Opinion
1166 KA 20-00855
03-18-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Kawaun VAUGHN, Defendant-Appellant.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (PHILIP ROTHSCHILD OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (JESSICA N. CARBONE OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (PHILIP ROTHSCHILD OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (JESSICA N. CARBONE OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, LINDLEY, CURRAN, AND WINSLOW, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon his plea of guilty of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree ( Penal Law § 220.16 [1] ). We affirm.
Defendant contends that County Court erred in refusing to suppress physical evidence recovered from his vehicle after police officers approached and searched the vehicle, as well as statements he made to police thereafter. We reject that contention. When the police approach an individual situated in a vehicle "that is already parked and stationary, the only level of suspicion necessary to justify that approach is an articulable, credible reason for doing so, not necessarily indicative of criminality" ( People v. Witt , 129 A.D.3d 1449, 1450, 11 N.Y.S.3d 767 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 26 N.Y.3d 937, 17 N.Y.S.3d 100, 38 N.E.3d 846 [2015] ; see People v. Ocasio , 85 N.Y.2d 982, 985, 629 N.Y.S.2d 161, 652 N.E.2d 907 [1995] ; People v. Grady , 272 A.D.2d 952, 952, 708 N.Y.S.2d 765 [4th Dept. 2000], lv denied 95 N.Y.2d 905, 716 N.Y.S.2d 646, 739 N.E.2d 1151 [2000] ). To approach an occupied vehicle, "[a]ll that is required is that the intrusion be predicated on more than a hunch, whim, caprice or idle curiosity" ( Grady , 272 A.D.2d at 952, 708 N.Y.S.2d 765 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Ocasio , 85 N.Y.2d at 985, 629 N.Y.S.2d 161, 652 N.E.2d 907 ). To that end, a person's presence in a high-crime area, without more, does not provide an objective credible reason for approaching the vehicle (see People v. McIntosh , 96 N.Y.2d 521, 526-527, 730 N.Y.S.2d 265, 755 N.E.2d 329 [2001] ; People v. Savage , 137 A.D.3d 1637, 1638, 28 N.Y.S.3d 184 [4th Dept. 2016] ).
Here, an officer testified at the suppression hearing that he and his partner were conducting a property check at an apartment complex located in a "known gang area" when they observed two occupied vehicles in the parking lot, one of which was defendant's vehicle. While the officer was walking in the direction of defendant's vehicle—but before he had any contact with defendant or initiated any encounter with him—he detected the odor of burning marihuana emanating from inside the vehicle, which was an odor he recognized based on his training and experience. Thus, in addition to having an objective, credible reason to approach defendant in the vehicle, the officer also had probable cause to search the vehicle (see People v. Clanton , 151 A.D.3d 1576, 1577, 57 N.Y.S.3d 775 [4th Dept. 2017] ; People v. Ricks , 145 A.D.3d 1610, 1611, 45 N.Y.S.3d 738 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1000, 57 N.Y.S.3d 722, 80 N.E.3d 415 [2017] ; People v. Cuffie , 109 A.D.3d 1200, 1201, 972 N.Y.S.2d 383 [4th Dept. 2013], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1087, 981 N.Y.S.2d 673, 4 N.E.3d 975 [2014] ). Contrary to defendant's contention, this is not a case where the police detected the odor of burning marihuana after the officer had already initiated an encounter with a defendant situated in a vehicle (cf. People v. King , 199 A.D.3d 1454, 1454, 154 N.Y.S.3d 619 [4th Dept. 2021] ).
We also reject defendant's alternative contention that newly-enacted Penal Law § 222.05 (3) (L 2021, ch 92)—which provides, as relevant here, that the odor of cannabis can no longer be the sole basis supporting a "determination of reasonable cause to believe a crime has been committed"—should be applied retroactively to conclude that the police lacked probable cause to search the vehicle. It is well settled that "[s]tatutes dealing with matters other than procedure are not intended to be applied retroactively absent a plainly manifested legislative intent to that effect" ( People v. Oliver , 1 N.Y.2d 152, 157, 151 N.Y.S.2d 367, 134 N.E.2d 197 [1956] ; see People v. Behlog , 74 N.Y.2d 237, 240, 544 N.Y.S.2d 804, 543 N.E.2d 69 [1989] ). Here, nothing in the plain language of Penal Law § 222.05 (3) indicates that the legislature clearly intended that provision to have retroactive effect (see L 2021, ch 92; see also People v. Austen , 197 A.D.3d 861, 864, 153 N.Y.S.3d 247 [4th Dept. 2021, Smith, J., concurring] ; People v. Lawrence , 80 A.D.3d 1011, 1012, 915 N.Y.S.2d 699 [3d Dept. 2011] ). Indeed, we note that where the legislature intended for the new laws regulating marihuana to have retroactive effect, it clearly specified so (see e.g. CPL 440.46-a ).
In light of our determination, we reject defendant's further contention that his statements to the police must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree (see generally People v. Nichols , 113 A.D.3d 1122, 1123, 978 N.Y.S.2d 569 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 23 N.Y.3d 1065, 994 N.Y.S.2d 324, 18 N.E.3d 1145 [2014] ; People v. Sims , 106 A.D.3d 1473, 1474, 964 N.Y.S.2d 380 [4th Dept. 2013], appeal dismissed 22 N.Y.3d 992, 979 N.Y.S.2d 557, 2 N.E.3d 925 [2013] ).
Finally, contrary to defendant's contention, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.