Summary
In People v Ferguson, 94 Mich. App. 137; 288 N.W.2d 587 (1979), a substantially similar controlled buy was held to establish probable cause for a search warrant.
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Docket Nos. 78-2663, 78-5170.
Decided December 5, 1979. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert L. Kaczmarek, Prosecuting Attorney, William D. White, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, in Ferguson, and Linda Berns Wright, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, in Pratt. Allsopp Palacios, for defendant Ferguson. Joseph Samuel Scorsone, for defendant Pratt.
Defendant Ferguson was convicted by a jury of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, MCL 335.341(1)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(1)(a), and was sentenced to 8 to 20 years imprisonment. He appeals as of right.
Repealed by 1978 PA 368, effective September 30, 1978. For current provisions, see MCL 333.7401; MSA 14.15(7401).
Defendant Pratt was also convicted by a jury of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, MCL 335.341(1)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(1)(a), and sentenced to 6 to 20 years imprisonment. He too appeals as of right.
The evidence adduced at the joint trial of the defendants established the following facts.
On March 26, 1977, under authority of a search warrant, the Saginaw Police Department conducted a raid upon an apartment within the city. Upon arriving the officers involved looked through a living room window and saw two individuals sitting on a couch. As they knocked and announced their identity and purpose, they saw a third person exit the living room quite rapidly. Receiving no response from within, and concerned that narcotics were going to be disposed of, they obtained entry by using a battering ram.
The officers noticed that the bathroom door, visible from the living room, was open. Approaching the bathroom, they saw defendants Ferguson and Pratt, as well as codefendant Eugene Johnson, near the toilet. Pratt was holding a small vial which Ferguson pushed out of his hand, sending heroin onto the floor as well as into the commode.
Pratt was also found to be in possession of packets of heroin, while Ferguson had on his person a syringe, a spoon, and some currency. Johnson had scattered about the bathroom floor some $980 as well as a substantial quantity of heroin.
In the kitchen, the officers found narcotics paraphernalia, including aluminum foil and spoons, and discovered more heroin on the kitchen floor.
On appeal, defendants raise a host of issues. Initially, defendant Ferguson contends that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to try his case, because of noncompliance with the so-called 180-day rule on the part of the prosecutor. Specifically, Ferguson charges that the prosecution failed to take any affirmative steps to timely bring the case to trial, and thereby did not meet its burden of engaging in good faith action in this regard. In support of this assertion, he relies upon People v Hill.
MCL 780.131 et seq.; MSA 28.969(1) et seq., which provide in pertinent part:
"Sec. 1. Whenever the department of corrections shall receive notice that there is pending in this state any untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint setting forth against any inmate of a penal institution of this state a criminal offense for which a prison sentence might be imposed upon conviction, such inmate shall be brought to trial within 180 days after the department of corrections shall cause to be delivered to the prosecuting attorney of the county in which such warrant, indictment, information or complaint is pending written notice of the place of imprisonment of such inmate and a request for final disposition of such warrant, indictment, information or complaint. The request shall be accompanied by a statement setting forth the term of commitment under which the prisoner is being held, the time already served, the time remaining to be served on the sentence, the amount of good time earned, the time of parole eligibility of the prisoner and any decisions of the parole board relating to the prisoner. The written notice and statement provided herein shall be delivered by certified mail.
"Sec. 2. The department of corrections shall notify each prisoner of any request forwarded under the provisions of section 1 of this act.
"Sec. 3. In the event that, within the time limitation set forth in section 1 of this act, action is not commenced on the matter for which request for disposition was made, no court of this state shall any longer have jurisdiction thereof, nor shall the untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint be of any further force or effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same with prejudice."
402 Mich. 272; 262 N.W.2d 641 (1978).
In this case, Ferguson was sentenced on a prior charge May 16, 1977, and detained pending incarceration thereon, which began the running of the 180-day period under the standard articulated in People v Hill, supra, 280-281, as defendant had already been charged in the instant prosecution. Trial did not begin until December 13, 1977, some 212 days later. This establishes a prima facie violation of the 180-day rule, requiring the prosecution to show some good faith action on its part to ready the case for trial within the 180-day period. People v Hill, supra, 281, People v Wright, 89 Mich. App. 244, 250; 280 N.W.2d 836 (1979).
The Court in People v Hill stated:
"We hold that the statutory period begins with the coincidence of either conditions 1 or 2 and condition 3:
"1) The issuance of a warrant, indictment or complaint against a person incarcerated in a state prison or under detention in any local facility awaiting incarceration in any state prison;
"2) The incarceration of a defendant in a state prison or the detention of such defendant in a local facility to await such incarceration when there is an untried warrant, indictment, information or complaint pending against such defendant; and
"3) The prosecutor knows or should know that the defendant is so incarcerated when the warrant, indictment, information or complaint is issued or the Department of Corrections knows or should know that a warrant, indictment, or complaint is pending against one sentenced to their custody." Id., 280-281.
Whether this standard is satisfied is basically an ad hoc determination, arrived at by a review of the unique circumstances of the case. We find sufficient good faith action on the part of the prosecutor to ready the case for trial within the statutory period so as to satisfy the mandate of People v Hill.
Defendant Ferguson was arraigned on May 16, 1977, the same day he was sentenced on a prior charge. His trial counsel shortly thereafter filed two motions, to which the prosecutor responded promptly by brief and which were argued in May and June. On September 19, 1977, a trial notice was sent to him, with the trial date set for December 13, 1977. On November 18, 1977, Ferguson filed a motion to suppress evidence alleged to have been seized illegally, which motion was heard and denied November 28, 1977. Finally, on December 8, 1977, a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum was sought and issued, and trial commenced December 13.
We find these actions consonant with a good faith effort to commence the proceedings in a timely fashion. Each was directed at readying the case for trial, although some actions were taken in response to defense motions. As the bulk of these efforts took place within 180 days of the date the statutory period began to run, taken as a whole they are sufficient good faith action to meet the demands of People v Hill. Cf., People v Wright, supra, 252-253, People v Farmer, 16 Mich. App. 148, 151; 167 N.W.2d 597 (1969).
Defendants next attack the search warrant used to gain entry into and to search the apartment in which they were arrested. Defendants claim that the warrant was defective in that the supporting affidavit failed to detail adequately the credibility of an unnamed police informant and the reliability of the information which served as the basis for issuing the disputed warrant. We find this claim to be without merit.
The affidavit in this case is far more detailed than that found sufficient in either People v Jerry Johnson, 68 Mich. App. 697; 243 N.W.2d 715 (1976), or People v Thomas, 86 Mich. App. 752; 273 N.W.2d 548 (1978), and compares favorably with the affidavit found sufficient in People v Davis, 72 Mich. App. 21; 248 N.W.2d 690 (1976). Therefore, the search warrant was properly issued.
The affidavit reads in relevant part as follows:
"The affidavit and complaint on oath and in writing of Reed L. Vaughn, of the City of Saginaw, County of Saginaw, State of Michigan. Taken and made before me, Bruce J. Scorsone, a District Judge for the 70th Judicial District of the State of Michigan, and Upon the 25th day of March, A.D. 1977, who being by me duly sworn, says that the premises owned or occupied by an unknown negro male known as 3006 Douglas Street, Saginaw, Michigan, and described as a two story multi-family dwelling, being green in color with yellow trim on windows. In particular the downstairs apartment known as 3006 Douglas Street, Saginaw, County of Saginaw, State of Michigan. The entrance being on the west side of house facing Douglas Street, is presently being used to illegally store Heroin particularly at the above named address.
"The facts which I know personally are as follows: That on or about the 25th day of March 1977 affiant was in contact with an informant known as I-570. I-570 advised affiant that heroin was being stored and sold at the above named address and that I-570 could purchase heroin from the above named address. I-570 was searched by affiant and found to have no United States currency or heroin on I-570's person. I-570 was given a sum of United States Currency by affiant with the instructions to go to the above named address and purchase heroin for the affiant. While under the direct surveillance of the affiant I-570 was observed to enter the above named address. A short time later I-570 was observed to exit the above named address and met affiant at a predetermined location. At this time I-570 turned over to affiant a silver foil packet containing a brown powder substance which the I-570 purchased with the understanding that the substance was heroin. I-570 was again searched by affiant and found to have no United States Currency or heroin on I-570's person.
"A short time later a field test was conducted on the brown powder substance by affiant and a positive reaction for heroin was present.
"The information from the informant is reliable because I-570 has given affiant and other members of the Saginaw Police Vice Section information on narcotics and non-narcotics operations in the City of Saginaw in the past. I-570 has made at least three controlled purchases of narcotics for affiant and all information and purchases have been reliable and true.
"The informant states that heroin is being stored and sold at 3006 Douglas Street, Saginaw, Michigan."
We find no substance in defendants' contention that there was not sufficient evidence established at the preliminary examination to bind each of the defendants over for trial on a charge of possession of heroin with intent to deliver. People v Wirth, 87 Mich. App. 41, 47; 273 N.W.2d 104 (1978). People v Tolbert, 77 Mich. App. 162, 165; 258 N.W.2d 176 (1977).
Likewise unsubstantial is the claim that the trial court should have sua sponte ordered separate trials of the two defendants. There has been no showing that the defenses presented by Ferguson and Pratt were in fact antagonistic, nor has there been an affirmative showing of prejudice to substantial rights of either defendant. Thus, a severance was not required. People v Miller, 88 Mich. App. 210, 222; 276 N.W.2d 558 (1979), and the cases cited therein.
Ferguson's defense was that no drugs were shown to have been found on his person, and that he was only a user. Pratt's defense was that there was not a sufficient amount of heroin to infer intent to deliver, and that he was a user only. These defenses are only different, not antagonistic.
Nor do we find reversible error in the trial court's refusal to instruct on the lesser-included offense of use of heroin, MCL 335.341(5)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(5)(a). Since the offense of use carries a maximum punishment of imprisonment for not more than one year, and the charged offense of possession with intent to deliver is punishable by incarceration for more than two years, the instruction on use could not be given under the rule expounded in People v Chamblis, 395 Mich. 408, 429; 236 N.W.2d 473 (1975), even though the trial court had agreed to do so prior to closing arguments of counsel.
Following argument by counsel and before the jury was instructed, the prosecution brought the Chamblis rule to the court's attention. Defense counsel had already argued to the jury that the defendants were mere users, and that this was a lesser offense upon which the judge would later instruct. Upon being advised of the Chamblis proscription, the trial judge informed counsel that he would not instruct on use. In response to defense counsel's protestations, the court opined that omitting the requested instruction could only inure to defendants' benefit, since, if the jury concluded that defendants were mere users, they could not be convicted of any offense. We find that the trial judge's actions did not operate to deny defendants a fair trial and due process of law. But see the plurality opinion in People v Patskan, 387 Mich. 701, 710; 199 N.W.2d 458 (1972).
Additionally, had the trial judge not followed Chamblis, he would have committed reversible error by instructing on use of heroin. People v Chamblis, supra, 429, People v Choate, 88 Mich. App. 40, 48; 276 N.W.2d 862 (1979).
Defendants failed to object to the introduction of narcotics paraphernalia at trial; therefore, appellate review regarding alleged error is precluded absent manifest injustice. People v Alexander, 72 Mich. App. 91, 99; 249 N.W.2d 307 (1976). We find no manifest injustice here. The evidence was consonant with defendants' defense that they were merely users of heroin, and thus the failure to object can reasonably be attributed to trial strategy. For the same reason, the admission of the evidence did not deny defendants a fair trial.
As both defendants admitted to being users of heroin, the brief questioning by the prosecution regarding defendant Ferguson's employment on the date of the offense was at least arguably relevant to material matters at issue. Cf., People v John Moore, 78 Mich. App. 150, 156; 259 N.W.2d 403 (1977), People v Thomas Jones, 73 Mich. App. 107, 110; 251 N.W.2d 264 (1976). In addition, no objection was raised at trial, and under the circumstances manifest injustice is not presented. People v John Moore, supra, 156. Therefore we decline to find reversible error.
Defendants failed to move for the endorsement and production of two individuals present in the apartment at the time they were arrested until after the prosecution rested its case. By failing to make a timely motion for the endorsement and production of the missing witnesses, even though aware of their identity well prior to trial, defendants waived any right they may have had to the witnesses' presence at trial. People v Harrison, 75 Mich. App. 556, 558-559; 255 N.W.2d 682 (1977), People v Parsons, 59 Mich. App. 79, 86-87; 228 N.W.2d 852 (1975).
Alternatively, we conclude that the evidence presented at trial indicates that the two missing witnesses were uncharged accomplices. Therefore, their endorsement and production by the prosecution was not required. People v Threlkeld, 47 Mich. App. 691, 694-696; 209 N.W.2d 852 (1973), People v John Moore, supra, 154.
Defendants' claim that the jury verdict was against the great weight of the evidence is not properly before this Court, as defendants failed to move for a new trial on that ground in the court below. People v Turner, 62 Mich. App. 467, 470; 233 N.W.2d 617 (1975).
Next, defendants cite a number of instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct which, they argue, denied them a fair trial.
First, defendants contend that it was error for them to be tried by a jury with no blacks on it. They charge the prosecution with a design to exclude all blacks from the jury. A review of the record fails to substantiate defendants' claim of purposeful discrimination. As they have failed to prove their allegation, we decline to reverse on this ground. People v Sanders, 58 Mich. App. 512, 515-516; 228 N.W.2d 439 (1975).
Any prejudice which may have occurred when the prosecutor accused defense counsel of unethical conduct for failing to properly authenticate a photograph shown to a prosecution witness was alleviated by the court's curative instruction.
Further, we find the error, if any, occasioned by the prosecutor's gesticulations in closing argument emphasizing the absence of codefendant Johnson from trial to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, under the two-tiered test found in People v Christensen, 64 Mich. App. 23, 32-33; 235 N.W.2d 50 (1975).
Codefendant Johnson absconded after the first day of trial. During closing argument, the prosecutor walked from the podium, and looked under the table where his attorney was seated, but said nothing about Johnson's absence.
Defendant Ferguson argues that reversible error occurred when the prosecutor asked him on cross-examination whether he had ever purchased heroin from Eugene Johnson, a codefendant. Defendant complains that this was an impermissible offering of evidence of other unrelated prior bad acts without foundation or proof. We reject this contention. Ferguson denied ever having purchased heroin from Johnson, and the prosecutor then ceased questioning on the subject. We find that the mere asking of such a question does not constitute the offering of "evidence" of prior bad acts which would constitute prejudicial error if improperly admitted. It is more in the nature of an attempt to elicit an admission of guilt from defendant while he is on the stand. See generally, People v Wilkins, 82 Mich. App. 260, 265-271; 266 N.W.2d 781 (1978).
Finally, defendants argue that their motion for a directed verdict of acquittal on the charge of possession of heroin with intent to deliver was improperly denied, as there was not sufficient evidence of intent to deliver presented to justify submission of the question of defendants' guilt or innocence on the charge to the jury. We disagree with defendants.
It is proper to deny a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal if, viewing the evidence presented by the prosecution, there is sufficient evidence on each element of the charge upon which the jury could base a verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Royal, 62 Mich. App. 756, 757-758; 233 N.W.2d 860 (1975), People v Scott, 72 Mich. App. 16, 19; 248 N.W.2d 693 (1976), inter alia. This rule applies where the evidence of guilt is circumstantial. People v Edgar, 75 Mich. App. 467, 474; 255 N.W.2d 648 (1977).
When the police entered the apartment, they found the three defendants in the bathroom. Ferguson and Pratt were standing next to the toilet. Pratt had a vial of heroin in his hand which Ferguson shoved, causing heroin to spill onto the floor and into the commode. Johnson, standing nearby, threw a large quantity of money on the floor. A large quantity of heroin was recovered from the bathroom floor, the commode, and the kitchen floor. Packets of heroin were taken from the person of defendant Pratt, and residue was found on narcotics paraphernalia in the possession of the defendants. Also recovered were the various paraphernalia including spoons, caps, a plate, glassine containers, and small vials. A total of 10.3 grams of heroin possessing a purity of from 5% to 11% was retrieved. Both defendants admitted to being heroin users.
Defendants clearly were in possession of the heroin. People v Maliskey, 77 Mich. App. 444, 453; 258 N.W.2d 512 (1977), cf., People v Ridgeway, 74 Mich. App. 306, 316; 253 N.W.2d 743 (1977). Both possession and intent to deliver may be proved by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. People v Tolbert, supra, 165. Intent to deliver may be inferred from the amount of controlled substance possessed by an accused. People v Abrego, 72 Mich. App. 176, 181; 249 N.W.2d 345 (1976). In this case, the amount possessed was five times the amount found sufficient to allow the drawing of an inference of intent to deliver in Abrego. We conclude that both the circumstantial and direct evidence in this case and reasonable inferences taken therefrom are sufficient to allow the drawing of an inference of intent to deliver.
Finding no error requiring reversal, we hereby affirm.
Affirmed.