Opinion
Docket No. 194957.
Submitted December 18, 1996, at Lansing.
Decided April 4, 1997, at 9:20 A.M.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Dennis Hurst, Prosecuting Attorney, and Roberta S. Balon, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
Joseph S. Filip, P.C. (by Joseph S. Filip), for John R. Jones.
Defense Associates, P.C. (by W. B. Raymer), for Shurie D. Jones.
The people appeal by leave granted from the trial court's order quashing the information charging defendants with gross indecency, MCL 750.338b; MSA 28.570(2). We reverse and remand.
I
The prosecution claims that defendants, husband and wife, engaged in sexual intercourse in a public visiting room, which was at full capacity, at the G. Robert Cotton Prison Facility in Jackson. The prosecution asserts that defendants performed this act near a vending machine and that defendants had their three minor children stand behind defendants, facing them, to shield defendants from the view of others in the visiting room. Defendants were charged with gross indecency and, following a preliminary examination, were bound over for trial on that charge. Defendants moved in the trial court to quash the information, claiming that there was insufficient evidence to support the bindover and that defendants' conduct did not, as a matter of law, violate the gross indecency statute. The trial court ruled, on the basis of People v Lino, 447 Mich. 567; 527 N.W.2d 434 (1994), and People v Danielac, 38 Mich. App. 230; 195 N.W.2d 922 (1972), both of which will be discussed further, that "irrespective of the offensiveness of the defendants' conduct, normal heterosexual intercourse between husband and wife is not proscribed by the gross indecency statute." The trial court entered an order quashing the information and remanding the case to the district court on the reduced charge of indecent exposure, MCL 750.335a; MSA 28.567(1). The prosecution was granted a stay of the district court proceedings and this Court granted the prosecution's application for leave to bring an interlocutory appeal.
The issue we must address is whether, under the circumstances of this case, normal heterosexual intercourse between a husband and wife is grossly indecent under MCL 750.338b; MSA 28.570(2). The trial court's order quashing the gross indecency charge on the legal ground asserted in this case is subject to review for error. See People v Thomas, 438 Mich. 448, 452; 475 N.W.2d 288 (1991).
II
MCL 750.338b; MSA 28.570(2) states, in relevant part:
Any male person who, in public or in private, commits or is a party to the commission of any act of gross indecency with a female person shall be guilty of a felony, punishable as provided in this section. Any female person who, in public or in private, commits or is a party to the commission of any act of gross indecency with a male person shall be guilty of a felony punishable as provided in this section.
In People v Carey, 217 Mich. 601; 187 N.W. 261 (1922), our Supreme Court interpreted the gross indecency statute, 1915 CL 15511, which prohibited acts of gross indecency between males. The information in the case charged the defendant with gross indecency, but did not give the particulars of the alleged act of gross indecency. Carey, supra at 601-602. Our Supreme Court held that the information was sufficient because "[t]he gross indecency of the subject forbids" describing the particulars of the act charged. Id. at 603. In arriving at its holding, the Court quoted, with approval, People v Hicks, 98 Mich. 86, 90; 56 N.W. 1102 (1893), a case dealing with taking indecent liberties with a child, which, in turn, quoted State v Millard, 18 Vt. 574, 577; 46 Am Dec 170 (1846):
The statute at issue in Carey was the predecessor of, and is nearly identical to, MCL 750.338; MSA 28.570 and provided
[t]hat any male person who in public or private commits or is a party to the commission of or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of any act of gross indecency with another male person shall be deemed guilty of a felony. . . . [ Carey, supra at 601-602.]
"`[N]o particular definition is given by the statute of what constitutes this crime. The indelicacy of the subject forbids it, and does not require of the court to state what particular conduct will constitute the offense. The common sense of the community, as well as the sense of decency, propriety, and morality which most people entertain, is sufficient to apply the statute to each particular case, and point out what particular conduct is rendered criminal by it.'" [ Carey, supra at 602-603.]
In People v Dexter, 6 Mich. App. 247; 148 N.W.2d 915 (1967), this Court addressed the issue whether the statute regarding gross indecency between males, which at that time was MCL 750.85; MSA 28.280, was unconstitutionally vague because it did not define which acts are grossly indecent. This Court, relying in part on Hicks and Carey, answered in the negative, holding that the statute was intended to penalize "`conduct that is of such character that the common sense of society regards it as indecent and improper,'" and that purpose gives sufficient guidance for a determination regarding which acts are in violation of the statute. Dexter, supra at 253, quoting People v Szymanski, 321 Mich. 248, 252; 32 N.W.2d 451 (1948).
In People v Howell, 396 Mich. 16; 238 N.W.2d 148 (1976), Justice LEVIN, authored an opinion that, in section II, rejected Dexter. Justice LEVIN asserted that because of the differing attitudes toward sexual conduct, there is no "common sense of society" regarding sexual behavior between consenting adults in private and that using such a test to define the offense of gross indecency "leaves the trier of fact `free to decide, without any legally fixed standards, what is prohibited and what is not in each particular case.'" Id. at 23-24, quoting Giaccio v Pennsylvania, 382 U.S. 399, 402-403; 86 S Ct 518; 15 L Ed 2d 447 (1966). Instead, Justice LEVIN advocated a construction of the gross indecency statutes that would "prohibit oral and manual sexual acts committed without consent or with a person under the age of consent or any ultimate sexual act committed in public." Howell, supra at 24. However, section II of Howell was joined by only two other justices, id. at 29, and therefore was not binding precedent. See People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155, 170-171; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973).
Because the Howell definition was not binding, several panels of this Court continued to follow the Hicks-Carey-Dexter "common sense of society" standard. See, e.g., People v Austin, 185 Mich. App. 334; 460 N.W.2d 607 (1990); People v Gunnett, 158 Mich. App. 420; 404 N.W.2d 627 (1987). However, other panels of this Court shared Justice LEVIN's opinion that the "common sense of society" standard was outdated and unworkable and chose to follow the Howell definition. See, e.g., People v Lino, 190 Mich. App. 715; 476 N.W.2d 654 (1991), rev'd 447 Mich. 567; 527 N.W.2d 434 (1994); People v Lynch, 179 Mich. App. 63; 445 N.W.2d 803 (1989); People v Emmerich, 175 Mich. App. 283; 437 N.W.2d 30 (1989).
This split of authority in this Court led to the convening of a special panel to resolve the conflict. People v Brashier, 197 Mich. App. 672; 496 N.W.2d 385 (1992). The Brashier panel held that " Carey established an authoritative interpretation of the meaning of `gross indecency'" and that other panels of this Court were not free to adopt the definition in section II of Howell, a plurality opinion. Brashier, supra at 679. Therefore, following the definitive opinion in Brashier, it was clear that what constituted an act of gross indecency was to be left to the trier of fact, who applied the "common sense of society" standard. However, the Supreme Court's recent decision in People v Lino, 447 Mich. 567; 527 N.W.2d 434 (1994), which consolidated the appeals from the Court of Appeals' decisions in Lino, supra, and Brashier, supra, has once again cast a shade of gray over the area of gross indecency.
In the Supreme Court's decision in Lino, a majority of the justices held that "[t]o the extent the Court of Appeals in Brashier interpreted People v Carey to leave to the jury's assessment of the common sense of the community the definition of gross indecency, the Court of Appeals is reversed." Lino, 447 Mich. 571. However, a majority of the justices could not agree on what standard should be used to determine if an act is grossly indecent. Justice LEVIN wrote separately and opined that the Court should state what is not gross indecency; adults engaging in "oral sex (fellatio, cunnilingus) or anal sex, or manual sex, including masturbation or other manual penetration or arousal, as long as the activity is consensual and in private." Id., 582. Justice BOYLE, with Justice BRICKLEY concurring, wrote that "gross indecency" is a euphemism for oral sexual conduct and the statute should punish only those acts. Id. at 606-617. Justice RILEY, with Justice GRIFFIN concurring, dissented from the majority's holding that gross indecency is not defined by the jury's assessment of the "common sense of society" and advocated the continued use of the Carey standard. Id. at 617-623. Consequently, Lino leaves us with a definitive statement regarding how not to determine whether an act is grossly indecent, but without a definitive statement regarding which acts are grossly indecent.
A majority of the justices also held in Lino, 447 Mich. 570-571:
(1) MCL 750.338; MSA 28.570, which prohibits acts of gross indecency between males, is not unconstitutionally vague as applied to the defendants' conduct in Lino and Brashier.
(2) Oral sexual conduct committed in a public place is grossly indecent under MCL 750.338; MSA 28.570.
(3) Procuring or attempting to procure the specific conduct alleged in Brashier with a person under the age of consent can support a conviction under MCL 750.338; MSA 28.570.
Along these same lines, Justice Levin also opined that "[a] married man and woman would be subject to prosecution for gross indecency between a male and a female person if they were to engage in `normal' heterosexual intercourse in public." Lino, 447 Mich. 581.
However, we have been given some guidance regarding what our role should be in such cases. As stated by the Supreme Court in People v Warren, 449 Mich. 341, 345; 535 N.W.2d 173 (1995), "[o]ne of the lessons of the Lino inquiry is that it is prudent to decide only the case before us, and not attempt to catalog what is permitted and prohibited. . . ." Therefore, we decline to craft judicially an all-encompassing definition of what is, or what is not, grossly indecent. Until the Legislature gives the courts of this state a workable definition of gross indecency, malleable enough to protect, without unlawfully infringing on, the rights of the public, we must decide case by case, as the Supreme Court did in Lino, whether an act is grossly indecent. It is with this in mind that we turn to the case at bar.
The trial court quashed the information charging defendants with gross indecency on the ground that normal heterosexual intercourse is not an act of gross indecency. The trial court relied heavily on Danielac, supra at 232, where this Court held:
Fornication is not the commission of an "act" of gross indecency "with" a person of the opposite sex. The fact that defendant participated in a normal act of sexual intercourse in the presence of other persons does not change the character of the act. The offense is determined by the nature of the act and is not predicated on whether it is in public or in private.
We disagree with the decision in Danielac. Another lesson from the Supreme Court's decision in Lino is that the circumstances are relevant to a determination whether an act is grossly indecent. In Lino, the Supreme Court held that oral sexual conduct in a public place is grossly indecent and that procuring or attempting to procure the specific sexual conduct alleged in Brashier, with a person under the age of consent, is grossly indecent. Lino, 447 Mich. 570-071. We do not read Lino to hold that the acts themselves, i.e., oral sexual conduct and the alleged conduct in Brashier, were grossly indecent, but that because of the attending circumstances, the defendants' conduct violated the gross indecency statute. We do not consider the qualifications made in the Lino holdings to be irrelevant. We are of the opinion that the circumstances surrounding the acts were necessary to the Court's determination that the defendants were in violation of the gross indecency statute. Therefore, we hold that, in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Lino, Danielac was wrongly decided, and the trial court's reliance on that case for the proposition that normal heterosexual intercourse is not, as a matter of law, grossly indecent was error.
Previous panels of this Court have also expressed disagreement with Danielac's holding that it is only the act itself that is relevant and not the circumstances surrounding the act. See People v Trammell, 171 Mich. App. 128; 429 N.W.2d 810 (1988), rev'd 433 Mich. 866 (1989); Gunnett, supra.
The Supreme Court described Brashier's conduct as follows:
Defendant Brashier would strike up a conversation with the minor victim, eventually asking whether the victim was interested in earning some money by "beatin' up a queer." Defendant Brashier would buy the minor victims lunch and then take them to a hotel room where codefendant Goike was waiting.
With Brashier directing the proceedings, the minors would physically and verbally abuse Goike, while Goike masturbated. The minors would hit Goike with a stick, urinate on him, vomit on him, pour syrup on him, and force him to consume combinations of these materials. All the while, Goike would continue to masturbate, eventually to climax.
For the most part, defendant Brashier's participation was limited to directing the activities. [ Lino, 447 Mich. 573-574.]
Whether the act took place in public or in private appears to have been of particular importance. The Supreme Court made a point to specify that Lino's conduct was grossly indecent when performed in public and that Brashier's conduct, when committed with minors, was grossly indecent regardless of whether performed in public or in private. Lino, 447 Mich. 570-571.
We obviously agree that, in and of itself, normal sexual intercourse between a husband and wife is not grossly indecent, but, as previously indicated, the act alleged to be grossly indecent can not be looked at in a vacuum or separated from the factual situation in which it took place. In the case at bar, the prosecution alleges that defendants had sexual intercourse in a public visiting room, filled with, presumably, nonconsenting adults and children under the age of consent, with defendants' three minor children standing nearby in an attempt to shield defendants' conduct from others in the visiting room. If the facts as alleged by the prosecution are true, then defendants' conduct would constitute an act of gross indecency under MCL 750.338b; MSA 28.570(2).
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.