Opinion
110257
06-13-2019
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Patrick J. CARLIN, Respondent.
Gary M. Pasqua, District Attorney, Canton (Sara E. Charpentier of counsel), for appellant. Rural Law Center of New York, Castleton (Kelly L. Egan of counsel), for respondent.
Gary M. Pasqua, District Attorney, Canton (Sara E. Charpentier of counsel), for appellant.
Rural Law Center of New York, Castleton (Kelly L. Egan of counsel), for respondent.
Before: Lynch, J.P., Clark, Devine, Aarons and Pritzker, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Clark, J. Appeal from an order of the County Court of St. Lawrence County (Richards, J.), entered February 23, 2018, which, upon reviewing the grand jury minutes pursuant to a stipulation in lieu of motions, dismissed the indictment.
Following two controlled transactions in which he allegedly sold cocaine to a confidential informant (hereinafter CI), defendant was charged by indictment with two counts each of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree. The People and defendant subsequently entered into a stipulation in lieu of motions under which they agreed, among other things, to have County Court review the grand jury minutes to determine whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support the indictment (see CPL 210.20[1][b], [c] ; 210.30) and whether the integrity of the grand jury proceedings had been impaired (see CPL 210.20[1][c] ; 210.35[5] ). Upon conducting that review, County Court concluded that the People did not present competent evidence to establish that the substance possessed and sold by defendant was cocaine. The court further found that the integrity of the grand jury proceedings had been impaired by the CI having been permitted to testify using only his CI number, without the People making a record as to the reason for concealing his name from the grand jury or taking steps to memorialize the CI's identity "by exhibit or testimony placed on the record outside the presence of the grand jury, for verification and review in further proceedings as the need may arise." Consequently, County Court dismissed the indictment, with leave to the People to re-present the matter to another grand jury. The People appeal.
We affirm. In assessing whether dismissal of an indictment is warranted under CPL 210.20(1)(b), a reviewing court must assess whether the People presented legally sufficient evidence to establish the offense or offenses charged (see People v. Jennings , 69 N.Y.2d 103, 115, 512 N.Y.S.2d 652, 504 N.E.2d 1079 [1986] ; see also CPL 190.65[1][a] ). " ‘Legally sufficient evidence’ means competent evidence which, if accepted as true, would establish every element of an offense charged and the defendant's commission thereof" ( CPL 70.10[1] ; see People v. Grant , 17 N.Y.3d 613, 616, 935 N.Y.S.2d 542, 959 N.E.2d 479 [2011] ; People v. Swamp , 84 N.Y.2d 725, 729–730, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 646 N.E.2d 774 [1995] ). "The reviewing court must consider whether the evidence, viewed most favorably to the People, if unexplained and uncontradicted — and deferring all questions as to the weight or quality of the evidence — would warrant conviction" ( People v. Swamp , 84 N.Y.2d at 730, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 646 N.E.2d 774 ; see People v. Jennings , 69 N.Y.2d at 115, 512 N.Y.S.2d 652, 504 N.E.2d 1079 ; People v. Park , 163 A.D.3d 1060, 1061, 81 N.Y.S.3d 321 [2018] ). "[I]n a drug-related prosecution[, as we have here,] the People's case is legally sufficient if the evidence provides a ‘reliable basis’ for inferring the presence of a controlled substance" ( People v. Swamp , 84 N.Y.2d at 730, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 646 N.E.2d 774, quoting People v. Kenny , 30 N.Y.2d 154, 157, 331 N.Y.S.2d 392, 282 N.E.2d 295 [1972] ; accord People v. O'Neill , 285 A.D.2d 669, 671, 728 N.Y.S.2d 252 [2001] ). "More than conclusory assertions that the defendant possessed a drug are required at the [g]rand [j]ury stage" ( People v. Swamp , 84 N.Y.2d at 730, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 646 N.E.2d 774 ; accord People v. O'Neill , 285 A.D.2d at 671, 728 N.Y.S.2d 252 ).
The grand jury testimony here did not provide a reliable basis upon which to infer that the substance allegedly possessed and sold by defendant was a narcotic drug – an element of all four charged offenses (see Penal Law §§ 220.16[1] ; 220.39[1] ). The evidence presented to the grand jury consisted of sparse testimony from the CI and an investigator involved in the controlled transactions, with most of the substance of that testimony having been supplied through leading questions. As to the first transaction, the CI testified, in a conclusory manner, that he believed the substance to be crack cocaine, without providing any description of the substance or explanation for his belief (see People v. O'Neill , 285 A.D.2d at 672, 728 N.Y.S.2d 252 ), and, with respect to the second transaction, the CI did not express any belief as to the nature of the substance he received from defendant. Additionally, although the investigator testified that he received white chunky substances from the CI, his testimony surrounding the testing of those substances was sorely lacking. He did not provide any detail as to his training and experience in field testing, explain how field testing occurs or specifically identify what he did in this case to determine that both substances were cocaine. Thus, upon our review of the grand jury evidence, we agree with County Court that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the indictment (compare People v. Swamp , 84 N.Y.2d at 731, 733, 622 N.Y.S.2d 472, 646 N.E.2d 774 ).
The CI did not even affirmatively testify to receiving a substance from defendant during the second transaction; rather, the prosecutor implies such receipt through his leading questions, including his inquiry as to whether the CI "basically did the same transaction again."
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In light of our determination, we need not address the People's remaining arguments.
Lynch, J.P., Devine, Aarons and Pritzker, JJ., concur.
ORDERED that the order is affirmed.