Opinion
Docket No. 63485.
Decided February 9, 1983. Leave to appeal denied, 417 Mich 1100.7.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Janice M. Joyce Bartee, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Sheila N. Robertson), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant pled guilty to cruelty to a child in violation of MCL 750.136; MSA 28.331 and was sentenced to two years incarceration. She appeals her conviction as of right.
The sole issue presented concerns the ability of the plea-taking court to rely on photographs to supplement the factual basis for defendant's plea. Defendant admitted that she struck her child with a belt. However, she was unable to describe the precise nature of the injuries inflicted. Therefore, the prosecutor and defense counsel stipulated to the admission of a series of photographs which depicted the victim's condition. Defendant agreed to that procedure. After viewing the photographs, the court ruled that sufficient factual support was established for the plea.
Defendant claims that factual support for a plea of guilty may be supplied only by examination of the accused.
The Supreme Court has established the procedure to be employed for the purpose of taking a plea of guilty or a plea of nolo contendere. GCR 1963, 785.7. It has established different procedures for a guilty plea than a plea of nolo contendere. Where a plea of guilty is entered, the court is required to establish factual support for the plea by questioning the defendant. GCR 1963, 785.7(3)(a). Where a plea of nolo contendere is entered, the court may not question defendant about his involvement. Instead, the court is required to state why such a plea is appropriate and also conduct a hearing to establish support for the plea. GCR 1963, 785.7(3)(b).
In view of the foregoing, we agree with defendant that, where the defendant fails to substantially admit guilt in entering a plea of guilty, the parties may not avoid the procedural requirements of the court rule merely by stipulating to the admission of other evidence to provide support for the plea. If defendant is unwilling or unable to admit the facts giving rise to the plea, the appropriate plea is one of nolo contendere if the court can state adequate reasons for acceptance of such a plea. See Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich. 96, 132-135; 235 N.W.2d 132 (1975).
Although we agree that the procedure employed is objectionable where defendant does not substantially admit guilt, we do not agree that such supplementation may never occur where a substantial admission has been made by direct questioning of defendant. The purpose of the requirement of direct questioning is to insure that the plea is both voluntarily and intelligently made. People v Kedo, 108 Mich. App. 310, 316; 310 N.W.2d 224 (1981). These constitutional protections may be satisfied even where defendant fails to admit all of the elements of the offense. People v Booth, 414 Mich. 343, 358-360; 324 N.W.2d 741 (1982). In Booth, supra, the Court quoted from North Carolina v Alford, 400 U.S. 25; 91 S Ct 160; 27 L Ed 2d 162 (1970), wherein the United States Supreme Court stated:
"`[T]he Constitution is concerned with the practical consequences, not the formal categorization of state law. * * * Thus, while most pleas of guilty consist of both a waiver of trial and an express admission of guilt, the latter element is not a constitutional requisite to the imposition of criminal penalty. An individual accused of crime may voluntarily, knowingly, and understandingly consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even if he is unwilling or unable to admit his participation in the acts constituting the crime.' 400 U.S. 37. (Emphasis added.)" Booth, supra, pp 359-360.
In Guilty Plea Cases, supra, p 129, the Supreme Court authorized a procedure for supplementation after remand in cases in which an appellate court has found that an insufficient factual basis was established to support acceptance of the plea. Subsequent decisions of this Court have held that the post-remand supplementation may be supplied by evidence other than defendant's admissions if defendant substantially admitted guilt at the initial plea hearing. Kedo, supra; People v Brown, 96 Mich. App. 565; 293 N.W.2d 632 (1980). In our opinion, such supplementation may also occur at the initial plea hearing as long as: (1) there is a substantial admission of guilt by defendant; (2) defendant is unable to supply a specific fact; and (3) the parties stipulate to the admission of the other evidence.
We are not unmindful of the Supreme Court's decision in People v Schneff, 392 Mich. 15; 219 N.W.2d 47 (1974), which held that a guilty plea is not properly accepted where the trial court relies on testimony taken at the preliminary examination even where the parties stipulate to the use of such evidence. However, we agree with People v Davis, 109 Mich. App. 521, 527-529; 311 N.W.2d 411 (1981), and People v McKnight, 102 Mich. App. 581; 302 N.W.2d 241 (1980), that the continued validity of Schneff, supra, is suspect following the Supreme Court's decision in Guilty Plea Cases, supra, and that, in any event, Schneff, supra, does not bar the use of such evidence only to establish a single fact outside the knowledge of defendant.
In the present case, defendant admitted that, after becoming extremely upset with her daughter, she beat the child with a leather belt and that the beating was long-lasting and severe. However, defendant was not able to describe the nature of the injuries inflicted. It is readily apparent that in child cruelty cases the nature and severity of the injuries inflicted will often be outside the knowledge of the accused. Therefore, we find that it was not error for the plea-taking court to rely on the photographs to establish the missing fact.
Affirmed.