axiomatic" that in order to establish a hostile work environment, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the hostility or harsh treatment that he was subjected to occurred because of his membership in protected class Fordham v. Islip U.F.S.D., 662 F.Supp.2d 261, 273 (E.D.N.Y. 2009), See, Johnson v. City of New York, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160198 (E.D.N.Y. 2019) . "Although incidents comprising a hostile work environment claim need not make reference to any trait or condition on the basis of which the discrimination has occurred, they must occur under circumstance in which the incidents can reasonably be interpreted as having taken place on the basis of that trait or condition." Parekh v. Swissport Cargo Services, Inc., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8543,, at * 4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2009) (internal quotations omitted). A plaintiff must still plausibly allege that her protected characteristic was causally linked to the adverse employment action. See, Alfano v. Costello, 294 F.3d 365, 377 (2d Cir. 2002). "It is... important in hostile work environment cases to exclude from consideration personnel decisions that lack a linkage or correlation to the claimed ground of discrimination." Alfano, supra, 294 F.3d at 377. To obviate the "easy" characterization of various suspect classes (real or perceived), and the typically harsh unjust or rude conduct of bosses, the courts must exclude, in hostile discrimination cases, any consideration of personnel decisions that lack a linkage or correlation to the claimed ground of discrimination, so to avoid becoming courts of personnel appeals Alfano, supra, 294 F. 3 at 377, See, e.g., Byrnie v. Bd. of Educ., 243 F.3d 93, 103 (2d Cir. 2001);
Plaintiff's allegations here are insufficient to show that his workplace was permeated with discriminatory intimidation ridicule and or insult much less that it was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his employment so as to violate the State HRL. Plaintiff asserts that almost every week, he received a letter from either the principal or vice principal requesting a meeting and or informing him that he failed to show professional growth or that his he was unable to carry out his professional responsibilities, and that he was in danger of receiving an adverse rating which would cause him to be fired. All of these letters would be followed up with a disciplinary meeting where the administration again threatened him with discipline. Ruiz claims that many of the allegations in the letters were for minor instances that the CBA would not allow discipline for, and other allegations were "absurd and discriminatory."
However, Ruiz's pleadings are belied by the very evidence he cites which shows that in 2014-15 he received three letters based upon three meetings with administrators over three discrete incidents, which hardly rise to the level of severe or pervasive discriminatory conduct, intimidation, ridicule or insult, Polite, supra, 195 A.D.3d at 967. See, Johnson v. City of New York, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160198 (E.D.N.Y. 2019). The school administration met with Ruiz and followed up its meeting with a letter of reprimand for Ruiz's 1) telling his class that he had spent the night with his girlfriend at the hospital after introducing her to fried food since he was not supposed to share personal information with his students; 2) failing to notify a math teacher two weeks in advance of an IEP meeting and for failing to complete and input students progress reports into the ESIS system- the administration then told him that he needed to fill out bi-monthly progress reports and that failure to do so would be considered insubordination; and 3) regarding a safety concern over allowing a parent into the school building contrary to security protocols, for which he was subsequently disciplined at the end of January.
The courts have consistently found that allegations akin to those made by Ruiz are not so severe or pervasive so as to alter the conditions of a plaintiff's employment and support a hostile work environment claim. See Littlejohn, supra, 795 F.3d at 321 (2d Cir. 2015) (finding allegations against supervisors of making negative comments such as "you feel like you are being left out," and that Littlejohn did not "understand the culture" at ACS, impatience, harsh tones, refusals to meet with Plaintiff, wrongful reprimands, and increase of plaintiff's schedule insufficient to state a hostile work environment claim) ;Fleming v. MaxMara USA, Inc., 371 Fed.Appx. 115, 119 (2d Cir. 2010) (no hostile work environment existed even though "defendants wrongly excluded [the plaintiff] from meetings, excessively criticized her work, refused to answer work-related questions, arbitrarily imposed duties outside of her responsibilities, threw books, and sent rude emails to her"); Johnson v. City of N.Y. Supra. (supervisor's denying plaintiff vacation time and overtime, increasing his workload, writing him up, and giving him undesirable work assignments,- all conditions that while seemingly unfair and harsh to plaintiff, are insufficient to establish a hostile work environment.); Isbell v. City of New York, 316 F.Supp.3d 571, 591-92 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (finding harsh criticisms, denial of use of company vehicle, discipline for inadequate work product, refusal to authorize overtime, denial of training opportunities).
Furthermore, Ruiz's allegations pointedly don't even assert that the managers mentioned his national origin and utterly fail to show that any hostility or harsh treatment he was subjected to was due to his national origin. He simply avers that Armstrong and Perlstein's actions were linked to his race and national origin (¶74) Monachino v. Bair, 769 F.Supp.2d 431, 442-43 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (denying hostile work environment claim premised in part on disputes regarding plaintiff's "leave, time and attendance" and noting that even assuming any of this alleged "conduct rose to an actionable level, the hostile work environment claim[] would fail because he has not shown any 'linkage or correlation' between the conduct, on the one hand, and a protected characteristic, on the other;." See, Fordham v Islip UFSD, 662 F SupP.2d 261, 273 (E.D.N.Y. 2009 (plaintiff's complaints regarding the planning book meeting, the e-mail and her end of year evaluation contain no suggestion that this conduct was engaged in because of plaintiff's age, let alone that the "workplace [was] permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult, that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her] employment."); Johnson, supra, (Although Plaintiff alleges that he and the only other African-American employee were constantly written up and denied overtime hours, similar treatment for people of the same race is insufficient to state a hostile work environment claim when the acts themselves do not rise to the level of an abusive work environment. Additionally, plaintiff's allegations that non-African-Americans were treated better or differently than Plaintiff in a few instances "are far too sporadic and conclusory to support a plausible inference that any unfavorable treatment Plaintiff received was motivated by racial animus."). As such, this court grants the motion to dismiss the complaint of hostile work environment under the State HRL.
This is in sharp contrast with plaintiff's cause of action cause of action for race and national origin, discussed supra, where he avers that he was treated less favorably than a similarly situated white special education teacher. Melissa Zinker, who was not discontinued, and that he was replaced by another white female from Long Island Stephanie Kushner.
The standard to prevail on a hostile work environment claim under the City HRL is lower than the state an federal counterparts, Gurley, supra, 2022 U.S. Dit. LEXIS 20546 at 16; Bermudez v. City of N.Y., 783 F.Supp.2d 560. 579 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) and omits the requirement that the complained-of conduct be severe or pervasive," (see Moazzaz v. MetLife, Inc., No. 19-CV-10531 (JPO), 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40776,(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 2021). The City HRL thus sets a "lower standard for maintaining a hostile work environment claim. Palmer v. Cook, 65 Misc.3d 374393 (Sup Ct. Queens Co. 2018). The conduct alleged must exceed "what a reasonable victim of discrimination would consider petty slights and trivial inconveniences" Reichman, supra citing Williams v New York City Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 80 (2d Dept. 2009); Bilitch supra, 194 A.D.3d at 1003; Buchwald v Silverman Shin & Byrne PLLC, 149 A.D.3d 560, 560 ([1st Dept 2017). The NYC HRL is not a "general civility code" and "mere personality conflicts" will not suffice to establish a hostile work environment Forrest, supra 3 N.Y.3d at 309; Golston-Green, supra, 184 A.D.3d at 43 (2d Dept. 2020); Williams, supra, 61 A.D.3d at 78 -80
However a plaintiff must still demonstrate that he "was treated less well than other employees because of the relevant characteristic" Reichman v. City of New York, 179 A.D.3d 1115, 1118 (2d Dept. 2020)); Shkoza v. NYC Health & Hosps. Corp., supra, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 181153 at11-12; Doe v. City of New York, 2021 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 5001 (Sup. Ct. Kings Co.2021) or because of his "protected status." Chin v New York City Hous. Auth., 106 A.D.3d 443, 445 (1st Dept 2013) . See also, Golston-Green v City of New York, 184 A.D.3d 24, 40-41, (2d Dept 2020).
Thus, to prove a hostile work environment under the NYCHRL a plaintiff must show "differential treatment"; i.e., that he was the recipient of "unequal treatment based upon membership in a protected class" Spencer v. Global Innovative Gp., LLC, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 184012 (S.D.N.Y 2023) citing to Fattonuso v Hilson Grand Vacations co., 873 F.Supp.2d 589, 578 (S.D.N.Y. 2012). See also Nieblas-Love v. NYC Hous. Auth., 167 F.Supp.3d 51, 68 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). A plaintiff must plead facts tending to show that actions that created a hostile work environment were taken because of a prohibited factor. Santiago v. Acacia Network, Inc., 634 F.Supp.3d 143, 155 (S.D.N.Y. 2022); Syeed v. Bloomberg L.P. 568 F.Supp.3d 314, 341 (S.D.N.Y. 2021). "In other words, all that is required to sustain a NYCHRL "hostile work environment claim" is "unequal treatment" based upon membership in a protected class.... Questions of "severity" or "pervasiveness" go to damages only-not to liability. Fattonuso, supra at 578 citing to Williams, Id. at 76.
And the complaint must contain factual allegations demonstrating that similarly situated individuals who did not share plaintiff's protected characteristics were treated more favorably than plaintiff. Whitfield-Ortiz v. Department of Educ. of the City of New York, 116 A.D.3d 580 (1st Dept. 2014). Askin v. Department of Educ. of the City of N.Y., 110 A.D.3d 621 (1st Dept. 2013). See Levy v. NYC Health & Hosps., 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44793 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) quoting McGuinness v. Lincoln Hall, 263 F.3d 49, 54 (2d Cir. 2001)) (the plaintiff must compare himself to another employee "whose situation is sufficiently similar to the plaintiff's 'to support at least a minimal inference that the difference of treatment may be attributable to discrimination.' " Levy failed to meet this standard since she provided no details regarding the situations of the employees who were not reprimanded, such as whether they were "subject to the same standards governing performance evaluation and discipline.").
Ruiz has failed to state a cause of action for hostile work environment under the City HRL because the complaint contains no factual allegations that respondents' actions occurred under circumstances that give rise to an inference of discrimination. See Wolfe-Santos v NYS Gaming Commn, 188 A.D.3d 622 (1st Dept. 2020) ; Ji Sun Jennifer Kim v Goldberg, Weprin, Finkel, Goldstein, LLP, 120 A.D.3d 18, 26,[1st Dept 2014]). Nor does it allege any facts, much less claim that Ruiz was treated less well than similarly situated probationary employees because of his national origin or race, Wolfe- Santos, supra; Askin, supra. In fact, Ruiz did not even assert that either Perlstein or Armstrong ridiculed, insulted or commented about his national origin or race at any time while he was at Hawthorne. See, AnhjASDBrager v. Quality Bldg. Servs. Corp., 2022 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 3669 (plaintiff cites to no age-based comments made [**17] by Mirjanic, nor any intimidation, ridicule, or insult based on age) Absent sufficient allegations of discriminatory acts, plaintiff's claim against defendants for hostile work environment cannot be sustained under the CITY HRL and must be dismissed . Mitchell v. City of N.Y., 2022 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 10854 (Sup. Ct., NY. CO Wolfe, Santos, supra. His conclusory allegation that he was treated less favorably than a "similarly situated white female" special education teacher - Melissa Zinker" whose services were not discontinued and who is currently teaching at Hawthorne does not alter this conclusion.
Retaliation Against All Defendants and Perlstein in Particular Under both the NYSHRL and NYCHRL, it is unlawful to retaliate against an employee for opposing discriminatory practices. Exec. Law § 296(1)(e)(7); Adm. Code of the City of NY § 8-107(7). When a defendant moves to dismiss a cause of action alleging retaliation under either law, he must demonstrate that the plaintiff cannot make out a prima facie claim of retaliation or, having offered legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, that there exists no triable issue of fact as to whether the defendant's explanations were pretextual." Ananiadis v Mediterranean Gyros Prods., Inc., 151 A.D.3d 915, 919 (2d Dept. 2017).
To survive a motion to dismiss on a retaliation claim under Title VII and the State HRL a plaintiff must prove that: (1) he has engaged in protected activity, (2) the employer was aware that plaintiff participated in this activity, (3) he an adverse employment action based upon the activity, and (4) there is a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action. Littlejohn, supra, 795 F.3d at 315-16; Johnson v. City of N.Y., 2019 U.S., Dist 160198 at 30 (E.D.N.Y. 2019); Ellison v Chartis Claims, Inc., 178 A.D.3d 665, 667 (2d Dept. 2019). As with discrimination claims the complaint's allegations need only give "plausible support to the reduced prima facie requirements. Littlejohn, supra at 316. The elements for a retaliation case under both Title VII and the State HRL are the same. See, Collins v. City of N.Y.,156 F.Supp.3d 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2016);
To establish a prima case for retaliation under the NYCHRL, the first, second and fourth criteria are the same. However, the NYCHRL offers broader protection to the extent that plaintiff need not prove that he suffered an adverse employment action based on the protected activity, but that his employer engaged in conduct that was reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in that protected activity. Bilitch v. New York City Health & Hosps. Corp., 194 A.D.3d 999, 1004 (2d Dept. 2021) ; Brightman v Prison Health Serv., Inc., 108 A.D.3d 739, 740 (2d Dept. 2013).
Protected activity" refers to "actions taken to protest or oppose statutorily prohibited discrimination." Aspilaire v Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 612 F.Supp.2d 289, 308 (S.D.N.Y. 2009); Ramos v Metro-North Commuter R.R., 2020 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1666 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. 2020). The law protects employees in the filing of formal charges of discrimination as well as in the making of informal protests of discrimination, Matima v. Celli, 228 F.3d 68, 78 (2d Cir. 2000). Protected activity is one that consists of opposing or complaining about unlawful discrimination; an act complaining of conduct other than unlawful discrimination is not deemed to be a protected activity. Forrest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3 N.Y.3d 295, 313 (2004); Miller v National Prop. Mgt. Assoc., Inc., 191 A.D.3d 1341, 1341-1342 (4th Dept. 2021). See, Witchard v Montefiore Med. Ctr., 103 A.D.3d 596, 596 (1st Dept 2013) (Requesting an accommodation does not qualify as a protected activity but filing a discrimination claim with the EEOC does). The conduct that plaintiff complaints of need not be prohibited by Title VII so long as the plaintiff had a good faith belief that such conduct was prohibited. Colas v. C.U.N.Y., 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 80279 at 23 (E.D.N.Y. 2019). See, La Grande v. DeCrescente Distrib. Co., 370 Fed.Appx. 206, 212 (2d Cir, 2010); Matima v. Celli, 228 F.3d 68, 78 (2d Cir. 2000) (employee may report and report workplace discrimination, whether that discrimination be actual or reasonably perceived.) Matima v Celli,. 228 F.3d 68, 78 (2d Cir. 2000). While an employee does not need to lodge a formal complaint of discrimination in order to receive statutory protection, Colas, supra at 24, See, Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560, 566 (2d Cir. 2000) his complaints cannot be so vague or "generalized" that the employer could not "reasonably have understood [ ] that the plaintiff's complaint was directed at conduct prohibited by Title VII." Colas supra at 25 citing to Rojas v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, 660 F.3d 98, 108 (2d Cir. 2011) (alteration and citation omitted); Brummell v. Webster Central School Dist., No. 06-CV-6437, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7644 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 29, 2009)) ("When making the complaint, Plaintiff must do so in "sufficiently specific terms so that the employer is put on notice that the plaintiff believes he or she is being discriminated against on the basis of [the protected status].")
The complaint alleges that Ruiz filed a letter brief and verified Notice of Claim to the EEOC on or about August 26, 2016 and subsequently submitted a formal charge with the EEOC on or about November 10, 2016. Plaintiff claims that in late October 2016, after he had filed his Notice of Claim with the EEOC, the DOE informed him that he was henceforth being denied any and all job opportunities with any "schools or school districts or vendors" within the scope of the DOE, This portion of his complaint constitutes retaliation in violation of both the State and City HRLS. However, since the complaint alleges that Ruiz only filed a notice of claim and charges against the DOE before the EEOC, the court does not see how the City, and hence the NYC Police Department would even have been aware of his protected activities. The court therefore dismisses so much of the complaint as alleges that plaintiff was denied a position with the NYC Police Department because he filed an EEOC complaint.
The Court also dismisses so much of the claim that the DOE and the individual defendants retaliated against Ruiz for filing an appeal of his discontinuance as a probationary teacher and his ineffective rating in the form of taking a year to decide his appeal, denying his applications to become a substitute teacher or search for positions on the DOE data base, or denying his application to become a police officer. It is well established that a plaintiff's subjective disagreement with the employer's assessment of his performance is not actionable under the discrimination statutes. This precedent is even stronger when the employer's actions are challenged by a probationary employee who may be discharged for "almost any reason, or for no reason at all" as long as it is not "in bad faith or an improper or impermissible reason,." Mtr. of Duncan v. Kelly, 9 N.Y.3d 1024,1025 (2008); Mtr. Of Hirji v Chase, 151 A.D.3d 857 (2d Dept 2017); Mtr. Of Johnson v County of Orange, 138 A.D.3d 850, 851 (2d Dept 2016); Mtr of Young v City of New York, 68 Misc.3d 514, 517 (Sup Ct. Kings Co. 2020). Simply put, Ruiz filing these appeals do not constitute protected activity as Ruiz does not assert in the complaint that any challenge he made in his appeal of his U rating or discontinuance of probationary employment pertained or related to unlawful discrimination. See, Colas, supra at 24-25; Galdieri-Ambrosini v. Nat'l Realty & Dev. Corp., 136 F.3d 276, 292 (2d Cir. 1998).
. See White v. Pacifica Found., 973 F.Supp.2d 363, 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). See also Potash v. Florida Union Free Sch. Dist., 972 F.Supp.2d 557, 592 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) (Plaintiff's personal disagreements with defendants'] evaluation of her job performance are insufficient to preclude summary judgment."); Silva v. Peninsula Hotel, 509 F.Supp.2d 364, 385 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (the employer, not the employee, decides what constitutes satisfactory performance); cf. McNamee v. Starbucks Coffee Co., 914 F.Supp.2d 408, 420 (W.D.N.Y. 2012) ("Plaintiff's subjective belief that she was performing satisfactorily, by itself, is not sufficient to create a triable issue of fact as to pretext"). Therefore, it does not matter whether the employer's decision was fair or correct, or whether the stated reason for adverse action was good, bad or petty, so long as the stated reason for the action was non discriminatory. Melman, supra; la, 98 A.D.3d at 121 citing to Forest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, supra, 3 N.Y.3d at 308 n.5 (2004). See also, Bensoy v. Kelly, 17 A.D.3d 247, 248 (1st Dept. 2005) (Probationary police officers had no property interest in their employment and therefore no entitlement to back pay upon their termination)
Furthermore, the DOE would not, as a matter of course, even contemplate that Ruiz was complaining about discrimination when he filed his appeal over the discontinuance of his probation and his U rating. Rather, filing an appeal of discontinuance of probationary employment is the mandated legal procedure to challenge such discontinuance. Article XII ("Personnel") of the Bylaws of the Policy Panel for Educational Policy ("PEP") sets forth the procedures to be followed when charges are preferred against DOE employees, including pedagogical employees. Article 12.4 pertains to "Reviews related to Ratings and/or Recommendations re Probationary Service of Pedagogical Personnel" and provides in 12.4.1 Appeals re Ratings:
"Any person in the employ of the City School District who appears before the Chancellor, or a committee designated by the Chancellor... in respect to an appeal from a rating of an other than a satisfactory rating... shall be afforded the opportunity for review in the manner set forth herein and in procedures established by the Chancellor." The designated committee shall summon the appellant "not later than one year from the date of the receipt of the rating by the appellant." The findings and recommendations of the committee shall be submitted to the Chancellor for a final decision.
12.4.2 Appeals re Discontinuance of Probationary Service provides that:
Any person in the employ of the City School District who appears before the Chancellor,... concerning the discontinuance of service during the probationary term..., shall have a review of the matter before a committee which shall be designated in accordance with contractual agreements covering employees or by regulations of the Chancellor, as appropriate. After the review, the committee shall forward its advisory recommendation to the community superintendent or to the Chancellor in accordance with contractual agreements.
12.4.3 Committee Reviews
Any person who appears before a committee for the purpose of appealing a rating or concerning the discontinuance or denial of completion of probationary service...to a non-tenured employee shall receive written notice of the time and place of the review...at least one week before the date specified for said review. The notice shall inform the person that he... is entitled to appear in person, to be accompanied and advised by an employee of the City School District or a representative of the union recognized by the PEP as the collective bargaining representative for the employee, to be confronted by witnesses, if any, to call witnesses, to examine exhibits and to introduce any relevant evidence.
It is clear that defendant DOE followed its set procedures by affording Ruiz hearings over his appeal of his U rating and discontinuance of his probation. It is ludicrous for Ruiz to allege that by partaking of procedures enacted to allow him to appeal the discontinuance of his probation that the DOE somehow retaliated against him for exercising the very rights afforded to him. Therefore, the court grants the motion to dismiss under both the State and City HRLs for so much of the retaliation claims that pertain to Ruiz's appeals of his U rating and discontinuance of probation under the Chancellors Regulations and PEP and the results of said appeals including barring Ruiz from working as a police officer, or a substitute teacher or one of the DOE's vendors without required security clearance.
Selective Enforcement
Plaintiff makes barebone allegations, without citing any case law, that all defendants engaged in "selective enforcement" in violation of the State and City HRLs by treating plaintiff different than Melissa Zinker, who allegedly was a special education teacher and was "similarly situated" in that she received similar letters in the files and was not terminated. He then claims that this selective treatment was prompted by impermissible considerations such as plaintiff's race and national origin. Plaintiff does not provide any case law that even addresses how a "selective enforcement" claim in violation of the State and City HRLS is different than his hostile environment and discrimination claims and it is not within the province of this Court to conjure as to what other constitutional provision supports plaintiff's selective enforcement claim. Moreover, plaintiff's scant and vague allegations about selective enforcement of the Education Law and Chancellors regulations concerning termination of probationary employees are insufficient to show intentional discrimination . See, e.g., Mtr of Mimassi v Town of Whitestone Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 67 A.D.3d 1454 [4th Dept 2009] [petitioner's vague allegations that other property owners violated zoning code and did not receive same penalty as petitioner insufficient to show intentional discrimination].
A claim of selective enforcement typically invokes a violation of the equal protection clause. A violation of equal protection occurs where "first, a person (compared with others similarly situated) is selectively treated and second, such treatment is based on impermissible considerations such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious or bad faith intent to injure a person." (Bower Assocs. v Town of Pleasant Val., 2 N.Y.3d 617, 631(2004);" Fields v Village of Sag Harbor, 92 A.D.3d 718, 719 (2d Dept. 2012). Even if similarly-situated persons are treated differently, there is no equal protection violation absent proof of an impermissible motive. (Id.) City of New York v Transportazumah LLC, 31Misc.3d 1207(A) (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co 2011). Within the context of the Equal Protection clause, in order a success on a "class of one" disparate treatment claim, a plaintiff must show that "(1) the law was not applied to others similarly situated, and (2) there is no rational basis for the selective application of the law" Ardmar Realty Co. v. Bldg. Inspector Vill. 5 A.D.3d 517, 518-19 (2d Dept. 2004).
As plaintiff's selective enforcement claim merely reiterates his discrimination and hostile environment claims, it is not predicated on an independent legal basis and is therefore dismissed.
Fraud Inducement and Concealment Against Defendant Armstrong and DOE
The cause of action sounding in fraud, misrepresentation and concealment are insufficiently pled. A party alleging fraud must allege that the defendant asserted a material misrepresentation of an existing fact, made with knowledge of its falsity, with intent to induce the plaintiff's reliance thereon, justifiable reliance upon the misrepresentation, and damages. Oppedisano v. D'Agostino, 196 A.D.3d 497, 499-500 (2d Dept. 2021); Waknin v Liberty Ins. Corp., 187 A.D.3d 821, 823-824 (2d Dept. 2020). A cause of action for fraudulent concealment requires, in addition to these four elements, an allegation that defendants failed in their duty to disclose material information. Wilson v Dantas, 29 N.Y.3d 1051, 1067 (2017); Mandarin Trading Ltd. v. Wildenstein, 16 N.Y.3d 173, 179 (2011). Pursuant to CPLR § 3016(b), the circumstances constituting the wrong shall be stated in detail in order to satisfy the pleading requirement for causes of action based on fraud, misrepresentation and concealment. Schwatka v Super Millwork, Inc., 106 A.D.3d 897, 899-900 (2d Dept. 2013). Here, the causes of action sounding in fraud, misrepresentation and concealment were supported only by plaintiff's conclusory allegations that defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions of fact relating to his annual professional performance review ("APPR") , and in his appeal from his discontinuance. However, plaintiff failed to allege any specific act of material misrepresentation or failure to disclose material information relating to these claims. Furthermore, to the extent plaintiff argues that defendant Lisa Perlstein fraudulently concealed information from an NYPD officer, that claim also lacks detail sufficient to satisfy the CPLR § 3016(b) pleading requirement. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss the causes of action for fraud, misrepresentation and concealment is granted.
Under the APPR, a teacher's performance is reviewed each year, resulting in a teacher effectiveness score.
FRAUD/FRAUDULENT CONCEALMENT AND SLANDER PER SE against Perslstein
Plaintiff alleges that on or about May 29, 2014, defendant Perlstein made false and defamatory statements regarding plaintiff's alleged lateness, forgetfulness, laziness, and failure to follow directions to a NYPD Investigator who was investigating plaintiff's possible employment with the NYPD. Plaintiff claims that these statements were "defamatory, and exposed him to public hatred, shame, obloquy,, etc. and thus caused substantial injury to his professional image, and ability to secure employment, including being denied the ability to become a NYC Police Officer
Specifically, the complaint alleges that Perlstein stated to the Investigator that:
• "[Ruiz]Candidate appears to be having the same issues with his lesson plans as he did in his previous school, only this time, he doesn't even have the lessons available on the computer. Candidate has been counseled several times, and has signed off on his deficiencies, however, has not made any attempt to rectify deficiencies;
• Candidate does not follow direction/instruction, and is extremely forgetful;
• Candidate is excessively late; takes many shortcuts; and has excuse after excuse for his issues;
• Had gotten various complaints from parents Perlstein also allegedly told the investigator that Mr. Ruiz would be recommended for Discontinuation "again"; and would not be recommended for hire."
Finally, on or about September 12, 2014, Perlstein informed the NYCPD Investigator that:
"Candidate [Ruiz] has been Discontinued... "
Plaintiff asserts that all of the foregoing statements made by Perlstein were vindictive, defamatory and untrue, and not opinion and in particular asserts that no parents ever complained about him but in fact write positive letters; that he was never discontinued previously or again and that when Perlstein spoke to the police investigator on or about September 12th,2014 Ruiz had not been discontinued because the discontinuance occurred in May 2015.
The complaint further asserts that Perlstein's statements and publications tended to disparage plaintiff in his profession because they implied that he was a "terrible teacher and employee, and was not recommended for hire"These statements resulted in plaintiff's inability to become a NYC police officer which caused substantial injury to his professional image and inability to secure employment. The complaint also alleges that the slanderous statements were published with actual malice, ill will or spite.
Defendants first assert that plaintiff's May 2016 appeal hearing and its outcome undercuts any claim that statements made by Perstein to letters to plaintiff's files or to prospective employers were false and hence defamatory. The hearing was specifically held to review plaintiff's ineffective performance rating for the 2014-15 school year and the subsequent discontinuance of his probation from the middle school. The hearing officer denied the appeal and upheld both the letters place in plaintiff's file and his probationary discontinuance. Since plaintiff's work performance issues of forming lesson plans, inability to follow directions, excessive lateness and parental complaints formed the basis of the actions which were upheld on appeal, defendants argue that these statements were true and hence no defamatory
Alternatively, defendants argue that Perlstein's comments to the NYPD about plaintiff's job performance, made within the context of plaintiff's employment application to the NYPD are non actionable as they are, by definition, Perstein's opinions. Furthermore, a "mere expression of dissatisfaction" with Ruiz's job performance does not constitute slander per se as New York recognizes a qualified privilege to statements made in the context of an employment reference. Finally, defendants are unable to identify with whom Perlstein spoke to at the NYPD about Ruiz's job performance although they do not deny that this conversation was held.
Defamation, consisting of the twin torts of libel (written defamatory words) and slander (spoken defamatory words), is "the invasion of the interest in a reputation and good name." Albert v. Loksen CHECK. A claim for defamation must allege a" 'false statement, published without privilege or authorization to a third party, constituting fault as judged by, at a minimum, a negligence standard, and it must either cause special harm or constitute defamation per se'" Frechtman v. Gutterman, 115 A.D.3d 102 (1st Dept 2014) O'Neill v. N.Y.U., 97 A.D.3d 199, 212 (1st Dept. 2012) quoting Salvatore v Kumar, 45 A.D.3d 560, 563 (1st Dept 2007). Pursuant to CPLR 3016(a), a cause of action for defamation must be pleaded with specificity and "must set forth the particular words allegedly constituting defamation, and...also allege the time, when, place where, and manner in which the false statement was made, and specify to whom it was made." Emby Hosiery Corp. v. Tawil, 196 A.D.3d 462, 464 (2d Dept. 2021); Kimso Apts., LLC v Rivera, 180 A.D.3d 1033, 1034 (2d Dept. 2020)," although every statement need not be quoted in haec verba. Peck v Peck, 2018 NY Slip Op 30990(U); 2018 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 2011, *15-16 (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co. 2018). See, Glazier v Harris, 99 A.D.3d 403, 404 (1st Dept 2012)
The "threshold issue" in defamation cases is "whether the particular words are defamatory" which is a legal question to be resolved by the courts in the first instance. Celle v. Filipino Reporter Enterprises, Inc., 209 F.3d 163, 177 (2d Dept. 2000); Brattis v. Rainbow Advertising Holdings, LLC. 2000 U.S. Dist. Lexis 7345 at 6 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). The New York Constitution provides for absolute protection of opinions. Celle, 209 F.3d at 178 (collecting cases). It is up to the Court to decide as a matter of law whether the challenged statement constitutes an opinion or an objective fact is a question of law. Id. At 553 . See, Mann v Abel, 10 N.Y.3d 271, 276 (2008); Kasavana v Vela 172 A.D.3d 1042 (2d Dept. 2019); Kamchi v Weissman, 125 A.D.3d 142, 157 (2d Dept.2014); Abakporo v Daily News, 102 A.D.3d 815, 816,[2013]).
Since falsity is a necessary element of a defamation, and only 'facts' are capable of being proven false, 'it follows that only statements alleging facts can properly be the subject of a defamation action'" Kasavana, supra, 172 A.D.3d at 1045 citing Gross v New York Times Co., 82 N. Y 2d 146, 152-153. See, Davis v Boeheim, 24 N.Y.3d 262, 268 (2014). Conversely, "[a]n expression of pure opinion is not actionable..., no matter how vituperative or unreasonable it may be" Steinhilber v Alphonse, 68 N.Y.2d 283, 289(1986)). "A pure opinion may be a statement accompanied by a recitation of the facts upon which it is based, or it may be [a]n opinion not accompanied by such a factual recitation so long as it does not imply that it is based upon undisclosed facts" (Davis v Boeheim, 24 N.Y.3d at 269. A mixed opinion is one that implies that it is based upon facts which justify the opinion but are unknown to those reading or hearing it and is also actionable., is a mixed opinion and is actionable" A statement of "pure opinion", which is a statement accompanied by a recitation of the facts upon which it is based, are not actionable as a matter of law. Appel, supra at 23 citing to Steinhilber v. Alphonse, 68 N.Y.2d 283 (N.Y. 1986).; see Guerrero v Carva, 10 A.D.3d 105, 112 (2004).
In distinguishing between facts and opinion, the factors the court must consider are whether (1) the specific language has a precise meaning that is readily understood, (2) the statements are capable of being proven true or false, and 3) "either the full context of the communication in which the statement appears or the broader social context and surrounding circumstances are such as to signal... readers or listeners that what is being read is likely to be opinion, not fact." Appel v. Schoeman Updike Kaufman Stern & Ascher L.L.P. 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 193133 at 22-23 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) citing Doe v. White Plains Hosp. Med. Ctr., No. 10 Civ. 5405 (GBD), 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76076, at *6 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2011) ("WPHMC"); Silverman v Daily News, L.P., 129 A.D.3d 1054, 1055[2015];"The essential task is to decide whether the words complained of, considered in the context of the entire communication and of the circumstances in which they were spoken or written, may be reasonably understood as implying the [****3] assertion of undisclosed facts justifying the opinion" (Steinhilber v Alphonse, 68 N.Y.2d at 290). The burden rests with the plaintiff to establish that in the context of the entire communication a disputed statement is not protected opinion. Celle, supra 209 F.3d at 179. .
In New York, the evaluation of an employee's performance, even an unsatisfactory evaluation, is a matter of opinion that cannot be objectively categorized as true or false and cannot be actionable." Brattis v. Rainbow Advertising Holdings, L.L.C., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7345, at *10-11 (S.D.N.Y.2000); Aronson, supra, 65 N.Y.2d at 593 (an expression of unhappiness with an employee's performance is not libelous as a matter of law).. See McDowell v. Dart, 201 A.D.2d 895 (4th Dept. 1994) (statements made by an employer regarding an employee's work performance are opinion and thus are not actionable"); Miller v. City of N.Y., 2011 N.Y Slip Io 30635(U), 2011 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1087 (Sup. Ct., N.Y. Co. 2011). Therefore, "statements criticizing the plaintiff's performance and comparing her unfavorably to other [employees] are, as a matter of law, nonactionable expressions of opinion." Miller v. Richman, 184 A.D.2d 191, 193,(4th Dept. 1992) (collecting cases). See also Tasso v. Platinum Guild Int'l, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18908, No. 94 Civ. 8288,(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 1998) (statements that plaintiff was "unethical, untrustworthy and unprofessional" and "incompetent," to be non-actionable opinion); Gavenda v. Orleans County, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1527, No. 95 Civ. 0251E, (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 1997) (finding statements that plaintiff was "incompetent," and "there had been problems with her before and she wasn't doing her job right" were non-actionable statements of opinion); Miller v City of N.Y., supra (poor performance ratings from supervisor, "U" rating and referral of disciplinary charges against petitioner are not defamatory but reflections of the principal's opinion that the petitioner was not a satisfactory teacher).
In Brattis, supra, the Southern District found scores on the yearly evaluation of plaintiff including the check off "needs development" to be non actionable opinion Similarly, comments that the plaintiff was "challenged" and the impression of the supervisor questioning her commitment and management style were also opinion. The supervisors comments on plaintiff's performance deficiencies, such as plaintiff asking "inappropriate questions"and lack of preparation and technical skills also fell within the category of opinion. Id at 12-13. In WPHMC, supra, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 707 at 3, the termination letter stated that the employee plaintiff lacked nursing knowledge and clinical judgment identified by particulars concerning the cardiac monitor While the court noted that some of the statements were objective that could be proven true or false, the courts were to avoid the "hyper technical parsing of...words for the purpose of identifying 'possible facts' that might form the basis of a libel action. Id. at 8-9.
It is well settled that a principal's statements as to whether a teacher is a satisfactory teacher, and their issuance of poor performance or "U"ratings and recommendations that a teacher resign are expressions of their opinions about an employee's job performance and are not defamatory. Miller v City of N.Y., 2011 NY Slip Op. 30635(U), 2011 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1087 (Sup Ct., N.Y. Co. 2011) (supervisors opinions are not defamatory even where a teacher prevails in his Article 78 proceeding challenging his termination and is reinstated per court order); Wideberg v. Tiffany & Co., 1992 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 538 (Sup. Ct., west Co. 1992. (Statement by supervisor that plaintiff was a "troublemaker" is an opinion)
Even assuming the performance evaluations and comments that Perlstein made to the NYPD could be deemed to be actionable statements of facts, New York recognizes a qualified privilege with respect to a communications made by one person who has a corresponding or common interest in that communication. Bratis, supra at 13-14. See, Foster v Churchill, 87 N.Y.2d 744, 751 (1996); O'Neil v. N.Y.U., 97 A.D.3d 199, 212-13 (1st Dept. 2012). Under New York law, this qualified privilege generally immunizes from defamation any communications made within the employment context. Albert v. Loksen, 239 F, 3d 256,272 (2d Dir. 2001); Donofrio - Ferrezza v. Nier, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21103 at 18-19 (S.D.N.Y. 2005); Phillip v Sterling Home Care, Inc., 103 A.D.3d 786 (2d Dept. 2013) (statement by defendant school district to Department of Labor in connection with the plaintiff's application for unemployment benefits that she was discharged for theft were absolutely privileged); Wideberg v. Tiffany & Co., 1992 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 538 (Sup. Ct., west Co. 1992).
This qualified privilege protects alleged defamatory statements made by an employer to others who have an interested in the employer's assessment of plaintiff's work behavior unless the plaintiff can show that statements were motivated solely by malice. Bayer v. City of N.Y., 60 A.D.3d 713, 714 (2d Dept. 2009) (alleged defamatory statements by supervisor repeatedly accusing plaintiff of misconduct and insubordination protected by qualified privilege as supervisor made statements to those who had an interest in supervisors assessment of plaintiff.). See, Phelan v Huntington Tri- Vill. Little League, Inc., 57 A.D.3d 503 (2d Dept. 2008). Bayer v. City of N.Y., 60 A.D.3d 713, 714 (2d Dept. 2009). To overcome this qualified privilege, a plaintiff must allege, and has the burden of showing that the with allegations that the defendant made the defamatory statement"actual malice"i.e. that defendant acted out of personal spite or ill will (common law malice) or with a reckless disregard as to the trust of the statement, or" with a high degree belief" that the statements were probably false." (constitutional malice). Sagaille v. Carrega, 194 A.D.3d 92, 95 (1st Dept. 2021); Stepanov v Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 120 A.D.3d 28, 34 (1st Dept 2014). Dolcimascolo v. Bd. of Mgrs of Dorchester Towers Condo, 2022 NY Slip Op 33272(U), 2022 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 5476 (Sup Ct N.Y. Co 2022). Allegations of malice "may not rest on mere surmise and conjecture". Pezhman v City of N.Y., 29 A.D.3d 164, 168-69 (1st Dept. 2006). Common law malice means that the spite and ill will were the only cause for the publication . Shephard - Brookman v. O'Donnell, 2017 N.Y. Slip Op. 32394(U), 2017 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 4400 at 18 (Sup Ct. N.Y. Co. 2017) citing to Liberman v. Gelstein, 80 N.Y.2d 429, 439 (1992), Furthermore, the "spite and ill will" refers not to a defendant's general feelings about the plaintiff but "to the speakers motivation for making the defamatory statements." Liberman, supra at 439. If the statement was not to further the interest protected by the privilege it is irrelevant that the defendant may have also despised the plaintiff. If at 439.
Considering Perlstein's statements to the NYPD Investigator as a whole, it is clear that he was conveying his opinion about Ruiz's job performance based upon various deficiencies he found that he either memorialized in his letters to Ruiz or verbally told him. These statements included that Ruiz was excessively late, submitted deficient lesson plans, failed to follow directions and was forgetful, took many shortcuts, always made excuses about his issues, and that he Perlstein would not recommend Ruiz for hire and would recommend him for discontinuance again. Plaintiff may disagree with his employer's view of these situations, but that is not enough to state a claim for defamation. See, Appel v. Schoeman, et al; 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19313 at 25; Parks v. Steinbrenner, A reasonable reader, taking the statements in context and as a whole, would understand the statements as conveying Perlstein's views about plaintiff. Moreover, this conclusion is supported by precedent cited above that "[u]nder New York law, the evaluation of an employee's performance, even an unsatisfactory evaluation, is a matter of opinion that cannot be objectively categorized as true or false and cannot be actionable." Brattis, supra, v. 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7345, at *10-11 (S.D.N.Y. May 31, 2000) (citing McDowell v. Dart, 201 A.D.2d 895, 607 N.Y.S.2d 755.
At least one of Perlstein's alleged comments - that he received various complaints from parents (but he could not elaborate on that further) at this stage of the proceeding might be deemed to be factual i.e. "they have a precise meaning which can be proven true or false". Clark v. Schulerville C.S.D., 24 A.D.3d 1162 (3d Dept. 2005); However, this comment is protected by the qualified privilege discussed above. Despite the complaint's pleading that Perlstein's statements were outrageous and untrue, there are no facts to support any assertion that Perlstein's comments were motivated solely by spite or ill will or made for any other reason than to further the common interest Perlstein shared as an employer with the NYPD. As such the cause of action or fraud and slander per se are dismissed.
Tortious Interference With Business Relations (Against Defendants Perlstein and NYCDOE)
Plaintiff claims that he had a "business relationship with the NYCPD," and that defendant Perlstein knew of this relationship and interfered with it, acting "solely out of malice" which "amounted to a crime or independent tort." He claims that Perlstein's interference prevented him from getting a job as an NYPD officer. The complaint fails to state a cause of action for tortious interference with contract. To establish a tortious interference claim, plaintiff must demonstrate: "(1) the existence of a contract between plaintiff and a third party; (2) defendant's knowledge of the contract; (3) defendant's intentional inducement of the third party to breach or otherwise render performance impossible; and (4) damages to plaintiff." Klein v Deutsch, 193 A.D.3d 707, 709-710 (2d Dept. 2021). Since plaintiff did not produce any evidence that he had a contract with the NYPD, he fails to state a cause of action for tortious interference with business relations, and defendants' motion to dismiss this claim is granted.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress against Defendants Principal Anthony Armstrong, Assistant Principal Lisa Perlstein, and Superintendent Danielle Guinta
The cause of action for emotional distress falls within the ambit of plaintiff's s defamation claim which, as set forth, above has been dismissed. See, Clark v. Schuyerville C.S.D, supra, 24 A.D.3d at 1164. Additionally, courts are loathe to sustain a cause of action for emotional distress which is based upon discriminatory conduct. Mohammed v. Great Atl.& Pac.Tea Co, Inc, 44 Misc.3d 396 (Sup Ct. N.Y. CO. 2014). See, Semper v. N.Y. Methodist Hospital, 786 F.Supp.2d 556 (E.D.N.Y. 2010). Given that this instant claim dovetails plaintiff's claim of defamation and discrimination and hostile work environment, it must be dismissed
In any event, to establish a cognizable claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, plaintiff must prove: "(1) extreme and outrageous conduct; (2) the intent to cause, or the disregard of a substantial likelihood of causing, severe emotional distress; (3) causation; and (4) severe emotional distress." Davydov v. Youssefi, 2022 N.Y.App.Div. LEXIS 3194, *4-5 (2d Dept. 2022). The complaint must allege conduct that was "so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency... and utterly intolerable in a civilized community." Chanko v American Broadcasting Cos. Inc., 27 N.Y.3d 46, 56 (2016); Benjamin v Assad, 186 A.D.3d 549, 550 (2d Dept. 2020). While a "deliberate and malicious campaign of harassment or intimidation" may, under certain circumstances, meet the rigorous standard, the "conduct must consist of more than mere insults, threats, annoyances, or indignities." Ratto v. Oliva, 195 A.D.3d 870, 873 (2d Dept. 2021). This court finds that defendants actions, while annoying and insulting and even deplorable to plaintiff, did not rise to the level of outrageous conduct. See, Wideberg v. Tiffany & Co., 1992 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 538 at 23. (Sup. Ct. West Co. 1992) It therefore grants defendants motion to dismiss the claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
In light of the above, defendants' motion to dismiss is granted for all claims except the cause of action for discrimination and so much of the cause of action for retaliation which alleges that in late October 2016, after plaintiff had filed his Notice of Claim with the EEOC, the DOE informed him that he was henceforth being denied any and all job opportunities with any "schools or school districts or vendors" within the scope of the DOE.,. This constitutes the Decision and Order of the Court.