Opinion
09-30-2016
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Carl EVANS, Defendant–Appellant.
Andrew C. Lotempio, Buffalo, for Defendant–Appellant. Michael J. Flaherty, Jr., Acting District Attorney, Buffalo (David A. Heraty of Counsel), for Respondent.
Andrew C. Lotempio, Buffalo, for Defendant–Appellant.
Michael J. Flaherty, Jr., Acting District Attorney, Buffalo (David A. Heraty of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, CENTRA, PERADOTTO, AND CARNI, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of robbery in the first degree (Penal Law § 160.15[4] ). Defendant's two codefendants robbed the victim at gunpoint outside a liquor store and then got into an SUV parked a block away. Following a high-speed police chase, defendant and the codefendants fled from the SUV on foot, and the police recovered the victim's stolen property from the SUV.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the People, as we must (see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932 ), we reject defendant's contention that the evidence is legally insufficient to establish his accessorial liability for the robbery, i.e., that he intentionally aided the codefendants and “shared a ‘community of purpose’ ” with them (People v. Allah, 71 N.Y.2d 830, 832, 527 N.Y.S.2d 731, 522 N.E.2d 1029 ; see Penal Law § 20.00 ; People v. Scott, 25 N.Y.3d 1107, 1109–1110, 14 N.Y.S.3d 308, 35 N.E.3d 476 ). The People presented evidence that the SUV was registered to a woman at the same address identified by defendant as his home address; that defendant was using his mother's vehicle on the night of the robbery; that defendant fled from the driver's side of the SUV when it stopped; and that defendant told the police that he and the codefendants had left a party together “to get more liquor” and that he had been “the designated driver,” although he denied that he had in fact been driving. Based on that evidence, we conclude that there is a valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences, including the inference of consciousness of guilt arising from defendant's flight from police with the codefendants (see People v. Bacote, 107 A.D.3d 641, 642, 967 N.Y.S.2d 727, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1072, 974 N.Y.S.2d 321, 997 N.E.2d 146 ; People v. Bido, 235 A.D.2d 288, 289, 653 N.Y.S.2d 303, lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 1009, 658 N.Y.S.2d 247, 680 N.E.2d 621 ; see generally People v. Ficarotta, 91 N.Y.2d 244, 249–250, 668 N.Y.S.2d 993, 691 N.E.2d 1017 ), enabling the jury to determine beyond a reasonable doubt both that defendant was the driver of the SUV at all relevant times and that he was a knowing accomplice to the robbery rather than a mere bystander or an accessory after the fact (see People v. Jackson, 44 N.Y.2d 935, 937, 408 N.Y.S.2d 315, 380 N.E.2d 147 ; People v. Keitt, 42 N.Y.2d 926, 927, 397 N.Y.S.2d 997, 366 N.E.2d 1350 ; People v. DeNormand, 1 A.D.3d 1047, 1048, 767 N.Y.S.2d 380, lv. denied 1 N.Y.3d 626, 777 N.Y.S.2d 25, 808 N.E.2d 1284 ; cf. People v. Robinson, 90 A.D.2d 249, 250–251, 457 N.Y.S.2d 347, affd. 60 N.Y.2d 982, 471 N.Y.S.2d 258, 459 N.E.2d 483 ; see generally People v. Cabey, 85 N.Y.2d 417, 420–422, 626 N.Y.S.2d 20, 649 N.E.2d 1164 ).
Defendant's further contention that Supreme Court should have severed his trial from that of the codefendants is not preserved for our review because he did not move for a severance (see People v. Woods, 284 A.D.2d 995, 996, 727 N.Y.S.2d 370, lv. denied 96 N.Y.2d 926, 732 N.Y.S.2d 644, 758 N.E.2d 670 ). Indeed, no party sought a severance, and the court therefore lacked the authority to grant defendant a separate trial (see Matter of Brown v. Schulman, 245 A.D.2d 561, 562, 667 N.Y.S.2d 53, lv. denied 91 N.Y.2d 814, 676 N.Y.S.2d 127, 698 N.E.2d 956 ). Finally, we conclude that defendant has not established that he was denied effective assistance of counsel (see generally People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712–713, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 ). In particular, defendant has not shown the absence of strategic or other legitimate explanations for the absence of a severance motion (see People v. McGee, 20 N.Y.3d 513, 520–521, 964 N.Y.S.2d 73, 986 N.E.2d 907 ; People v. Barbaran, 118 A.D.2d 578, 580, 499 N.Y.S.2d 186, lv. denied 67 N.Y.2d 1050, 504 N.Y.S.2d 1025, 495 N.E.2d 358 ), or for counsel's choice of defense theories (see People v. Ross, 209 A.D.2d 730, 730, 619 N.Y.S.2d 321, lv. denied 84 N.Y.2d 1038, 623 N.Y.S.2d 194, 647 N.E.2d 466 ; see generally People v. Satterfield, 66 N.Y.2d 796, 799–800, 497 N.Y.S.2d 903, 488 N.E.2d 834 ).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.