Opinion
Docket No. 78-4212.
Decided December 2, 1980.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert E. Weiss, Prosecuting Attorney, and Donald A. Kuebler, Chief Appellate Division, for the people.
Dolores M. Coulter, for defendant.
On September 16, 1976, defendant Jerry Wayne Stegall was convicted by a jury of first-degree felony murder, contrary to MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and conspiracy to commit armed robbery, contrary to MCL 750.157(a), MCL 750.529; MSA 28.354(1), MSA 28.797. Thereafter, defendant was sentenced to separate life terms of imprisonment for each offense.
In a previous proceeding defendant appealed as of right, raising for review a single issue of whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying a motion to preclude the prosecutor from cross-examining the defendant regarding prior felony convictions in the event the defendant took the stand. This Court affirmed the convictions in an unpublished per curiam opinion (Docket No. 77-14, released April 6, 1978). On June 30, 1978, the defendant filed a pro se delayed motion for a new trial in the circuit court. The motion was denied by the circuit judge on September 11, 1978. The defendant then filed a pro se delayed application for leave to appeal, which was granted by this Court on June 27, 1979.
In this appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his delayed motion for a new trial. In support of this allegation, defendant first asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial. Upon examination of the record, however, we find that defense counsel met the standards for effective assistance set forth in People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976), reh den 399 Mich. 1041 (1977), and People v DeGraffenreid, 19 Mich. App. 702; 173 N.W.2d 317 (1969).
Defendant's second claim of error asserts reversible prejudice arising from the response of a prosecution witness during cross-examination, which exposed to the jury a prior term of imprisonment and possible murder committed by defendant:
"Q [by defense counsel]: Did Jerry ever talk to you about his former life or his life before he came to Flint; did he brag to you about that — what happened?
"A [by the witness]: He talked once a little bit about coming from North Carolina.
"Q. Did Jerry appear to you to be a bragger?
"A. Not really. Not really. He had mentioned about when he was in prison before, but other than that, Jerry was very quiet. He never said too awful much. He did say that he was — that he had killed a guy or something in North Carolina or in that area wherever he was; I do not remember where he did it."
In response to this remark, defense counsel requested a mistrial or, alternatively, a corrective jury instruction. The trial court chose to admonish the jury to disregard the unsolicited response.
If such a prejudicial response could reasonably have been anticipated by defense counsel, we would tend to agree with the defendant that a mistrial was required and that the defendant's delayed motion for a new trial should have been granted. See e.g., People v Greenway, 365 Mich. 547; 114 N.W.2d 188 (1962), People v McGee, 90 Mich. App. 115; 282 N.W.2d 250 (1979). However, the witness's prejudicial response was clearly unanticipated. A nonresponsive volunteered answer to a proper question is not cause for granting a mistrial. People v Kelsey, 303 Mich. 715, 717; 7 N.W.2d 120 (1942), People v Yarbrough (On Remand) (On Rehearing), 86 Mich. App. 105; 272 N.W.2d 345 (1978). In People v Fleish, 321 Mich. 443, 463; 32 N.W.2d 700 (1948), the Court refused to find grounds for reversal of defendant's conviction when one witness referred at trial to the defendant's incarceration at Alcatraz. The Court stated:
"Inadvertent irregularities of this character are bound to occur in the course of prolonged, hotly-contested trials, and when, as in the instant case, the objectionable testimony is purged from the record by the trial court, the irregularity should not be held to constitute reversible error in the absence of a persuasive showing of prejudice."
See also People v McQueen, 85 Mich. App. 348; 271 N.W.2d 231 (1978), for a similar conclusion regarding the prejudicial effect of an unresponsive answer.
Nevertheless, this Court must decide whether the prejudicial effect of the incompetent testimony has resulted in manifest injustice. People v Chambers #1, 64 Mich. App. 311; 236 N.W.2d 702 (1975), People v Duncan, 55 Mich. App. 403; 222 N.W.2d 261 (1974), and whether the prejudicial effect of the incompetent testimony could have been cured by a cautionary instruction by the trial judge. People v Chambers #1, supra, 313, citing United States v Smith, 403 F.2d 74 (CA 6, 1968).
We find the trial court's corrective instruction to the jury cured any prejudice resulting from the witness's comments. There was overwhelming evidence implicating the defendant. We find little probability that the remarks were so strong in effect as to influence the outcome of the jury verdict. We decline to reverse the defendant's conviction on this basis.
Defendant next contends that the trial court's instructions effectively removed from the jury's consideration the element of malice and improperly imputed the malice required for felony murder from the commission of the underlying felony. The trial court's instructions included the following:
"To establish his guilt the prosecution must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. One, that Robert Jarvais died on or about April third, nineteen seventy-six; two, that his death was caused by the defendant during an armed robbery, or that his death occurred as a direct result of the commission of the crime of armed robbery by the defendant; three, that at the time of the robbery which resulted in the death, the defendant either intended to kill Mr. Jarvais or knowingly created a very high degree of risk of his death or consciously intended to commit the crime of armed robbery resulting in the death; and four, that the defendant caused the death of Robert Jarvais without justification, excuse, or mitigation." (Emphasis added.)
Defense counsel made no objection to this instruction at trial. Nevertheless, an accused is entitled to instructions which are not erroneous or misleading. People v Liggett, 378 Mich. 706; 148 N.W.2d 784 (1967), People v Ross, 69 Mich. App. 705; 245 N.W.2d 335 (1976).
The Court of Appeals is presently divided on the issue of whether jury instructions on a charge of felony murder must include a separate discussion of malice. The issue remains before the Supreme Court for ultimate resolution. See People v Wright, 80 Mich. App. 172; 262 N.W.2d 917 (1977), lv gtd 402 Mich. 938 (1978), People v Wilder, 82 Mich. App. 358; 266 N.W.2d 847 (1978), lv gtd 403 Mich. 816 (1978), People v Robert G Thompson, 81 Mich. App. 348; 265 N.W.2d 632 (1978), lv gtd 402 Mich. 938 (1978).
The Supreme Court has addressed this issue in People v Aaron, 409 Mich. 672; 299 N.W.2d 304 (1980), released on November 24, 1980. The Aaron decision was not, however, made applicable to trials concluded prior to the date of that decision.
In support of his argument on this issue, defendant principally relies on this Court's decision in People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976), which found reversible error in the trial court's failure to instruct the jury on the element of malice for felony murder. See also People v Wright, supra. The Fountain Court concluded that the intent attending commission of the underlying felony could not be imputed to satisfy the malice requirement of first-degree felony murder. However, we find the decision and supporting rationale expressed in People v Till, 80 Mich. App. 16; 263 N.W.2d 586 (1977), and Judge KAUFMAN'S dissenting opinion in People v Wilson, 84 Mich. App. 636, 639-655; 270 N.W.2d 473 (1978), to be the more persuasive. In Till, the Court held:
"The cases alluded to in Fountain establish that it is for the jury to determine whether a killing results from the commission of a felony so as to form the essential link between the killing and the malice associated with the commission of the felony. A finding of malice may be made without finding an intention to kill. Malice is a state of mind that, while encompassing an intent to kill, may also exist absent such an intent. It may exist where one engages in the commission of an act dangerous to human life in wanton and wilful disregard of the unreasonable risk that death or serious bodily harm may result. People v Hansen, 368 Mich. 344, 350; 118 N.W.2d 422, 425 (1962)." People v Till, supra, 29.
Applying the above rationale to the present case, it is apparent that no error occurred from the trial court's instructions.
Finally, we address an issue not raised by the parties. The defendant was convicted of both first-degree felony murder and conspiracy to commit armed robbery. Because the conspiracy constitutes a necessary element of the felony murder charge, the defendant's conspiracy conviction must necessarily be vacated. People v Hicks, 88 Mich. App. 675; 279 N.W.2d 45 (1979), People v Wilder, supra.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part.
G.R. CORSIGLIA, J., concurred.
I must respectfully dissent from the majority's disposition of defendant's claim that the felony murder instructions must include a separate discussion of malice because I followed People v Fountain, 71 Mich. App. 491; 248 N.W.2d 589 (1976), in People v Langston, 86 Mich. App. 656; 273 N.W.2d 99 (1978). Since the trial court failed to instruct the jury that defendant cannot be liable for murder unless he acted with malice, I would reverse defendant's conviction for first-degree felony murder but would order entry of a conviction for manslaughter with the people having the option of retrying defendant for first-degree felony murder.