Summary
In People v Resler, 210 Mich App 24, 25; 532 NW2d 907 (1995), this Court concluded that a defendant is entitled to his good-time credit when his probation is subsequently revoked and he is sentenced on the original charge, reasoning that the Legislature had not revoked good-time credit for conditional probation.
Summary of this case from People v. HardawayOpinion
Docket No. 162504.
Submitted June 8, 1994, at Detroit.
Decided April 21, 1995, at 9:25 A.M.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Frederick Anderson, Prosecuting Attorney, and Mary M. LaSata, for the people.
Jeanice Dagher-Margosian, for the defendant.
Before: MICHAEL J. KELLY, P.J., and FITZGERALD and CORRIGAN, JJ.
Defendant pleaded guilty of embezzlement over $100, MCL 750.174; MSA 28.371. The trial court sentenced him to five years' probation with the first year in jail. Defendant was awarded sixty days of good-time credit by the sheriff under MCL 51.282(2); MSA 5.883(2)(2). Soon after his release from jail, defendant was found guilty of violating the terms of his probation and was sentenced to five to ten years' imprisonment. The trial court allowed defendant credit only for the time he actually had actually served in jail on the embezzlement charge. In this appeal of right, defendant argues that he was entitled to credit for the sixty days of good time granted by the sheriff. We agree.
Defendant bases his argument on double jeopardy grounds. The Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Michigan Constitutions guarantee against multiple punishments for the same offense. This guarantee "absolutely requires that punishment already exacted must be fully `credited' in imposing sentence upon a new conviction for the same offense." North Carolina v Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 718-719; 89 S Ct 2072; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969).
US Const, Am V, provides, in pertinent part: "[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. . . ." Const 1963, art 1, § 15, provides, in pertinent part: "No person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy."
In People v Whiteside, 437 Mich. 188; 468 N.W.2d 504 (1991), our Supreme Court summarized the current view of double jeopardy. There, the Court held that the prohibition on double jeopardy is not a check on the Legislature's power to define crime and fix punishment. Id. at 200-201. The Legislature may provide for the revocation of good-time credit without fear that its act would offend double jeopardy guarantees. See id. at 199, n 17, quoting United States v DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 137; 101 S Ct 426; 66 L Ed 2d 328 (1980). Our Legislature has already done so in the parole context. Under MCL 791.238(6); MSA 28.2308(6), a paroled prisoner is considered to be serving out the sentence imposed by the court and may be awarded good time, just as if the parolee had been confined in the institution. However, if the prisoner violates parole, the parole board may cause the forfeiture of all good time accumulated up to the date of the violation. MCL 791.238(4); MSA 28.2308(4).
While the Double Jeopardy Clause does not prohibit revocation of good-time credit per se, it does restrict a court's authority to impose punishment in excess of the intent of the Legislature. The basic inquiry is whether the total punishment imposed exceeds that authorized by the Legislature. Whiteside, supra at 201. In this case, the Legislature has not provided for the revocation of good-time credit in the context of conditional probation, as it has done in the parole context. There is no statutory provision evidencing a legislative intent to allow such revocation. The trial court therefore exceeded its authority under the Double Jeopardy Clause to take away what was already given to defendant. Defendant is entitled to keep what he has earned.
We reject the prosecution's suggestion that defendant has not even "earned" anything that is protected by the Double Jeopardy Clause. There are numerous Michigan cases addressing credit for time spent "in jail" or "in confinement" under a variety of circumstances. See, e.g., Whiteside, supra at 202 (not allowing probationer credit for time spent in a substance abuse program); People v Wagner, 193 Mich. App. 679, 682; 485 N.W.2d 133 (1992) (not allowing probationer credit for time spent in a boot camp). See also People v Sturdivant, 412 Mich. 92, 96-97; 312 N.W.2d 622 (1981); People v Smith, 143 Mich. App. 782, 787; 372 N.W.2d 660 (1985); People v Shipp, 141 Mich. App. 610, 614; 367 N.W.2d 430 (1985); People v Stange, 91 Mich. App. 596, 599; 283 N.W.2d 806 (1979); People v Gravlin, 52 Mich. App. 467, 469; 217 N.W.2d 404 (1974). While the lead cases held that boot camp and rehabilitation programs do not constitute "time served in jail" for purposes of double jeopardy, they do not address the status of good-time credit. We believe that good-time credit can fall within the ambit of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Unlike boot camps and rehabilitation programs, which are alternatives to incarceration that are available to the sentencing court, good-time credit effectively takes the place of jail time already imposed as part of a sentence. We also reject the prosecution's reading of the Sturdivant and Whiteside opinions as affording double jeopardy protection only to time actually served in jail. Nowhere in those opinions does the term "actually" modify "time served." Nor do the opinions make any such suggestion.
Our holding is bolstered by the United States Supreme Court's opinion in Pearce, supra at 718-719. There, the Court held "that the constitutional guarantee against multiple punishments for the same offense absolutely requires that punishment already exacted must be fully `credited' in imposing sentence upon a new conviction for the same offense." Id. In dicta, the Court added that credit for punishment already exacted "must, of course, include the time credited during service of the first prison sentence for good behavior, etc." Id. at 719, n 13. Though not reaching the precise issue presented in this case, our Supreme Court held in Sturdivant, supra at 97, that the principles set forth in Pearce apply to the situation in which the initial period of incarceration is a condition of probation.
In short, we hold that the constitutional guarantee against multiple punishments contemplates protection for good-time credit, but that the ultimate decision of whether such protection applies — that is, whether the good-time credit may be revoked — lies in the discretion of the Legislature. Absent legislative authority, a sentencing court may not revoke good-time credit that a defendant already has earned while serving a jail sentence as a condition of probation.
Because the amount of good-time credit received by defendant is undisputed, we order that his sentence be amended to reflect an additional credit of sixty days against his sentence for probation violation. MCR 7.216(A)(1) and (7); Brinson v Genesee Circuit Judge, 403 Mich. 676, 687; 272 N.W.2d 513 (1978).
Affirmed as modified.
FITZGERALD, J., concurred.
I agree that defendant is entitled to credit for the sixty days of good time granted by the sheriff. Credit must be awarded because the court lacked the statutory authority to revoke the good-time credit defendant had been awarded by the sheriff. People v Cannon, 206 Mich. App. 653; 522 N.W.2d 716 (1994); MCL 51.282(2); MSA 5.883(2)(2).
Defendant was placed on a five-year term of probation on October 18, 1991, after he was convicted of embezzlement, MCL 750.174; MSA 28.371. He was ordered to serve the first year of his probationary term in the Allegan County jail. While in jail, defendant apparently displayed exemplary inmate behavior. The sheriff released defendant to probation supervision on August 17, 1992, sixty days before his one-year jail term expired, by awarding defendant good-time credit pursuant to MCL 51.282(2); MSA 5.883(2)(2). That statute provides:
Every prisoner whose record shows that there are no violations of the rules and regulations shall be entitled to a reduction from his or her sentence as follows: 1 day for each 6 days of the sentence. The sheriff may, by general rule, subject to amendment from time to time, prescribe how much of the good time earned under this subsection a prisoner shall forfeit for any infraction of the general rules and regulations, and for any act of insubordination the sheriff may by special order take away any portion of or the whole of the good time made by any prisoner up to the date of such offense. The sheriff may as a reward for especially good conduct, in case of insubordination, restore to any prisoner the whole or any portion of the good time lost because of any minor infraction of the rules.
On his first day at large in the community, defendant broke the law. He wrote a check on a closed account. Between his release on August 17, 1992, and his rearrest on October 27, 1992, defendant managed to accumulate six charges of probation violation. He pleaded guilty as charged of four counts and was found guilty of the remaining two counts after a hearing. During his precious days of early release, defendant wrote three checks on closed accounts, rented three different automobiles using deceptive rental agreements, failed to pay an accumulated $1,824.02 in rental fees, and associated with a known criminal. Reformed he was not.
The sentencing court credited defendant with 377 days in jail, which included 305 days that defendant actually had served in jail on the embezzlement sentence and seventy-two days for the time defendant spent in jail between the time of his arrest on the probation violation charges and the time of sentencing. The court erred in failing to credit defendant with an additional sixty days of good-time credit he had earned in jail.
I agree with most of the majority's double jeopardy reasoning. However, its citation to the footnoted language in North Carolina v Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 719, n 13; 89 S Ct 2072; 23 L Ed 2d 656 (1969), ante at 28, may tend to confuse the Legislature by suggesting a double jeopardy gloss that precludes a legislative response to this problem.
Nothing in the United States Supreme Court's post- Pearce interpretation of double jeopardy prevents the Legislature from amending the statute to permit the sheriff to revoke good-time jail credit when probationers violate the terms of probation after they are released from jail, just as the Legislature has done in the context of parole violators. The footnoted language upon which the majority relies is acknowledged to be dicta. The precise question presented here and addressed in the footnote was not before the Supreme Court. A defendant who later forfeits "good time" for misbehavior while on early release, pursuant to the terms of a valid legislative enactment, has not had punishment "already exacted," in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause.
People v Sturdivant, 412 Mich. 92; 312 N.W.2d 622 (1981), resolved a split of authority in the Court of Appeals. Our Supreme Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause requires the award of credit for time actually served in jail as a condition of probation. In North Carolina v Pearce, supra at 718-719, the Supreme Court specifically held:
We hold that the constitutional guarantee against multiple punishments for the same offense absolutely requires that punishment already exacted must be fully `credited' in imposing sentence upon a new conviction for the same offense. [Emphasis added.]
In Pearce, supra at 719, n 13, the Supreme Court did not consider squarely the complex web of various state and federal statutes relating to good-time credit and the conditions for forfeiture of that credit.
In Greenholtz v Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1; 99 S Ct 2100; 60 L Ed 2d 668 (1979), the Supreme Court observed that a convicted person has no constitutional or inherent right to be released before the expiration of a valid sentence. Wolff v McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557; 94 S Ct 2963; 41 L Ed 2d 935 (1974), stated, just five years after Pearce, that the constitution does not guarantee good-time credit for satisfactory behavior while in prison. Most significantly, United States v DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 137; 101 S Ct 426; 66 L Ed 2d 328 (1980), recognized that " North Carolina v Pearce .. . demonstrate[s] that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not require that a sentence be given a degree of finality that prevents its later increase." Further, the Court noted that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not protect against revocation of probation and imposition of imprisonment. People v Whiteside, 437 Mich. 188, 199, n 17; 468 N.W.2d 504 (1991).
In Whiteside, our Supreme Court summarized the current view of double jeopardy. The clause is not a check on the Legislature's power to define crime and fix punishment. Id. at 200-201.
The Legislature properly may provide for the revocation of good-time credit, as it has done in the parole context, without fear that its act would offend double jeopardy. MCL 791.238(4); MSA 28.2308(4) provides: "The parole board, in its discretion, may cause the forfeiture of all good time to the date of the declared violation." Pursuant to MCL 791.238(6); MSA 28.2308(6), a paroled prisoner is considered to be serving out the sentence imposed by the court and is awarded good time, just as if the parolee had been confined in the institution. If the prisoner then violates parole, the parole board may forfeit good time.
The law governing good-time credits for parolees specifically authorizes the forfeiture of good-time credit for parole violations while a defendant is at large in the community. MCL 791.238; MSA 28.2308. The statutes governing good-time credit awarded by sheriffs on jail sentences contain no counterpart grant of authority to sheriffs for probation violators. See MCL 51.282; MSA 5.883. This omission is for the Legislature to cure. The Legislature may choose to cure this omission without fear that the Double Jeopardy Clause restricts its powers.
For the foregoing reasons, I dissent in part from the rationale but concur in the result.