Opinion
03-24-2017
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Frank GARCIA, Defendant–Appellant.
Timothy P. Donaher, Public Defender, Rochester (David R. Juergens of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank Garcia, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Kelly Christine Wolford of Counsel), for Respondent.
Timothy P. Donaher, Public Defender, Rochester (David R. Juergens of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.
Frank Garcia, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se.
Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Kelly Christine Wolford of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CURRAN, TROUTMAN, AND SCUDDER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of two counts of murder in the first degree (Penal Law § 125.27[1][a] [viii] ; [b] ) and attempted murder in the first degree (§§ 110.00, 125.27[1][a] [viii] ; [b] ). We reject defendant's contention that County Court erred in denying his challenges for cause with respect to three prospective jurors. " CPL 270.20(1)(b) provides that a party may challenge a potential juror for cause if the juror ‘has a state of mind that is likely to preclude him [or her] from rendering an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial’ " (People v. Harris, 19 N.Y.3d 679, 685, 954 N.Y.S.2d 777, 978 N.E.2d 1246 ). A " ‘prospective juror whose statements raise a serious doubt regarding the ability to be impartial must be excused unless the juror states unequivocally on the record that he or she can be fair and impartial’ " (id. at 685, 954 N.Y.S.2d 777, 978 N.E.2d 1246, quoting People v. Chambers, 97 N.Y.2d 417, 419, 740 N.Y.S.2d 291, 766 N.E.2d 953 ; see People v. Warrington, 28 N.Y.3d 1116, 1119–1120, 45 N.Y.S.3d 345, 68 N.E.3d 70 ). Thus, " ‘where [a] prospective juror[ ] unambiguously state[s] that, despite preexisting opinions that might indicate bias, [he or she] will decide the case impartially and based on the evidence, the trial court has discretion to deny the challenge for cause if it determines that the juror's promise to be impartial is credible’ " (Warrington, 28 N.Y.3d at 1120, 45 N.Y.S.3d 345, 68 N.E.3d 70 ).
The first prospective juror did not express any doubt concerning his ability to be fair and impartial, and the court therefore properly denied the for cause challenge (see People v. DeFreitas, 116 A.D.3d 1078, 1079–1080, 984 N.Y.S.2d 423, lv. denied 24 N.Y.3d 960, 996 N.Y.S.2d 219, 20 N.E.3d 999 ; People v. Campanella, 100 A.D.3d 1420, 1421, 953 N.Y.S.2d 786, lv. denied 20 N.Y.3d 1060, 962 N.Y.S.2d 611, 985 N.E.2d 921 ). The second prospective juror expressed a preexisting opinion that would indicate bias, but she unambiguously stated upon further questioning that she would decide the case impartially based on the evidence (see Warrington, 28 N.Y.3d at 1120, 45 N.Y.S.3d 345, 68 N.E.3d 70 ). Even assuming, arguendo, that we agree with defendant that the stricter standard set forth in People v. Torpey , 63 N.Y.2d 361, 368, 482 N.Y.S.2d 448, 472 N.E.2d 298, rearg. denied 64 N.Y.2d 885, 487 N.Y.S.2d 1029, 476 N.E.2d 1008 applies with respect to this prospective juror, we conclude that the record does not show any possibility that the prospective juror's impressions of defendant might influence her verdict. Finally, with respect to the third prospective juror, her statement that she would give more credit to the testimony of police officers raised serious doubt about her ability to be impartial (see People v. Mitchum, 130 A.D.3d 1466, 1467, 12 N.Y.S.3d 749 ; People v. Lewis, 71 A.D.3d 1582, 1583, 896 N.Y.S.2d 792 ), but the court thereafter elicited an unequivocal assurance that the prospective juror would decide the case impartially (see People v. Rogers, 103 A.D.3d 1150, 1152, 958 N.Y.S.2d 835, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 946, 968 N.Y.S.2d 8, 990 N.E.2d 142 ).
Defendant contends that the court should have granted his motion for a mistrial after two prospective jurors indicated that they heard other prospective jurors discussing the case while awaiting voir dire. We conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion (see People v. Reader, 142 A.D.3d 1109, 1109, 37 N.Y.S.3d 349 ; People v. Dombroff, 44 A.D.3d 785, 787, 843 N.Y.S.2d 421, lv. denied 9 N.Y.3d 1005, 850 N.Y.S.2d 393, 880 N.E.2d 879 ). The court conducted an inquiry of several deputies who were in the courtroom, and the deputies indicated that they did not hear any discussion amongst the prospective jurors about the case. In addition, the court questioned prospective jurors during individual voir dire if they had already formed an opinion as to defendant's guilt or innocence.
By failing to pursue his motion to suppress evidence or object to the introduction of such evidence at trial, defendant abandoned his contention that the court should have conducted a hearing on the motion (see People v. Mulligan, 118 A.D.3d 1372, 1376, 988 N.Y.S.2d 354, lv. denied 25 N.Y.3d 1075, 12 N.Y.S.3d 626, 34 N.E.3d 377 ). We reject defendant's contention that counsel's alleged failure to pursue the motion constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant did not meet his burden of establishing that there was no "strategic or other legitimate explanation[ ]" (People v. Rivera, 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698 ) for counsel's alleged failure to pursue the motion. "There can be no denial of effective assistance of counsel arising from counsel's failure to ‘make a motion ... that has little or no chance of success' " (People v. Caban, 5 N.Y.3d 143, 152, 800 N.Y.S.2d 70, 833 N.E.2d 213, quoting People v. Stultz, 2 N.Y.3d 277, 287, 778 N.Y.S.2d 431, 810 N.E.2d 883, rearg. denied 3 N.Y.3d 702, 785 N.Y.S.2d 29, 818 N.E.2d 671 ). Here, considering the People's responsive papers, which set forth the police investigation and identification of defendant as the suspect in the shootings, we conclude that there is no support in the record for a colorable argument for suppression inasmuch as the police had probable cause to arrest defendant (see People v. Carver, 27 N.Y.3d 418, 420–421, 33 N.Y.S.3d 857, 53 N.E.3d 734 ; People v. Motter, 235 A.D.2d 582, 586, 653 N.Y.S.2d 378, lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 1038, 659 N.Y.S.2d 869, 681 N.E.2d 1316 ). Defendant's other allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel set forth in his main brief are also simple disagreements with trial strategy and thus cannot serve as a basis for relief (see People v. Barboni, 90 A.D.3d 1548, 1548, 935 N.Y.S.2d 771, affd. 21 N.Y.3d 393, 971 N.Y.S.2d 729, 994 N.E.2d 820 ). Defendant's allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel raised in his pro se supplemental brief are also without merit, and we conclude that the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of this case, viewed in totality and as of the time of the representation, establish that defendant received meaningful representation (see People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 ).
Defendant's contention that the grand jury proceeding was defective because the indictment was filed after the grand jury term expired for defendant's case is not preserved for our review (see People v. Soto [Appeal No. 2], 163 A.D.2d 889, 889, 559 N.Y.S.2d 73, lv. denied 76 N.Y.2d 991, 563 N.Y.S.2d 780, 565 N.E.2d 529 ), and we decline to exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). As the People correctly concede, the sentence of life without parole for attempted murder in the first degree is illegal (see Penal Law § 60.05[2] ).
We therefore modify the judgment by vacating the sentence imposed on count three, and we remit the matter to County Court for resentencing on that count.
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his challenge in his pro se supplemental brief to the use of information from certain cellular phone records (see People v. Hall, 86 A.D.3d 450, 451–452, 926 N.Y.S.2d 514, lv. denied 19 N.Y.3d 961, 950 N.Y.S.2d 113, 973 N.E.2d 211, cert. denied ––– U.S. ––––, 133 S.Ct. 1240, 185 L.Ed.2d 189 ). We decline to exercise our power to review that challenge as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). Defendant's challenge in his pro se supplemental brief to the sufficiency of the evidence before the grand jury is not properly before us. " ‘Having failed to challenge the [legal] sufficiency of the trial evidence, defendant may not now challenge the [legal] sufficiency of the evidence before the grand jury’ " (People v. McCoy, 100 A.D.3d 1422, 1423, 953 N.Y.S.2d 788 ; see People v. Smith, 4 N.Y.3d 806, 807–808, 796 N.Y.S.2d 1, 828 N.E.2d 958 ; People v. Lane, 106 A.D.3d 1478, 1481–1482, 966 N.Y.S.2d 307, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1043, 972 N.Y.S.2d 540, 995 N.E.2d 856 ). We have considered the remaining contentions of defendant raised in his pro se supplemental brief and conclude that they are without merit.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by vacating the sentence imposed on count three of the indictment and as modified the judgment is affirmed, and the matter is remitted to Monroe County Court for resentencing on that count.