Opinion
1352 KA 15-00249.
12-31-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Taylor D. CARBONARO, Defendant–Appellant.
The Abbatoy Law Firm, PLLC, Rochester (David M. Abbatoy, Jr., of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Leah R. Mervine of Counsel), for Respondent.
The Abbatoy Law Firm, PLLC, Rochester (David M. Abbatoy, Jr., of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.
Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Leah R. Mervine of Counsel), for Respondent.
Opinion
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him following a jury trial of manslaughter in the second degree (Penal Law § 125.151 ), vehicular manslaughter in the second degree (§ 125.121 ), reckless driving (Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1212), and two counts of driving while intoxicated (§ 11922, 3 ). The charges arose from an automobile accident that resulted in the death of defendant's girlfriend (decedent). The accident occurred when a vehicle occupied by defendant and decedent veered off the road at a high speed and struck a utility pole and then a tree. The primary issue at trial was whether defendant was operating the vehicle at the time of the accident. The jury rendered a guilty verdict on all counts of the indictment, evidently resolving that factual issue against defendant.
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the trial evidence is legally insufficient to establish that he was operating the vehicle at the time of the accident. Although defendant moved at the close of the People's case for a trial order of dismissal on the ground that the People failed to prove that element of the crimes charged, he did not renew the motion after the defense rested (see People v. Hines, 97 N.Y.2d 56, 61, 736 N.Y.S.2d 643, 762 N.E.2d 329, rearg. denied 97 N.Y.2d 678, 738 N.Y.S.2d 292, 764 N.E.2d 396; People v. Nichols, 89 A.D.3d 1503, 1504, 932 N.Y.S.2d 746). In any event, we conclude that the contention is without merit. The evidence established that defendant admitted three separate times to the police that he was driving the vehicle and that, during the ambulance ride to the hospital, he told a paramedic that he “screwed up,” he was sorry, and he had never done “this before.” Defendant also admitted that he was driving to an ex-girlfriend who visited him in the hospital while he was recovering from the injuries he sustained in the accident. The ex-girlfriend testified, “He told me that he went to the bar with [decedent] and before leaving the bar they got in an argument and he told me he remembers driving like speeding because he was angry.” She further testified that, several months later, defendant called her and said that he had good news, i.e., that his statements to the police were “getting tossed out,” and that, if the charges were dismissed, he would use “this as a second chance to start school.”
Further, the evidence established that the vehicle was registered to defendant, and that decedent did not even have a driver's license. According to decedent's father, with whom she and defendant lived, decedent to his knowledge never had driven the vehicle. In addition, an acquaintance of the couple who was at the bar drinking with them before the accident testified that he saw defendant leave the bar with keys in his hand and say, “I'm going home.” That witness also testified that decedent followed defendant down the street, presumably to the vehicle. Yet another witness testified that, when he saw the vehicle in question speeding down the road moments before the accident, the driver was “slouching” down in the driver's seat and leaning on the center console. Decedent was only four feet, nine inches tall, seven inches shorter than defendant, making it unlikely that she could have been so positioned while operating the vehicle.
We also note that defendant's expert witness agreed with the People's expert that the driver was ejected almost immediately after the vehicle struck the tree, and that the passenger was in the vehicle for a longer period of time after the collision, thus subjecting the passenger to more injuries. Defendant sustained only a fractured leg and a cut to his head, while decedent suffered many more injuries of greater severity. It is undisputed that decedent's blood was found on the front passenger's seat, and none of defendant's blood was found anywhere in the vehicle. Decedent's body was found lying next to the stopped vehicle, directly outside the driver's door, as if she had fallen out, while defendant was found some 20 to 30 feet away from the vehicle, trapped under a trailer. Finally, defendant had a compression injury to his left leg that appeared to have been caused by his leg striking the window crank on the driver's door, and the Medical Examiner testified to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that such injury was caused by the window crank.
To be sure, defendant attempted at trial to explain or controvert the above evidence, and there is other evidence suggesting that decedent may have been operating the vehicle. In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient, however, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the People (see People v. Cabey, 85 N.Y.2d 417, 420, 626 N.Y.S.2d 20, 649 N.E.2d 1164; People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932), and afford them the benefit of every favorable inference (see People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Applying that standard of review, we conclude that the evidence is more than sufficient to establish that defendant was operating the vehicle at the time of the accident.
Moreover, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we reject defendant's further contention that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence (see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Defendant's contention is based largely on his assertion that the medical evidence conclusively establishes that decedent was operating the vehicle. According to defendant, the injuries sustained by decedent could have come only from her head striking the steering wheel, which was bent toward the front windshield. We reject that assertion. Although that medical evidence is probative, it is not conclusive. As the People's expert testified, decedent's injuries could have occurred by her head striking the center console or some other part of the vehicle's interior other than the steering wheel.
Moreover, defendant's expert agreed that decedent emerged from the vehicle through the driver's door, which opened upon impact, and it is therefore possible that her head or face came into contact with the steering wheel after the vehicle's initial impact with the utility pole. As noted above, both experts agreed that the driver was ejected from the vehicle almost immediately upon impact with the tree. Because the air bag in the steering wheel deployed immediately, then quickly deflated, and the driver's body was pushed sharply to the left, and not forward, it is entirely possible, as the People's expert opined, that the driver's head never struck the steering wheel. In sum, we conclude that, although a different verdict would not have been unreasonable, it cannot be said that the jury failed to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded (see People v. Kalinowski, 118 A.D.3d 1434, 1436, 988 N.Y.S.2d 776, lv. denied 23 N.Y.3d 1064, 994 N.Y.S.2d 323, 18 N.E.3d 1144; People v. Hennings, 55 A.D.3d 1393, 1393, 864 N.Y.S.2d 650, lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 758, 876 N.Y.S.2d 709, 904 N.E.2d 846).
Defendant next contends that his Miranda rights were violated and that County Court therefore erred in refusing to suppress statements he made to a sheriff's deputy at the accident scene and at the hospital, subsequent statements he made to an investigator, as well as the results of a blood test conducted at the hospital showing that he was intoxicated. We conclude that the court properly refused to suppress that evidence. The first statement defendant sought to suppress was his admission to the deputy at the accident scene that he had “too much to drink” and that he had been driving the vehicle. The deputy's questioning of defendant at that time, however, was “merely investigatory and did not constitute custodial interrogation to which Miranda is applicable” (People v. Saunders, 174 A.D.2d 700, 701, 571 N.Y.S.2d 758; see People v. Williams, 81 A.D.3d 993, 993, 917 N.Y.S.2d 278, lv. denied 16 N.Y.3d 901, 926 N.Y.S.2d 36, 949 N.E.2d 984; People v. Palmiere, 124 A.D.2d 1016, 1016, 508 N.Y.S.2d 775).
We further conclude that defendant was not in custody when he was questioned by the same deputy in the hospital trauma bay, where defendant again admitted that he was driving, and that such admission therefore was not obtained in violation of defendant's Miranda rights (see People v. Rounds, 124 A.D.3d 1351, 1352, 999 N.Y.S.2d 647, lv. denied 25 N.Y.3d 1077, 12 N.Y.S.3d 628, 34 N.E.3d 379; People v. Gore, 117 A.D.3d 845, 846, 986 N.Y.S.2d 170, lv. denied 24 N.Y.3d 1084, 1 N.Y.S.3d 11, 25 N.E.3d 348). “In determining whether a defendant was in custody for Miranda purposes, ‘[t]he test is not what the defendant thought, but rather what a reasonable [person], innocent of any crime, would have thought had he been in the defendant's position’ ” (People v. Kelley, 91 A.D.3d 1318, 1318, 937 N.Y.S.2d 514, lv. denied 19 N.Y.3d 963, 950 N.Y.S.2d 115, 973 N.E.2d 213, quoting People v. Yukl, 25 N.Y.2d 585, 589, 307 N.Y.S.2d 857, 256 N.E.2d 172, cert. denied 400 U.S. 851, 91 S.Ct. 78, 27 L.Ed.2d 89). Here, defendant was not restrained in any way by the police while at the hospital, and the questioning by the deputy was investigatory and not accusatory in nature (see People v. Drouin, 115 A.D.3d 1153, 1155–1156, 982 N.Y.S.2d 226, lv. denied 23 N.Y.3d 1019, 992 N.Y.S.2d 802, 16 N.E.3d 1282; People v. O'Hanlon, 5 A.D.3d 1012, 1012, 773 N.Y.S.2d 633, lv. denied 3 N.Y.3d 645, 782 N.Y.S.2d 416, 816 N.E.2d 206; People v. Ripic, 182 A.D.2d 226, 231–232, 587 N.Y.S.2d 776, appeal dismissed 81 N.Y.2d 776, 594 N.Y.S.2d 712, 610 N.E.2d 385).
Inasmuch as it is common knowledge that the police prepare reports with respect to motor vehicle accidents even where no criminal conduct is suspected, we conclude that a reasonable, innocent person in defendant's position at the hospital would not have felt that he or she was in custody when asked questions about the accident by the deputy (see generally People v. Borukhova, 89 A.D.3d 194, 212–213, 931 N.Y.S.2d 349, lv. denied 18 N.Y.3d 881, 939 N.Y.S.2d 751, 963 N.E.2d 128, reconsideration denied 18 N.Y.3d 955, 944 N.Y.S.2d 484, 967 N.E.2d 709). Instead, a reasonable, innocent person would have thought that the deputy was “still in the process of gathering information about the [accident] prior to taking any action” (People v. Dillhunt, 41 A.D.3d 216, 217, 839 N.Y.S.2d 18, lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 764, 854 N.Y.S.2d 325, 883 N.E.2d 1260; see People v. Taylor, 57 A.D.3d 327, 328, 869 N.Y.S.2d 442, lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 860, 881 N.Y.S.2d 671, 909 N.E.2d 594). Although defendant was in custody when he was subsequently interviewed by the investigator, he knowingly and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights before speaking to the investigator (see People v. Allen, 104 A.D.3d 1170, 1171, 961 N.Y.S.2d 660, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1001, 971 N.Y.S.2d 253, 993 N.E.2d 1275; People v. Hernandez, 67 A.D.3d 820, 820–821, 889 N.Y.S.2d 218, lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 939, 895 N.Y.S.2d 329, 922 N.E.2d 918).
Defendant nevertheless contends that all of his statements to the police should have been suppressed because, owing to his injuries and the pain medication he was given at the hospital, he was incapable of making voluntary statements. Similarly, defendant contends that he was unable to voluntarily waive his Miranda rights and consent to the blood test at the hospital. We reject those contentions. Even assuming, arguendo, that defendant's thought process was affected by his head injury and the pain he experienced from his fractured leg, we conclude that the record does not support a finding that he was “unable to understand the meaning of his statements” (People v. Schompert, 19 N.Y.2d 300, 305, 279 N.Y.S.2d 515, 226 N.E.2d 305). Defendant responded appropriately to questions asked of him by the deputy and the medical personnel who treated him. For instance, when questioned by a nurse at the hospital, defendant was able to state his name, his date of birth, and the reason he was at the hospital. According to the nurse, who testified at the Huntley hearing, defendant was aware of his surroundings and did not appear to have difficulty understanding anything that she said. Furthermore, when speaking to the deputy at the hospital, defendant recalled the name of the bar he was at earlier that evening, and accurately stated the name of the road on which the accident occurred. As the court noted in its suppression decision, at no time did defendant “give nonsensical or otherwise inappropriate answers to questions, nor did he ramble or rant on unrelated topics.” Under the circumstances, we conclude that defendant's cognitive ability was not so impaired as to render him unable to make voluntary and trustworthy statements (see generally People v. Meissler, 305 A.D.2d 724, 725–726, 759 N.Y.S.2d 255, lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 644, 769 N.Y.S.2d 209, 801 N.E.2d 430; People v. Mercado, 198 A.D.2d 380, 381, 604 N.Y.S.2d 122, lv. denied 82 N.Y.2d 927, 610 N.Y.S.2d 180, 632 N.E.2d 490; People v. Pearson, 106 A.D.2d 588, 588–589, 483 N.Y.S.2d 93), or to waive his Miranda rights knowingly and voluntarily (see People v. Torres, 220 A.D.2d 785, 786, 633 N.Y.S.2d 997, lv. denied 87 N.Y.2d 908, 641 N.Y.S.2d 238, 663 N.E.2d 1268; People v. Butler, 175 A.D.2d 252, 253, 572 N.Y.S.2d 718, lv. denied 79 N.Y.2d 854, 580 N.Y.S.2d 725, 588 N.E.2d 760).
We have reviewed defendant's remaining contentions and conclude that they lack merit.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed and the matter is remitted to Monroe County Court for proceedings pursuant to CPL 460.50(5).