Opinion
Docket No. 48922.
Decided October 19, 1981.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Michael F. Bakaian, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Daniel J. Blank, for defendant.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of possession of heroin in violation of MCL 333.7403(2)(a)(iii); MSA 14.15(7403)(2)(a)(iii). Thereafter sentenced to not less than 15 nor more than 40 years imprisonment, he appeals as of right raising numerous issues.
Abel DeLeon was driving a car in which defendant was a passenger when it was stopped for a routine traffic violation. After voluntarily exiting from the automobile by the passenger door, defendant tossed his hat onto the front seat. The officer saw plastic baggies under the hat. The baggies, containing heroin, were seized.
Defendant first claims that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on aiding and abetting and joint possession. An aiding and abetting instruction is proper where there is evidence that more than one person was involved in the commission of a crime and where there is evidence that defendant's role in the commission thereof may have been something less than direct participation in the original wrongdoing. People v Benevides, 71 Mich. App. 168; 247 N.W.2d 341 (1976). To aid and abet possession, there must be criminal intent and direct or indirect acts or encouragement which aid in the perpetration of the crime. The act or encouragement must be done knowingly with the intent to aid the possessor to obtain or retain possession. People v Doemer, 35 Mich. App. 149; 192 N.W.2d 330 (1971). From the evidence adduced at trial, the jury could have concluded that defendant either possessed the heroin or he tried to hide it by throwing his hat over it. Either act indicates enough evidence to support the instruction on aiding and abetting and joint possession.
Second, defendant argues that the trial court's ruling regarding defendant's familiarity with heroin had the effect of chilling his right to testify on his own behalf. The court ruled that should the defendant deny knowledge that the powder was heroin, the prosecutor would be allowed to establish such knowledge by evidence of prior acts. It was recognized in People v McCarver, 403 Mich. 376; 269 N.W.2d 186 (1978), that similar acts evidence may be admissible to establish intent, knowledge and lack of mistake so long as the probative value of evidence is not outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The determination of whether the probative value of similar acts testimony is substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect is within the sound discretion of the trial judge. People v Duncan, 402 Mich. 1; 260 N.W.2d 58 (1977). We find no abuse of discretion.
Defendant's next allegation of error is that Abel DeLeon's testimony regarding a prior heroin conviction should have been admitted. Abel DeLeon's prior testimony was read to the jury since he was unavailable within the meaning of MRE 804(a)(5), but the court did not allow the conviction testimony to be read. Defendant argues that the conviction testimony was admissible to show that the heroin belonged to Abel DeLeon. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. MRE 404(b). It may be admissible for other purposes. Applying Duncan, supra, the trial court's determination was not an abuse of discretion.
Defendant's fourth allegation of error is that evidence of purity and value of the heroin was improperly admitted. In People v Castillo, 82 Mich. App. 476; 266 N.W.2d 460 (1978), similar evidence was deemed to be more probative than prejudicial. Knowing or intentional possession of a controlled substance is an element of the crime charged. Defendant's defense was that he did not know the contents of the baggies. In the instant case, purity and value of the heroin were introduced to indicate knowledge, because one is not likely to possess an $11,000 asset without knowing what it is. This evidence was properly admitted.
Fifth, defendant contends that the seizure of heroin from the front seat of the car was illegal. It has long been settled that objects falling in the plain view of an officer who has the right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be introduced into evidence. Harris v United States, 390 U.S. 234; 88 S Ct 992; 19 L Ed 2d 1067 (1968). In this case the officer had a right to be outside the car and could see baggies containing a powder. The fact that the officer knew drugs are often wrapped in such containers and that defendant attempted to conceal the baggies by throwing his hat on top established probable cause for the officer to believe that contraband would be found at the time of the search. Thus, there was a legal seizure.
We find no merit in defendant's sixth claim that the court's comments during voir dire negated the possibility of an impartial jury. On appeal, it is well settled that instructions must be read in their entirety and not solely as isolated sentences. Benevides, supra. The excerpts relied upon by defendant are misleading when taken out of context. When read as a whole, the instructions were not incorrect.
We do not find error in a two-hour lunch recess between the defendant's closing argument and the prosecutor's rebuttal. Such a recess was in the sound discretion of the court. The burden is on the party claiming abuse of discretion to show it. People v Parker, 39 Mich. App. 622; 197 N.W.2d 829 (1972), lv den 388 Mich. 774 (1972). Defendant has failed to show any apparent or probable prejudice caused by the recess.
Defendant's eighth contention of error is that the prosecutor committed an act of prejudicial misconduct during closing argument. We examine the prosecutor's remarks in the context in which they were made. Duncan, supra. During the trial, defense counsel accused a police officer of telling "bold face lies". In response, the prosecutor, during closing argument, referred to defense counsel stating:
"His job is to do the best he can for his client, and if the best he can do for his client is try and make a witness look like he's lying, that's what he's going to do."
Even though the remarks of the prosecutor may be improper if standing alone, they will not amount to reversible error when made primarily in response to matters previously discussed by defense counsel. People v Malchi White, 81 Mich. App. 226; 265 N.W.2d 100 (1978). We find that the remarks were in response to the defense counsel's remarks and no error resulted.
Defendant's ninth issue is that the substance abuse provisions of the Public Health Code violate the title-object clause of the Michigan Constitution, Const 1963, art 4, § 24. This issue has been addressed by this Court in People v Trupiano, 97 Mich. App. 416; 296 N.W.2d 49 (1980), lv den 409 Mich. 895 (1980), where the Court determined that there was no violation of the constitution's title-object clause. See also People v Fuller, 106 Mich. App. 263; 307 N.W.2d 467 (1981).
Defendant next argues that mandatory minimum sentencing violates the constitutional prohibition against cruel or unusual punishment. Const 1963, art 1, § 16. Defendant submits that a controlled substance offense is punished more severely than other possessory offenses, since mandatory minimum sentences are not prescribed except for possession of a firearm while in a commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2).
The dominant test for determining if a given punishment constitutes cruel or unusual punishment is whether "the punishment is in excess of any that would be suitable to fit the crime". People v Lorentzen, 387 Mich. 167, 176; 194 N.W.2d 827 (1972).
In People v Tanksley, 103 Mich. App. 268, 270; 303 N.W.2d 200 (1981), a panel of this Court found "the possession of between 50 and 225 grams of heroin is a most serious crime considering the large quantity and the nature of the drug involved". Although made with reference to a sentence of probation for lifetime, we adopt the reasoning of the Court in Tanksley and find that the Legislature in fixing the maximum and minimum punishment for controlled substance offenses has not violated the constitutional prohibition against cruel or unusual punishment.
Defendant's last argument is that mandatory minimum sentencing violates the equal protection clause of the constitution. Const 1963, art 1, § 2. Defendant contends that the weight classifications are arbitrary and fail to provide for equal treatment of persons in the same class since a person who possesses a certain amount of controlled substance contained in a mixture may receive a greater sentence than one who possesses the same amount of controlled substance in a pure form. We adopt the reasoning of the Court in People v Lemble, 103 Mich. App. 220, 222-223; 303 N.W.2d 191 (1981).
"Nor was this defendant denied equal protection of the laws. It is reasonable for the Legislature to impose more severe punishment for those possessing greater amounts of a mixture containing a controlled substance due to the potential for wider dissemination with an increased potential harm to society. The wording of MCL 333.7403; MSA 14.15(7403) indicates to this Court that the Legislature intended to punish defendants more severely for possession of greater amounts of `any mixture' containing a controlled substance with the recognition that purchasers of such mixtures often have little or no idea of what percentage of the mixture is filler and what percent is the `pure' drug. The greater the quantity of the mixture, regardless of the degree of purity, the greater the potential harm to society. Therefore, the different treatment for persons in different situations under the code is proper because it is based on the object of the legislation, deterrence of the distribution of the drug. People v Chapman, 301 Mich. 584; 4 N.W.2d 18 (1942)."
Affirmed.
I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority's analysis of the second and third issues as will be discussed below. As concerns the various constitutional challenges to the controlled substances provisions of the Public Health Code, I concur in the majority's result. However, I do not wholly concur in the rationale. My reasons will be more fully delineated in my opinion in a matter currently pending before this Court.
I
Defendant made a motion in limine to prevent any questioning concerning his familiarity with heroin. The court ruled that the prosecutor could ask defendant: "Do you know what is in these bags?" and "Are you familiar with this substance?" The court ruled that, should defendant elect to testify and answer these questions in the negative, the prosecutor could prove his knowledge of heroin through other acts evidence.
If defendant's proffered testimony would have been to the effect that he knew a powdery substance was in a plastic bag found in the car, but not what that substance was, I believe the trial court's ruling would have been correct. However, defendant's assertion was that he was unaware of the substance's presence in the automobile. As such, I do not believe that MRE 404(b) authorizes the introduction of the evidence.
In People v Major, 407 Mich. 394, 400; 285 N.W.2d 660 (1979), the Supreme Court stated that evidence of similar acts, in that case used to show intent, could not be introduced unless intent was in issue. In Major, defendant was on trial for second-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court allowed evidence showing that defendant had exposed himself to girls in the past. The Supreme Court held that, since defendant's defense was simply that he did not commit the crime, the "similar" acts evidence was inadmissible. I believe Major controls this case. Defendant here was not basing his defense on a lack of knowledge of heroin but, rather, a lack of awareness of the very existence of any powder in the car. The prosecution argues that defendant's knowledge of heroin would be necessary to establish his intentional aiding and abetting of the crime of possession. I disagree. If the jury believed defendant was lying and concluded that he was indeed aware of the substance in the car, it could also conclude that his lie was told to cover up his guilty knowledge that the substance was heroin. I think the introduction of any evidence concerning defendant's knowledge of heroin, in light of the defense to be pursued, could only be useful to the jury to the extent that it might conclude that defendant knew what heroin is, so he must also have known that the powdery substance was in the car and that it was heroin. However, this use of other acts evidence, essentially as proof that defendant acted in accordance with the prior acts through which he obtained knowledge of heroin, is specifically prohibited by MRE 404(a).
I do not believe People v McCarver, 403 Mich. 376; 269 N.W.2d 186 (1978), is dispositive of this case. In McCarver, defendant admitted possessing a quantity of pills but denied knowing what they were. As I said earlier, in this situation a defendant's knowledge of the illegal substance would most definitely be in issue.
My analysis to this point does not resolve the entirety of the problem. Defendant would only have been exposed to extrinsic proofs concerning his knowledge of heroin if he denied any familiarity with the substance during cross-examination. However, I believe that the prosecutor could not even permissibly ask defendant whether he was familiar with heroin. In my opinion, defendant's affirmative answer to this query would constitute the exacting of similar acts evidence just as much as the introduction of extrinsic proofs of defendant's knowledge of heroin. As such, this testimonial evidence would have to be probative of a matter in issue as defined in Major. I have already concluded that, given his defense, defendant's knowledge of heroin in the abstract was not material.
It could be argued that the questions to be put to the defendant would not constitute any form of similar acts evidence. Where a defendant is asked about his knowledge of a substance, he need not detail the source of his knowledge. If defendant here had stated that he was familiar with heroin, this affirmative response would not have directly placed before the jury any other acts information. However, without an explanation forthcoming from defendant specifying a legitimate source of knowledge, it is inevitable that the jury would have concluded the worse, and the spectre of the other acts giving defendant his knowledge would be raised. In many cases, a defendant would be better off if the jury was aware of the actual circumstances under which the knowledge was obtained to thwart the potentially devastating speculations of the jurors.
Defendant argues that his affirmative answer to the question, "Are you familiar with heroin?" would be tantamount to an admission of an unspecified prior felony conviction. See, People v Jones, 92 Mich. App. 100, 113; 284 N.W.2d 501 (1979), People v Garth, 93 Mich. App. 308, 317-319; 287 N.W.2d 216 (1979), lv den 409 Mich. 854 (1980), People v Vincent, 94 Mich. App. 626, 633-634; 288 N.W.2d 670 (1980), lv den 409 Mich. 857 (1980), People v VanDorsten, 409 Mich. 942; 298 N.W.2d 421 (1980). These cases are not directly applicable since the hypothetical question above does not elicit the fact of a prior conviction. More importantly, the rationale behind not allowing evidence of an unspecified felony conviction is inapplicable to the other acts problem. The Supreme Court made it clear in VanDorsten that it is the nature of the prior felony conviction, and not the fact of conviction, which is important to the jury's evaluation of credibility. However, similar acts evidence is admissible not for impeachment purposes but for some limited substantive purpose. The other acts evidence could, in a given case, be probative without explication of the underlying circumstances of that act (e.g., if defendant was charged with possession of heroin but denied knowing the substance he possessed was heroin, his admission that he was familiar with heroin would be admissible as other acts evidence without the prosecution going into the details as to how defendant happened to possess this familiarity).
Assuming, arguendo, that the proposed questions to be put to defendant pose no similar acts problem, I still believe they should not have been allowed. While such questions would be relevant within the meaning of MRE 401, their prejudicial effect would, without question, outweigh their probative value. See, MRE 403. I would not find improper, however, a question put to the defendant simply asking if he was aware at the time of the seizure that the bags contained heroin.
In my opinion MRE 404(a) is a rule which excludes relevant evidence deemed to be too likely to be misused and overly influential on the jury. One might describe this evidence as "too relevant". I believe, for instance, that the fact of a defendant's two prior shoplifting convictions is relevant as relevant evidence is defined by MRE 401 in a trial in which the defendant is again charged with shoplifting. However, because the strength of such evidence is minimal compared to other types of direct and circumstantial evidence and because juries tend to give undue, indeed often preemptive, weight to prior convictions, MRE 404(a) expresses the general rule that such evidence should be excluded. I further believe that trial courts, when confronted with requests to exclude evidence pursuant to MRE 403, should consider the question in light of the policy reasons behind MRE 404(a). I believe, given the defense in this case, that even if I am wrong concerning the applicability of MRE 404 as a bar to the evidence, if defendant permissibly can be forced to admit his knowledge of heroin, this presents a type of evidence destined to be unduly weighted by the jury given its minimal value as tending to prove guilt on the charged offense.
II
I also disagree with the majority's analysis on the issue of whether evidence of Abel DeLeon's prior heroin conviction or convictions should have been admitted. Defendant sought to admit this evidence to impeach Abel DeLeon and to establish that the heroin belonged to Abel. The majority opinion deals only with the second proffered use of evidence of the prior conviction.
I do not know whether I would follow the majority's analysis of the admissibility of the evidence for the second proffered use. It may be that the majority is right and MRE 404(b) really does require exclusion of such evidence. I have qualms about this result, however, since a slight variation in the facts makes it very unappealing to me. Suppose defendant had no prior convictions but Abel had a string of convictions for various violations of the controlled substances law. It does not really strike me as fair to refuse to allow defendant to show Abel's prior involvement with drugs as part of his defense that the drugs were Abel's. At the same time MRE 404(b) does seem to apply. Since I think the trial court erred in its handling of Abel's prior conviction for impeachment purposes, I do not resolve the MRE 404 problem.
The problem here is that the trial court ultimately ruled that if defendant wanted to make any use of evidence of Abel's prior conviction then, should defendant testify, defendant's prior conviction could be admitted into evidence. The trial court also ruled that in the event defendant testified only the fact of the conviction and not its nature would be admissible.
This ruling was, of course, erroneous. See, People v VanDorsten, supra, and footnote 1.
The central problem is that the court abdicated its discretion by offering defendant a choice of having evidence of all convictions come in for impeachment purposes or none. A ruling which makes the suppression of evidence of a defendant's prior convictions contingent upon his decision not to use a prosecution witness's prior convictions for impeachment is improper. In such cases, the trial court abdicates its discretion and, thus, fails to exercise discretion at all contrary to the rule stated in People v Jackson, 391 Mich. 323, 336; 217 N.W.2d 22 (1974). People v Hayes, 410 Mich. 422; 301 N.W.2d 828 (1981), People v Dennis Johnson, 85 Mich. App. 181; 270 N.W.2d 734 (1978), lv den 406 Mich. 859 (1979), People v Nabers, 103 Mich. App. 354, 379-380; 303 N.W.2d 205 (1981), rev'd on other grounds 411 Mich. 1046 (1981). In Hayes, the Supreme Court explained that differences in the probative value and the prejudicial effect of evidence of the prior criminal record vis-a-vis each witness with past convictions may very well mandate different results on whether evidence of the prior convictions can be used for impeachment. The Hayes Court stated:
"When judges are called upon to balance the `probative value' of a prior conviction for impeachment purposes against its `prejudicial effect', it is manifest that closer attention to possible prejudicial effect is necessary when the witness sought to be impeached is the defendant.
"In light of the foregoing, it follows that a ruling such as the one made in the trial court in this case constitutes an impermissible failure to exercise judicial discretion and denies a defendant the independent and individuated judgment to which he or she is entitled.
"In order to decide his trial strategy, including whether to testify in his own behalf, the defendant was absolutely entitled to a ruling whether his record of prior convictions would be admitted against him; a ruling unconditioned by any consideration of his intended cross-examination and impeachment of the people's witness. When the merits of impeaching a particular witness are considered separately, as they should be, it is plain that, if the facts so warrant, there is nothing inherently unfair about permitting prior conviction impeachment of a prosecution witness or witnesses while forbidding the same impeachment of the defendant." (Footnotes omitted.) 410 Mich. 426-427.
In the instant case, the erroneous rulings by the court ultimately resulted in defendant's decision not to testify. I do not believe the evidence was so overwhelming that these errors can be considered harmless.
I would reverse.