Opinion
2014-07-3
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Richard DALLAS, Defendant-appellant.
James S. Kernan, Public Defender, Lyons (Shirley A. Gorman of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Richard M. Healy, District Attorney, Lyons (Melvin Bressler of Counsel), for Respondent.
James S. Kernan, Public Defender, Lyons (Shirley A. Gorman of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.Richard M. Healy, District Attorney, Lyons (Melvin Bressler of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., FAHEY, PERADOTTO, SCONIERS, and VALENTINO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him of, inter alia, predatory sexual assault against a child (Penal Law § 130.96), two counts of assault in the first degree (§ 120.10[3], [4] ), and two counts of assault in the first degree as a sexually motivated felony (§§ 120.10[3], [4]; 130.91), all arising from a sexual assault upon a nine-month-old infant girl. Defendant contends that his repeated statements to the police that he wished to leave the police station where he was being interrogated should be viewed as the functional equivalent of a request for an attorney, and that County Court therefore erred in refusing to suppress all of his statements thereafter made to the police. In addition, he contends that the statements were not voluntary based upon alleged deception and coercion by the police officers who questioned him, especially in light of his limited intellect. We reject those contentions.
It is well settled that the right to counsel indelibly attaches when a defendant unequivocally requests an attorney, and he or she may not be questioned further in the absence of an attorney ( see People v. Esposito, 68 N.Y.2d 961, 962, 510 N.Y.S.2d 542, 503 N.E.2d 98). Conversely, where a defendant's request for an attorney is not unequivocal, the right to counsel does not attach and therefore does not affect the admissibility of the defendant's subsequent statements ( see People v. Hicks, 69 N.Y.2d 969, 970, 516 N.Y.S.2d 648, 509 N.E.2d 343,rearg. denied70 N.Y.2d 796, 522 N.Y.S.2d 113, 516 N.E.2d 1226). “Whether a particular request is or is not unequivocal is a mixed question of law and fact that must be determined with reference to the circumstances surrounding the request[,] including the defendant's demeanor [and] manner of expression[,] and the particular words found to have been used by the defendant” ( People v. Glover, 87 N.Y.2d 838, 839, 637 N.Y.S.2d 683, 661 N.E.2d 155).
Applying that case law to the facts before us, we reject defendant's contention that his statements that he wanted to leave the police station should be deemed a request for an attorney. Most significantly, the police ended their questioning after defendant did in fact indicate that he wished to speak with an attorney. Thus, his contentions on appeal that his mental limitations prevented him from specifically asking for an attorney are belied by his specific request for counsel. Similarly, we reject defendant's contention that, taking into account his mental limitations, deception and coercion by the police were such that his statements were not a “free and unconstrained choice by [their] maker” ( Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 602, 81 S.Ct. 1860, 6 L.Ed.2d 1037). Inasmuch as defendant never admitted committing any sexual act with the child and eventually exercised his rights and asked for an attorney, we cannot conclude that the “interrogation ... completely undermined[ ] defendant's right not to incriminate himself” ( People v. Thomas, 22 N.Y.3d 629, 642, 985 N.Y.S.2d 193, 8 N.E.3d 308). We have considered defendant's remaining contentions with respect to the court's denial of his request to suppress his statements to the police, and we conclude that they are without merit.
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the People established at the suppression hearing that he voluntarily permitted the police to swab his cheek for the purpose of obtaining his DNA for testing purposes, and thus the court properly admitted the DNA test results based thereon in evidence. “[T]he fact that the police officers did not advise the defendant ... of [his] right to refuse consent does not, by itself, negate the consent otherwise freely given” ( People v. Auxilly, 173 A.D.2d 627, 628, 570 N.Y.S.2d 212,lv. denied78 N.Y.2d 1125, 578 N.Y.S.2d 883, 586 N.E.2d 66;see People v. Osborne, 88 A.D.3d 1284, 1285, 930 N.Y.S.2d 367,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 999, 951 N.Y.S.2d 476, 975 N.E.2d 922,reconsideration denied19 N.Y.3d 1104, 955 N.Y.S.2d 560, 979 N.E.2d 821).
Also without merit is defendant's contention that he was denied effective assistance of counsel by several actions or omissions by his attorneys, including their failure to attend his competency evaluation and their failure to object to the introduction of certain evidence. We conclude that “defendant failed to demonstrate that defense counsel lacked a strategic or legitimate explanation for” the actions and omissions that he now contends were required ( People v. Williams, 55 A.D.3d 1449, 1451, 865 N.Y.S.2d 468,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 789, 879 N.Y.S.2d 66, 906 N.E.2d 1100;see People v. Gonzalez, 62 A.D.3d 1263, 1265, 878 N.Y.S.2d 534,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 925, 884 N.Y.S.2d 706, 912 N.E.2d 1087;see generally People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584). Viewing defense counsels' representation in totality and as of the time of the representation, we conclude that defendant received meaningful representation ( see generally People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400). We likewise reject defendant's contention that the People failed to establish a proper chain of custody with respect to the items in the rape kit that were admitted in evidence. To the contrary, “[t]he police provided sufficient assurances of the identity and unchanged condition of th[at] evidence ..., and thus any alleged gaps in the chain of custody went to [its] weight ..., not its admissibility” ( People v. Kennedy, 78 A.D.3d 1477, 1478, 910 N.Y.S.2d 602,lv. denied16 N.Y.3d 798, 919 N.Y.S.2d 515, 944 N.E.2d 1155;see People v. Hawkins, 11 N.Y.3d 484, 494, 872 N.Y.S.2d 395, 900 N.E.2d 946;People v. Shinebarger, 110 A.D.3d 1478, 1479, 973 N.Y.S.2d 510).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his further contention that he did not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waive his right to a jury trial ( see People v. Reed, 15 A.D.3d 911, 911, 788 N.Y.S.2d 757,lv. denied4 N.Y.3d 890, 798 N.Y.S.2d 735, 831 N.E.2d 980;People v. Williams, 5 A.D.3d 1043, 1044, 773 N.Y.S.2d 696,lv. denied2 N.Y.3d 809, 781 N.Y.S.2d 308, 814 N.E.2d 480). In any event, that contention is without merit inasmuch as “[d]efendant waived his right to a jury trial in open court and in writing in accordance with the requirements of N.Y. Constitution, art. I, § 2 and CPL 320.10(2) ..., and the record establishes that defendant's waiver was knowing, voluntary and intelligent” ( People v. Wegman, 2 A.D.3d 1333, 1334, 769 N.Y.S.2d 682,lv. denied2 N.Y.3d 747, 778 N.Y.S.2d 473, 810 N.E.2d 926;see generally People v. Smith, 6 N.Y.3d 827, 828, 817 N.Y.S.2d 575, 850 N.E.2d 622,cert. denied548 U.S. 905, 126 S.Ct. 2971, 165 L.Ed.2d 953). Defendant's contentions attributing the underlying reason for the waiver to the convenience or other purposes of his attorneys are outside the record and are properly raised by way of a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see People v. Magnano, 158 A.D.2d 979, 979, 551 N.Y.S.2d 131,affd.77 N.Y.2d 941, 570 N.Y.S.2d 484, 573 N.E.2d 572,cert. denied502 U.S. 864, 112 S.Ct. 189, 116 L.Ed.2d 150).
We agree with defendant, however, that the fourth and sixth counts of the indictment, each charging him with assault in the first degree, must be reversed and dismissed pursuant to CPL 300.30(4) as inclusory concurrent counts of counts five and seven, each charging him with assault in the first degree as a sexually motivated felony. We therefore modify the judgment accordingly. CPL 300.30(4) provides in pertinent part that “[c]oncurrent counts are ‘inclusory’ when the offense charged in one is greater than any of those charged in the others and when the latter are all lesser offenses included within the greater.” A crime is a lesser included offense of another where “it is theoretically impossible to commit the greater crime without at the same time committing the lesser ... [, as] determined by a comparative examination of the statutes defining the two crimes, in the abstract” ( People v. Glover, 57 N.Y.2d 61, 64, 453 N.Y.S.2d 660, 439 N.E.2d 376;see People v. Davis, 14 N.Y.3d 20, 22–23, 896 N.Y.S.2d 707, 923 N.E.2d 1095;People v. Miller, 6 N.Y.3d 295, 302–303, 812 N.Y.S.2d 20, 845 N.E.2d 451). Here, “defendant could only commit the sexually motivated felon[ies] if it was proven that he had committed the underlying [assaults] and that the [assaults were] committed for his own sexual gratification” ( People v. Judware, 75 A.D.3d 841, 846, 906 N.Y.S.2d 139,lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 853, 909 N.Y.S.2d 30, 935 N.E.2d 822;see People v. Rodriguez, 97 A.D.3d 246, 253, 945 N.Y.S.2d 313,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 1028, 953 N.Y.S.2d 562, 978 N.E.2d 114). Thus, the underlying assault counts charging assault in the first degree should have been dismissed as inclusory concurrent counts of the counts charging assault in the first degree as a sexually motivated felony upon defendant's conviction of the latter crime ( seeCPL 300.40[3][b] ).
Defendant further contends that the conviction of one of the two counts of assault in the first degree as a sexually motivated felony, i.e., the count pursuant to Penal Law §§ 130.91 and 120.10(3), is not supported by legally sufficient evidence that he acted under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, or that he was aware of and disregarded a grave risk of death to the victim. We reject that contention. Here, “the jury heard testimony—including medical and forensic proof—that defendant inflicted injuries on a [nine]-month-old child by [forcibly anally sodomizing] the child so brutally as to cause” a series of tears in the exterior of her anus and rectum, and a two-inch tear in her sigmoid colon ( People v. Barboni, 21 N.Y.3d 393, 401, 971 N.Y.S.2d 729, 994 N.E.2d 820). In addition, after defendant told a witness that the infant was “bleeding from the butt” shortly after the incident and the witness advised him to obtain medical care for the child, defendant instead placed sanitary napkins on the infant's posterior and attempted to persuade the infant's mother that nothing was wrong with the infant. It is well settled that, “[i]n light of the child's vulnerability and utter dependence on a caregiver, defendant's post-assault failure to treat the child or report [her] obvious injuries must be considered in assessing whether depraved indifference was shown” ( id. at 402, 971 N.Y.S.2d 729, 994 N.E.2d 820). The evidence further established the presence of sperm in the infant's peritoneal cavity, in her diaper and on her vagina, with DNA that was consistent with that of defendant. The People also presented expert medical testimony establishing that the sperm could only have entered the infant's peritoneal cavity through the tear in her colon, and that, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the tear was caused by the insertion of an adult male penis. “Knowing the brutal origin of the injuries and the force with which they were inflicted makes it much less likely that defendant was holding out hope ... that the child's symptoms were merely signs of a trivial injury or illness. Thus, contrary to defendant's contention, it is significant that defendant was the actor who had inflicted the injuries in the first place” ( id.). We therefore conclude that, “[g]iven defendant's knowledge of how the injuries were inflicted and his failure to seek immediate medical attention, either directly or via consultation with his girlfriend ..., there was sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that defendant evinced a wanton and uncaring state of mind” ( id.).
Furthermore, with respect to the requirement that the People establish recklessness, i.e., that defendant was aware of and consciously disregarded a grave risk of death to the infant ( seePenal Law §§ 15.05[3]; 120.10[3] ), we conclude that, “[g]iven the level of force required to inflict these ... injuries and defendant's attempt to cover up his conduct, the jury reasonably could have concluded that defendant was aware of an obvious risk of death to the infant” ( People v. Maddox, 31 A.D.3d 970, 972, 818 N.Y.S.2d 664,lv. denied7 N.Y.3d 868, 824 N.Y.S.2d 613, 857 N.E.2d 1144), and that he disregarded that risk.
Finally, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by reversing those parts convicting defendant of assault in the first degree under counts four and six of the indictment and dismissing those counts, and as modified the judgment is affirmed.